基于AHP的牧区节水灌溉工程后评价

牧区节水灌溉工程后评价可以发现影响工程实施、管理、运行和可持续发展的具体因素,为下一次设计同类型的节水灌溉工程提供参考,对指导牧区节水灌溉发展具有十分重要的意义.在研究牧区节水灌溉工程后评价指标体系和评价方法的基础上,通过对鄂温克族自治旗5项节水灌溉示范工程开展过程后评价、管理后评价、经济后评价、可持续后评价、影响后评...     

内蒙古牧区节水灌溉试点项目评估分析

牧区节水灌溉试点项目经过10年的建设效果显著,同时也存在着诸多问题。为巩固牧区节水灌溉试点项目的建设成果,促进牧区节水灌溉工程的进一步推广,对在内蒙古先后组织实施的197个牧区节水灌溉试点项目进行评估分析。通过项目运行管理评估、经济评估、影响评估、可持续评估和项目综合评估,系统总结项目建设的成功经验和制约因素,分析存在的关键问题及原因,为确定今后内蒙古牧区节水灌溉工程的建设管理模式、运行机制和发展方向等提供依据。     

石羊河流域武威属区高效节水灌溉综合效益研究

【目的】探讨石羊河流域武威属区高效节水灌溉工程实施的现状,总结节水灌溉工程发展的经验,发现工程实施过程中存在的问题。【方法】采用层次分析法(TheAnalyticHierarchyProcess,AHP)和模糊数学法,选择经济-社会-生态耦合效益作为区域综合效益评价标准,根据武威区域的地域特征、气候特征、水资源特征、经济社会发展特征以及市、县、农场、农民多级联动耦合效应,建立武威属区高效节水灌溉工程区域综合效益评价指标体系;将调研数据代入指标体系,得出隶属度等评价结果。【结果】石羊河流域武威属区高效节水灌溉工程实施后,生态效益最为明显,达到I级(对应隶属度值为0.629),经济效益也为I级,对应隶属度值为0.428;社会效益为Ⅱ级,区域综合效益为I级;对区域农业结构调整程度(C22)的符合度较低,为Ⅲ级。【结论】石羊河流域武威属区高效节水灌溉项目生态效益和经济效益显著,今后应加大土地流转力度,通过种植大户推进作物种植结构优化调整,培育对高效节水灌溉项目的内生需求动力,提高农业节水潜力和可持续性,进一步夯实社会效益。     

天然草场耗水量与牧区干旱分区研究

内蒙古牧区地处中高纬度内陆区，受降水、气温、日照等气候条件的作用，草原地带性分布十分明显。在草原植被和气候条件的综合作用下，牧草对水分的需求和草地对水分的消耗也存在一定差异，研究我区各类天然草场的耗水量，揭示其供、耗水矛盾，不仅可为提高草地生产力提供技术指导，也可为牧区旱灾的评价提供依据。     

新疆牧区水利与草原生态的关系

介绍了新疆草地资源面临的生态问题，提出要彻底改善新疆宏观生态环境，必须全面正确地认识草地生态与新疆整体生态环境的关系，认识草地建设与草原畜牧业发展的关系，从草地生态治理入手，切实遏制新疆生态环境恶化的势头。并从牧区水利定位、发展思路以及牧区水利发展模式等方面进行了探讨。     

牧区节水灌溉工程管理存在的问题及对策分析

牧区大多地处偏远地区,在节水灌溉工程不断推进过程中,灌溉工程运行和管理存在的问题越来越突出,已成为提高牧区综合生产能力的主要制约因素。以内蒙古牧区节水灌溉试点项目为例开展研究,针对牧区节水灌溉工程中存在的管理机构不健全、牧民技术水平较低和水利队伍建设滞后、管理人员主体结构不合理、管理形式单一、合作组织缺乏参与式管理和牧民缺乏投入的主动性等管理体制问题有针对性地提出了相应的对策;针对工程产权模糊、管护主体责任不明确、工程运行投入少和"一事一议"形同虚设等运行机制问题提出相应对策。     

干旱牧区草地植被生态质量现状及需水研究

总结了我国干旱牧区草地植被分类及分布情况,采用退化程度、植被盖度、产草量3个指标综合评价干旱牧区草原植被生态现状.以鄂尔多斯高原的毛乌素沙地荒漠化草原区进行的试验为例,研究了干旱牧区地下水埋深与天然草地植被生长状态的关系,研究结果表明地下水位在一定程度上直接影响表层土壤含水率的大小;随着地下水埋深的增加,天然植被的盖度、密度、种群丰富度等出现递减的趋势;在植被适宜地下水埋深附近,植被生长发育相对良好,出现频率和盖度高;天然植被的最适宜地下水埋深是2.0～4.0m.     

天然草场耗水量与牧区干旱分区研究

内蒙古牧区地处中高纬度内陆区，受降水，气温，日照等气候条件的作用，草原地带性分布十分明显。在草原植被和气候条件的综合作用下，牧草对水分的需求和草地对水分的消耗也存在一定差异，研究我区各类天然草场的耗水量，揭示其供，耗水矛盾，不仅可为提高草地生产力提供技术也可为牧区旱灾的评价提供依据。     

属性识别模型在水土保持综合效益评价中的应用

随着我国水土保持措施在各地陆续建设,对其实施后所产生的水土保持综合效益评价工作显得尤为必要。以利川市7条小流域为研究对象,从生态、经济、社会三方面建立水土保持综合效益评价体系,运用序相关法和熵权法计算评价指标复合权重,依据属性识别理论构建评价模型,对小流域水土保持综合效益进行评价。依据最终评价等级及分值,分析其限制因素并提出改进建议,以此为利川市后期水土保持工作提供理论依据。     

干旱半干旱牧区灌溉草地发展模式

草地沙化、退化是我国牧区脆弱生态系统失衡急需整治的重大环境问题。本文在分析草地生态环境现状的基础上，从提高草地综合生产力和恢复保护草地植被、改善生态环境二个方面，阐述了牧区发展灌溉草地的必要性和可行性，并提出了各类草地灌溉发展模式和相应的定量计算方法。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。