不同深度秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移的影响

为探索滴灌条件下秸秆覆盖对棉田土壤水盐运动的影响,设置表层覆盖、地表下30cm覆盖和无覆盖3种处理,进行对比试验研究,结果表明,秸秆覆盖通过对土壤水分的影响间接影响了土壤盐分的运移和分布。在30cm处覆盖秸秆主要对30cm以上土壤的水分和盐分产生影响,对35cm以下的影响和表层覆盖比较接近。采用秸秆覆盖对土壤水分和盐分水平方向的运移具有一定影响,无覆盖在前期、中期和后期土壤表层盐分均最高。30cm处覆盖秸秆阻碍了35cm以下土壤毛管水的上升,从而阻止了盐分的上升。采用秸秆覆盖后,特别是在30cm深度采用秸秆覆盖,对于调控土壤水、盐变化,抑制土壤盐分上移具有积极作用。     

干旱区秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探索秸秆覆盖对北疆滴灌棉花生长特征和产量的影响,2009—2012年期间,以小麦秸秆为材料,在非盐碱土和盐碱土2种土壤条件下,进行了无覆盖（LUM）、表层覆盖（LSM）、地表以下30 cm深处覆盖（LM30）的测坑对比试验.结果表明：秸秆覆盖对棉花生长及产量具有一定的促进效果,对盐碱土种植的棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量的促进作用显著,而对非盐碱土棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量的促进作用不明显.地表覆盖综合调控效应优于30 cm深层覆盖,尤其是在棉花花铃期,在盐分抑制方面地表覆盖要比30 cm覆盖效果好;30 cm覆盖在苗期和蕾期可以给棉花生长创造比较好的条件,而在花铃期以后这种覆盖效果不太明显;表层覆盖处理棉花产量最高,高出无覆盖处理3.2%-17.9%,高出30 cm深层覆盖3.1%-16.3%.     

水盐调控措施对苏北海涂油葵生长及土壤盐分分布的影响

为揭示苏北滨海盐碱地水盐调控措施下油葵生长特点及土壤盐分变化规律,通过田间小区试验的方法,研究了不同含盐量的滨海盐土上不同改良措施对油葵生长状况、产量形成及土壤盐分动态的影响。结果表明,轻度盐渍化土壤施用石膏处理的油葵生物量、产量和土壤脱盐率最高,中重度盐渍土施用石膏和覆盖秸秆综合调控措施的油葵生物量、产量和土壤脱盐率最高;生育期内0～20cm土壤盐分是影响油葵产量的首要因素,施用石膏和覆盖秸秆通过影响0～20cm土壤盐分分布,进而影响油葵的生长与产量;采用施用石膏和覆盖秸秆相结合的水盐综合调控措施,兼具雨季增强淋盐和旱季控盐效果,且在中重度盐渍土应用效果优于轻度盐渍土。     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土水盐分布及蒸发特征

为了揭示秸秆覆盖滨海盐渍土水盐调控机理,通过室内模拟实验研究了不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 kg/m²分别由CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表示)对土壤水盐运移和蒸发强度的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高表层及土壤剖面含水率,且增墒效果随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加:试验期间秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D剖面平均含水率比CK依次高了41.2%、52.3%、65.7%和58.5%;秸秆覆盖可抑制表层土壤盐分积聚并有效调控土壤剖面盐分分布,秸秆覆盖量越大表层积盐量越低,土壤剖面盐分分布越趋于均衡:试验结束时,CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表层0~2 cm土壤电导率比3~5 cm电导率分别高了246.3%、242.8%、138.4%、40.5%和47.6%;土壤蒸发强度和累积蒸发量随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而降低:试验期间CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D处理平均蒸发强度依次为1.79×10^-3、1.64×10^-3、0.93×10^-3、1.35×10^-3和0.76×10^-3mm/min,累积蒸发量分别为17.79、20.30、14.20、14.57和10.27 mm,且蒸发初期秸秆覆盖对蒸发强度和累积蒸发量的抑制作用更明显。     

盐碱地滴灌春小麦土壤水盐运动特点

通过测坑试验,测定水平和垂直方向距滴灌带不同位置土壤含水率和含盐量.结果表明,小麦滴灌条件下土壤水盐分布受滴灌影响深度主要在0～60 cm土层,0～20 cm土层水盐变化最剧烈.小麦主根系层土壤在垂直和水平方向一定范围内(垂直20 cm、水平25 cm)形成一个盐分淡化区,在0～100 cm土壤剖面内,土壤含水率随土层深度呈先升后降变化.土壤盐分在0～40 cm处于脱盐状态,60～100 cm积盐.上层土壤水盐受灌水和蒸发的影响随时间均升降交替变化,土壤盐分在非灌水期间呈表层和深层双聚、耕层脱盐特点.     

