不同灌溉方式对玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

以畦漫灌为对照,对隔行喷灌、隔行沟灌、膜上灌溉和穴灌4种灌溉方式下玉米的产量及水分利用率进行了分析。结果表明:膜上灌溉产量高于畦漫灌,隔行沟灌、隔行喷灌与畦漫灌接近;膜上灌溉与畦漫灌和穴灌差异达0.01显著水平,与隔行沟灌、隔行喷灌差异达0.05显著水平。灌溉处理的水分利用效率均高于对照的畦漫灌,膜上灌溉的水分利用效率最高。     

不同灌水方式下基于水面蒸发量的夏玉米灌溉试验研究

为了探索依据水面蒸发量确定灌溉定额的可行性,在防雨棚下测坑中进行了夏玉米灌溉试验。结果表明,从总耗水量看,畦灌略高于沟灌,而沟灌又略高于滴灌,但差别不是很大。畦灌条件下植株发育快,滴灌次之,沟灌最慢。畦灌和滴灌下产量均以中等灌溉定额处理最高,而沟灌下产量以最大灌溉定额处理最高。总体上,滴灌条件下水分利用效率高于其他2种灌溉方式。干旱条件下,畦灌下以E601蒸发皿蒸发量(PE)作为夏玉米灌溉定额,每次灌水60mm;滴灌下以2/3PE作为灌溉定额为宜,灌水定额为20mm。     

基于熵权的模糊物元模型优选夏玉米沟灌方式

为了探究沟灌方式下不同灌水处理对夏玉米主要性状及水资源利用效率的影响,采用基于熵权法的模糊物元模型,以大田夏玉米为试验材料,进行了常规沟灌(conventional furrow irrigation,CFI)和宽垄沟灌(wide-ridge furrow irrigation,WFI)种植下3种灌水水平(土壤水分控制下限分别设置为田间持水量的60%,70%和80%)对夏玉米形态指标(株高、叶面积)、产量性状(穗长、穗粗、百粒质量、产量)以及水资源利用效率(灌溉利用效率、水分生产效率)的影响分析.结果表明:同一水分处理下,夏玉米WFI灌溉组合方案优于CFI灌溉组合方案;对于水资源相对丰富地区建议采用WFI-70%θ灌溉方案,对于水资源相对匮乏地区建议采用WFI-60%θ灌溉方案;基于熵权法的模糊物元模型较CRITIC法的模糊物元模型评价效果更好,基于熵权法的模糊物元模型对沟灌夏玉米主要性状和水资源利用效率方面具有一定的应用价值.该研究为沟灌夏玉米合理灌溉提供了科学依据.     

玉米沟灌省水增产

夏玉米植株高大,生长时期在夏、秋季,这时气温高、蒸发大,所以夏玉米全生长期尤其是拔节到乳熟期需水量和每日耗水量都较其他旱作物来得大,所以灌溉的好坏对玉米的生长和产量具有决定性的作用。沟灌是灌溉玉米的一种好方法,沟灌比畦灌省水一半左右,而且保墒时间较长,由于沟灌是从沟的两侧浸润作物根部土壤的,所以不致破坏土壤结构,地表保持疏松,土     

扶埂开沟膜下灌对温室番茄节水效应的研究

为探明扶埂开沟膜下灌对番茄的影响,以温室番茄为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计方法,通过扶埂开沟膜下灌与常规沟灌以及在各个生育期的调亏灌溉对比,研究不同沟灌对温室番茄的生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:扶埂开沟膜下灌较传统沟灌节水效果显著,每生产1 kg番茄省水0.005 88 m3,水分利用效率达到31.679 kg/m3,较沟灌显著提高19.64%;扶埂开沟膜下灌灌溉方式下,番茄苗期亏水灌溉时灌溉水利用效率达峰值,与适宜水分灌溉相比灌溉水利用效率显著提高26.69%,番茄节水灌溉的有效时期是苗期;综合分析发现,最佳沟灌灌溉制度为:扶埂开沟膜下灌+苗期调亏,及在扶埂开沟膜下灌模式下苗期灌水1次+开花坐果期4次+结果后期5次,每次灌水定额为40 mm。     

