基于遥感的沙壕渠控制区作物种植结构与空间分布研究

河套灌区作物种植分类是在河套灌区进行灌溉农业研究的基础,但是仅利用遥感影像提取作物种植结构及种植面积时其精度远远不够,往往难以满足农业遥感在应用上的需求。通常多利用多元影像融合、多时相遥感影像以及遥感影像结合地面采样点来进行作物分类,以提高分类精度。本文以河套灌区内部的沙壕渠控制区为试验区,采用TM遥感影像,以实际地面采样点作为感兴趣区创建训练样本,利用最大似然法进行分类,成功提取了小麦、玉米、葵花及其他作物的种植结构及种植面积,分类总体精度达到了85.87%,Kappa系数为0.769 6。     

基于Sentinel-2破碎化地块灌区作物种植结构的提取

【目的】探究基于Sentinel-2遥感影像的决策树分类模型提取破碎化地块灌区作物种植结构的适用性。【方法】选取新疆阿拉沟灌区为研究区,以2021年覆盖作物全生育期的Sentinel-2遥感影像为数据源,结合田间调查和Google高清影像目视解译采样,基于主要作物物候信息、NDVI时序特征等分析确定作物识别的关键期阈值,构建决策树模型进行灌区主要作物分类,并对分类结果精度验证。【结果】基于Sentinel-2提取的灌区种植结构分布图地块纹理清晰,能够满足灌区用水管理需要;构建的决策树分类模型可在灌区尺度实现作物分类,方法简便易行,总体精度达到81.56%,Kappa系数为0.716 6。【结论】采用Sentinel-2遥感影像和决策树分类方法识别破碎化地块灌区复杂作物分类是可行的,可为灌区输配水决策和农业用水精细化管理提供基础信息。     

基于Sentinel-2的青铜峡灌区春小麦和苜蓿早期识别

【目的】基于决策树分类算法对青铜峡灌区春小麦和苜蓿进行早期识别。【方法】在实地调研的基础上,结合Sentinel-2遥感影像,构建能够不断融入遥感数据的决策树分类算法,对青铜峡灌区春小麦和苜蓿进行早期识别。【结果】4月上旬,由于春小麦和苜蓿生长特征较为相似,春小麦和苜蓿的总体分类精度分别为69%和75%。此后,随着观测数据的不断融入,分类精度逐步提升,5月14日二者的分类精度即可达到90%以上。5月31日利用全部5期卫星影像数据时,春小麦的总体精度可达到94%,Kappa系数为0.75,苜蓿的总体精度可达到97%,Kappa为0.86。2023年青铜峡灌区春小麦种植面积为24 000 hm²,苜蓿种植面积为2 000 hm²。其中,春小麦种植结构较为复杂,既存在集中连片的大规模种植,也存在大量面积较小的碎片化种植带。【结论】基于Sentinel-2遥感数据的决策树分类方法,可在4月上旬获取初步分类结果,在5月中旬苜蓿第1次收割之前对青铜峡灌区春小麦和苜蓿进行较为准确的识别。     

基于MODIS-EVI的内蒙古沿黄平原区作物种植结构分析

【目的】获取内蒙古沿黄平原区农业资源信息,提高大区域中低分辨率遥感影像上作物种植结构分类的效率和精度。【方法】利用多时相作物分类方法在内蒙古沿黄平原区构建增强型植被指数(EVI)时间序列曲线,依据不同农作物EVI时间序列曲线的差异对6种主要农作物小麦、玉米、葵花、西葫芦、番茄和苜蓿的种植结构进行了分析。【结果】小麦、玉米、葵花、西葫芦、番茄、苜蓿和其他作物的用户精度分别为:79.59%、80%、83.67%、78.18%、75.93%、82.22%、68.75%,制图精度分别为78%、80%、82%、86%、82%、74%、66%,农作物总体分类精度达到78.29%,Kappa系数为0.747。经统计沿黄灌区种植的玉米实地统计面积合计为7912.17 km²,文中提取出的面积为7412.75 km²,相对误差为6.31%。【结论】通过对MODIS-EVI时间序列的分析可以较为准确地识别大尺度测区内的主要作物,该方法能够在大区域中低分辨率影像上实现较好的分类结果。     

基于决策树和SVM的Sentinel-2A影像作物提取方法

以河南省濮阳县为研究区,以2017年8月6日遥感影像为基础数据源,基于地面样方和样本点数据分析构建植被指数阈值分割分类决策树,结合支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)分类方法实现了秋季主要作物种植面积遥感识别,并与其他方法分类结果进行了精度验证与对比。结果表明,与最大似然法(Maximum likelihood,ML)和SVM法相比较,决策树和SVM相结合能较好地解决线状地物和小地块作物提取不全以及"椒盐"现象等问题,可以对秋季复杂作物进行有效识别,作物分类提取总体精度和Kappa系数分别为92.3%和0.886。利用中分辨率单时相遥感影像,结合波谱特征和植被指数能有效提高复杂作物分类精度,为区域复杂作物分类提取提供技术参考和借鉴价值。     

