灌区农业灌溉用水管理及效率提高措施探究

农业发展与灌溉息息相关,传统灌溉方式用水管理效率低下,加重了农业水资源紧张问题。提高农业灌溉用水管理效率对于农业发展以及水资源合理利用有重要的意义。因此,提高农业灌溉用水效率已成为现代农业发展的重中之重。笔者分析了影响我国灌区农业灌溉用水管理效率的问题及原因,从科学规划灌区节水管理模式、使用先进的灌溉方式、解决水资源浪费问题等方面提出了提高灌溉用水管理效率的措施,以促进科学灌溉和高效用水。     

关于枣庄市水资源开发利用的探讨

为合理开发利用水资源,实现水资源的可持续利用,本文在简述枣庄市水资源量及水环境状况的基础上,结合2010—2018年供用水数据,分别从横向的供用水结构及纵向的时间维度分析枣庄市9年间供用水现状,得出枣庄市存在水资源短缺、供水及用水结构不合理等问题;并从开展节水型城市建设、制定再生水回用相关政策及加强水环境保护等方面提出...     

河套灌区节水灌溉潜力与水资源可持续利用对策

通过对内蒙古河套灌区水资源开发利用现状分析,阐述了灌区水资源利用存在着水资源短缺、供需矛盾突出、输水设施简陋和用水结构不合理等问题.针对河套灌区水资源利用不合理问题,因地制宜地提出河套灌区水资源可持续开发利用的对策.     

河套灌区节水灌溉潜力与水资源可

通过对内蒙古河套灌区水资源开发利用现状分析，阐述了灌区水资源利用存在着水资源短缺、供需矛盾突出、输水设施简陋和用水结构不合理等问题。针对河套灌区水资源利用不合理问题，因地制宜地提出河套灌区水资源可持续开发利用的对策。     

农田水利灌溉工程使用原则及节水技术应用

全球范围内,农业用水占据了总用水量的相当大部分,而农田水利灌溉工程则是农业用水中的关键环节。然而,由于全球气候变化、土地面积受限以及不合理的水资源管理等因素,导致许多地区出现了水资源紧缺的问题,严重制约了农业的可持续发展。特别是在一些水资源稀缺的地区,农田水利灌溉工程的使用原则和节水技术显得尤为重要。在我国,农业是国民经济的基础,而水资源是农业生产中不可或缺的要素。我国地域广阔,水资源分布不均衡,一些地区由于干旱少雨,水资源严重不足,这就需要科学地利用农田水利灌溉工程,创新管理模式,推广先进的节水技术,以确保农业的可持续发展。因此,深入研究农田水利灌溉工程的使用原则及节水技术应用,对于水资源的合理利用、农业生产的稳定增长至关重要。     

干旱内陆河流域水资源管理模式研究

水资源管理是水行政主管部门运用法律、行政、经济、技术等手段对水资源的分配、开发、利用、调度和保护进行管理,以求可持续地满足社会经济发展和改善环境对水的需求的各种活动的总称。通过水资源的有效管理,对提高水资源利用效率,改善区域生态环境,促进区域经济、社会与环境协调与可持续发展具有重要意义。而水资源管理模式是提高水资源动态管理的有效方式,为水资源高效配置和合理利用提供技术支撑。针对内陆河流域水资源供需矛盾突出、水资源配置结构不合理、生态环境仍恶化、用水管理不够完善和管理制度不健全等方面存在问题,分析和探讨了基于"三条红线"、生态环境综合治理、地表水与地下水联合调度和流域水资源集成管理的内陆河流域水资源管理模式。指出在未来应加强流域水资源污染研究,气候变化和人类活动影响下流域水资源研究与流域水资源管理的法律法规和政策体系研究。     

鄯善县水资源利用现状及对策初议

鄯善县位于吐鲁番盆地的东部,地理环境独特,矿产资源丰富,但水资源严重短缺,加之用水结构不合理,地下水严重超采,水资源已成为当地经济发展和生态环境保护等诸多矛盾的焦点。对鄯善县水资源利用现状进行了调查分析,并提出了初步的对策建议。     

提高农业灌溉用水管理效率的措施分析

为了提高我国生态效益,需要大力发展农业,水利条件作为农业发展的重要基础,能为此提供助力,为了缓解水资源紧缺这一现状,提升农业灌溉用水效率,保障农业产量,促进农业的可持续发展,笔者对提高农业灌溉用水管理效率的措施进行分析。首先,从农业灌溉用水管理的重要性方面切入,分析了农业灌溉用水管理中存在节水意识淡薄,用水管理理念较为落后;缺乏科学合理的农业灌溉用水管理制度,用水管理模式不合理;节水灌溉系统缺乏相应的综合评价,无法为实际用水管理提供指导等问题。针对这些问题,提出了增强用水管理意识、创新用水管理模式、优化节水灌溉评价体系等对策建议,以提升农业灌溉用水管理效率,增加农业经济效益。结果表明,加强用水管理不仅能够提升水资源的利用率,还能够推动农业的现代化发展。     

黑河中游区域农业用水现状调查与发展对策

采用参与式调查的方法对黑河中游区域的农业用水现状进行了调查。近年来区域农业用水在水利工程建设、管理体制改革、作物种植结构调整、兼顾生态环境用水等方面取得了许多丰硕成果和宝贵经验。利用问题树方法结合半结构访谈结果对区域农业用水水平进行了分析研究,认为流域目前还存在用水结构不合理,用水管理体制不完善,种植结构不合理,土地沙漠化、盐碱化及水污染问题严重等许多亟待解决的问题,并针对区域存在的问题提出重视地面灌溉方式,完善用水管理模式,进一步调整种植结构,发展综合农业节水技术体系,重视雨水利用等解决对策。     

唐山市曹妃甸区水资源开发利用评价分析

本文对河北省唐山市曹妃甸区的水资源量、供水、用水以及水资源开发利用情况进行了调查分析,研究了本地区的水资源特点.通过对曹妃甸区生活、工业、农业等用水情况的分析和研究,指出了水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并提出了有效解决曹妃甸区未来水资源紧缺的合理化建议,目的是为合理开发利用水资源,制定和完善水环境保护措施,实现曹妃甸地区经济的可持续发展提供参考依据.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。