秸秆覆盖对沟灌夏玉米根系分布及产量影响

[目的]探究夏玉米根系分布、水分利用效率及产量对沟灌种植下不同秸秆覆盖方式的动态响应.[方法]在河套灌区开展不同耕作模式的小区试验,试验设常规垄覆膜沟灌(FM)、垄覆秸秆沟灌(FLJ)、沟覆秸秆沟灌(FGJ)、垄沟覆秸秆沟灌(FLGJ)4个处理.研究了夏玉米各土层的根长密度、作物耗水量、产量及其相关指标,[结果]沟灌种...     

绿洲灌区覆膜方式对制种玉米产量和水分利用效率及灌溉效益的影响

研究了额定灌水量下,不同覆膜方式对制种玉米物候期、经济性状、产量、水分利用效率及灌溉效益的影响.结果表明,全膜垄作沟灌种植、全膜平作种植和宽行覆膜平作种植与窄行覆膜平作种植相比,在孕穗期之前各处理对作物的物候期没有影响,抽雄期以后其他处理较对照晚成熟,生育期延长了2～5 d;全膜垄作沟灌和全膜平作种植的经济性状表现较好;全膜垄作沟灌种植的产量和水分利用效率表现最好,分别为7 633.4 kg/hm2和12.5 kg/(hm2·mm),全膜平作种植产品纯收入及灌溉效益表现最好,分别为43 676元/hm2和12.6元/m3.     

不同灌溉施肥制度对土壤水分变化及夏玉米产量的影响

在山东试验区,用夏玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,通过田间试验,对比分析传统沟灌施肥、水肥一体化、滴灌常规施肥3种处理对土壤水分布规律、夏玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示,该试验区夏玉米季滴灌与常规沟灌相比,60～160cm土层土壤含水量较高,充分满足夏玉米开花期、蜡熟期深层根系吸收水分,而水肥一体化处理较之滴灌常规施肥呈现了夏玉米各项生长指标较高,稳定性较好的特点,更好的提高夏玉米产量和水分利用效率,表现出节水高产的优势。     

灌水定额对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

研究恰当的灌水定额对于实现高效节水灌溉具有重要意义。采用完全随机试验设计,首先研究不同灌水定额对夏玉米生长、耗水量与产量的影响;再次利用改进的模糊综合评判法对夏玉米的产量构成因素、产量及水分利用效率指标进行评判,并与产量、水分利用效率评价法进行对比;最终获得河南豫中地区最优灌水定额。结果表明随灌水定额的增加,株高呈先增加后降低趋势,叶面积指数基本呈增加趋势;夏玉米的总耗水量和灌溉定额基本上呈协同增加(或降低)变化;夏玉米产量随灌水定额的增加,呈波动上升趋势;灌水定额75、90和105 mm处理的WUE普遍较高。利用改进综合模糊评判法与产量、水分利用效率评价方法获得结果基本一致,对夏玉米灌水定额综合评判具有可行性。通过产量、水分利用效率评价法与模糊综合评判法对3 a数据分析可知,T5处理最优。因此,在该地区苗期灌水定额60 mm,拔节后灌水定额105 mm时可实现夏玉米节水高产。     

降水、灌溉和品种对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

8年田间试验结果表明,玉米产量明显受降水和灌溉的影响。玉米苗期灌溉最为关键,是保证高产的基础。在只灌溉苗水而没有其他灌溉条件下,夏玉米产量与7、8月份降水密切相关,而与生长季节的降水总量关系不明显。除了极干旱年份(季节降雨量小于200 mm)外,随着灌溉量增加,玉米水分利用效率(WUE)降低。玉米最优灌溉制度为:干旱年份,除了苗期的1次灌溉外,在拔节和扬花期分别实施2次灌溉;常年和湿润年份,除了出苗水外,在抽穗到扬花期的8月初实施1次灌溉。3年的田间试验结果表明,当地种植的不同玉米品种之间产量最大相差20%,水分利用效率差异在12%~19%。因此,将适宜的品种与优化的灌溉制度相结合,是提高华北平原夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的有效途径。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。