泾惠渠灌区作物种植结构变化对灌溉需水量的影响

研究种植结构变化对灌区作物需水量和灌溉需水量的影响,能够为作物生育期的灌溉用水管理和农业水资源规划提供基础数据。依据泾惠渠灌区实测降水和蒸发蒸腾等气象数据,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数法计算灌区主要作物需水量;通过频率计算和配线法确定灌区丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)和枯水年(75%)的有效降水量;根据1988—2014年Landsat卫星遥感影像提取的泾惠渠灌区不同历史时期农业种植结构数据,计算典型水文年份灌区总灌溉需水量,并分析作物需水量和灌溉需水量在不同典型水文年的年际和月际变化。结果表明,随着泾惠渠灌区农业种植结构的变化,灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量都呈现显著下降趋势。但泾惠渠灌区在1988—2005年间,单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量都基本保持不变,随后均呈小幅下降趋势。各月份作物总需水量和总灌溉需水量除6月份之外,其余各月份都呈现显著下降趋势;但在此期间,灌区单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量除在4、8、9月份呈下降趋势,而6月份呈显著增加趋势外,其余各月份基本保持不变。灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量的下降主要是由农作物种植面积大量减少所致,种植结构的变化对其影响较小,但灌区种植结构调整后的作物需水量状况更符合区域有效降水特点。     

基于高分辨率影像的河套灌区乡镇尺度作物种植面积监测北大核心CSCD

【目的】有效、精确地获取乡镇尺度农作物种植面积信息。【方法】利用高精度遥感影像信息,采用最大似然法进行地物分类,对研究区主要农作物种植面积进行了估算,并通过地面抽样调查信息作为辅助参量进行了精度评价。【结果】采用高精度遥感图像结合最大似然法可以有效、精确地提取乡镇尺度农作物种植面积,玉米和葵花的用户精度均高于91%,在遥感影像受天气影响较小的2013年和2015年,各用户精度达到95%左右,Kappa系数达到0.94。研究区玉米的种植面积逐年扩大,而葵花的种植面积逐年缩小。同时由于农田改造,使得非种植区的面积有一定程度的减少。【结论】高分辨率卫星图像能帮助农民和政府低成本地估算农作物种植面积,进而调整耕地,优化种植结构。     

基于决策树和SVM的Sentinel-2A影像作物提取方法

以河南省濮阳县为研究区,2017年8月6日遥感影像为基础数据源,基于地面样方和样本点数据分析构建植被指数阈值分割分类决策树,结合支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)分类方法实现了秋季主要作物种植面积遥感识别,并与其他方法分类结果进行了精度验证与对比。结果表明,与最大似然法(Maximum likelihood,ML)和SVM法相比较,决策树和SVM相结合能较好地解决线状地物和小地块作物提取不全以及“椒盐”现象等问题,可以对秋季复杂作物进行有效识别,总体精度和Kappa系数分别为92.3%和0.886。利用中分辨率单时相遥感影像,结合波谱特征和植被指数能有效提高复杂作物分类精度,为区域复杂作物分类提取提供技术参考和借鉴价值。     

基于高分辨率影像的河套灌区乡镇尺度作物种植面积监测

【目的】有效、精确地获取乡镇尺度农作物种植面积信息。【方法】利用高精度遥感影像信息,采用最大似然法进行地物分类,对研究区主要农作物种植面积进行了估算,并通过地面抽样调查信息作为辅助参量进行了精度评价。【结果】采用高精度遥感图像结合最大似然法可以有效、精确地提取乡镇尺度农作物种植面积,玉米和葵花的用户精度均高于91%,在遥感影像受天气影响较小的2013年和2015年,各用户精度达到95%左右,Kappa系数达到0.94。研究区玉米的种植面积逐年扩大,而葵花的种植面积逐年缩小。同时由于农田改造,使得非种植区的面积有一定程度的减少。【结论】高分辨率卫星图像能帮助农民和政府低成本地估算农作物种植面积,进而调整耕地,优化种植结构。     

利用NDVI指数识别作物及土壤盐碱分布的应用研究

利用监督分类、NDVI指数等遥感影像处理方法,在黄河上游的宁夏青铜峡灌区开展识别作物及土壤盐碱分布的应用研究。基于LANDSAT卫星遥感影像,依据NDVI指数推断作物及土壤盐碱分布,得到灌区作物及土壤盐碱分布状况和相应的估算结果。研究结果表明,灌区上、下游之间在作物长势上存在着较大差异,北部地区明显低于南部,土壤盐碱分布差别是造成该差异的主要原因之一。受盐碱影响的作物面积在年度内随气候条件的改变呈现出明显的季节性变化,灌区年内受土壤盐碱危害的面积约为100000hm2,近1/3的作物面积受到程度不一的土壤盐碱化影响,且灌区下游的盐碱地面积及盐碱化程度均高于上游。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。