有机硅功能肥对土壤水分运移和盐分的影响

有机硅功能肥作为一种改良盐碱地新型复合材料,具有施用简便易行、周期短、能够大面积推广等特点,有很大的应用前景.通过室内土柱试验,研究有机硅功能肥和秸秆在不同添加量下对盐碱土水分运移和电导率的影响,设置了4个施用量,分别为0.5％、1％、1.5％、2％.结果表明:随着有机硅功能肥和秸秆施用量的增加,湿润锋运移和累积入渗量不断减少,其中,秸秆对湿润锋运移和累积入渗量影响较大;有机硅功能肥和秸秆均能一定程度上增加土壤含水量,添加秸秆增加土层含水量比有机硅功能肥更明显,相同施用量下,0～20 cm土层平均含水量的增加量依次为-1.10％、0.36％、2.40％、5.25％.土壤电导率结果表明,在土层深度0～10 cm,电导率随着有机硅功能肥施用量增加而逐渐减小且均低于对照组;在土层深度10 cm以下,电导率随着有机硅功能肥施用量的增加而逐渐增大,土层深度15 cm以下,处理组大于对照组;在秸秆施用处理下,电导率随着秸秆施用量的增加而增大,并且大于对照组;其中,相同添加量下,有机硅功能肥比秸秆在0～10 cm土层平均电导率降低量依次为30％、39％、47％、54％.由此可见,有机硅功能肥可有效降低土壤盐分,提升盐碱土的脱盐率,有助于盐碱土壤质量改善,这为有机硅功能肥在盐碱土治理的应用提供了理论基础.     

不同覆盖方式对土壤水分分布的影响

在位于典型半湿润灌区的山东农业大学农业生态实验站研究了冬小麦秸秆覆盖与起垄覆膜沟内播种(膜垄)2种覆盖模式的土壤水分时空动态变化。结果表明,秸秆覆盖能有效提高冬小麦30 cm以下土壤含水率,膜垄对0-30 cm土壤含水率的提高贡献最大。进入拔节期后,随着冬小麦生育进程的推进,膜垄在30-120 cm土层含水率降幅较大,形成一个水分亏缺带,而秸秆覆盖在该土层的含水率一直较高。该试验表明,膜垄在保水保墒和土壤水分垂直分布方面表现出与秸秆覆盖完全不同的特点。     

塔里木河下游新生林地滴灌下土壤盐分分布特征研究

以塔里木河下游35团8连绿洲-荒漠交界处滴灌条件下的新生林地为研究对象,对滴灌结束24 h后不同滴头间距下的土壤盐分分布特征进行了分析,结果显示①水平方向上,在3 m滴头间距下出现盐峰是在75 cm点处的土壤剖面,这一剖面与60 cm点处的土壤剖面盐分在0.01水平上呈显著相关,随着距滴头距离的减小相关性递减;在1 m滴头间距下出现盐峰是在45 cm点处的土层,这一土层与各点处的土壤剖面盐分在0.01水平上呈显著相关;无论在3 m滴头间距下还是在1 m滴头间距下,45 cm点处的土壤剖面盐分分布较均匀,离滴头越近的土壤剖面盐分分布越不均匀。②垂直方向上,无论是在3 m滴头间距下还是在1 m滴头间距下,40~60 cm的土层是盐分聚集区。在3 m滴头间距下,40~60 cm的土层盐分与各土层间的相关系数均未达显著相关水平;在1 m滴头间距下,40~60 cm的土层盐分与其它各土层间均为负相关关系;无论是在3 m滴头间距下还是在1 m滴头间距下,中下层土壤盐分分布较均匀,而越接近表层的土壤盐分分布越不均匀,在2种滴头间距下,中下层土壤盐分变异系数都较小,表层土壤变异系数较大。③在研究区特殊的强蒸发力下,原本可到达底部土层的盐分在毛管作用下随着水分向上运动,最终导致了盐分聚集于50 cm深度处(3 m滴头间距)与65 cm深度处(1 m滴头间距)。     

高粱不同保墒措施对土壤养分状况的影响

对沈阳地区高粱不同保墒措施下土壤剖面养分状况(包括碱解氮、速效钾、有机质和电导率)进行测定研究,结果表明:不同保墒措施下,土壤剖面碱解氮含量均随土层深度增加呈减少趋势,其中黑膜覆盖增加最大,白膜覆盖次之,秸秆覆盖、施用保水剂依次;土壤剖面速效钾含量均随土层深度增加呈减少趋势,覆膜处理和保水剂处理具有明显的增钾效果,秸秆覆盖増钾作用不甚显著;秸秆覆盖能明显地增加耕层有机质含量,白膜覆盖和黑膜覆盖次之,施用保水剂土壤剖面有机质含量变化不显著;各保墒处理对土壤表层盐分的累积有明显的抑制作用,其中秸秆覆盖抑制效果最明显,黑色地膜、白膜覆盖和保水剂依次.     

干旱区不同灌溉方式下棉田土壤水盐调控研究

针对节水灌溉下的土壤次生盐渍化问题,以新疆孔雀河流域为例,开展了地面灌溉与膜下滴灌条件下水盐调控组合灌溉试验,结果表明:一管四行布置方式下,滴灌前后土壤含水率变化明显,其中40cm以上土层含水量增加较多,40cm以下则变化不大,土壤电导率在灌溉后有不同程度下降;一管两行布置方式下,灌溉后土壤盐分进行重分布,表层20cm土壤电导率明显下降,20~40cm则出现上升,表明低灌溉量下,盐分在表层运移,而深层盐分则不受影响;冬灌没有显著增加土壤含水量,仍需在次年播种前进行灌溉或者干播湿出;春灌洗盐增墒效果显著,避免了土壤的无效蒸发与返盐,但对土壤温度及作物播种有一定影响。研究结果为实现棉田土壤次生盐渍化调控以及干旱区水土资源的可持续利用提供了重要参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。