菜园土壤锌的吸附——解吸特性研究

本文研究了菜园土壤锌的吸附 -解吸特性。实验结果表明 ,三种菜园土壤吸附Zn2 + 均随平衡液中Zn2 + 浓度的增加而增大 ,且均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述 ,相关系数均大于 0 .9,达极显著水平。由Langmuir方程求得的菜园土壤对Zn2 + 的最大吸附量的大小顺序为 :黄松土 >粉泥土 >江涂砂 ,但对Zn2 + 的吸附作用力强度和最大缓冲容量的顺序则相反 ,以江涂砂 >粉泥土 >黄松土。菜园土壤对Zn2 + 的解吸量随其吸附量的增加而增加 ,两者之间呈显著线性正相关。     

我国菜园土壤中某些重金属元素的含量与分布

本文对我国各主要起源母土上发育的厚熟土、不同熟化程度的菜园土以及相对应的粮田土壤３７个剖面中某些重金属元素的全量及有效态含量进行了研究，结果表明：菜园土壤随种菜历史的延长、熟化程度的增加、重金属元素Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ的含量有明显增高的趋势。元素在剖面中的分布以表层含量最高，向下递减。厚熟土由于具有较厚的熟化表层，元素全量及有效态含量在０－４０ｃｍ土层中均较高，多在过渡层之下出现突然降低的转折；中度和     

湖南省几种主要菜园土铅的化学行为及其作物效应的初步研究

温度、ＰＨ、有机质及不同价态阳离子对铅吸持－解吸量有明显的影响。土壤中的铅在低浓度范围内对小白菜生长有刺激作用。超过一定浓度则有抑制作用，小白菜的含铅量随土壤铅浓度的增加耐增加，两者呈极显著正相关，三种改良剂对铅污染土壤有明显的改良效果，其中以猪粪，石灰两种改良剂的效果为好，钙镁磷肥次之。     

日光温室菜园土的磷素形态及吸附和解吸特征

对在斑纹简育湿润淋溶土（潮棕壤）上发育的温室菜园土的磷素含量、磷素的有机和无机组分、磷素的吸附和解吸特征进行了研究,结果表明:日光温室土壤具有明显的磷素积累特征,使用年限在3年～36年日光温室土壤的全磷、速效磷、Cowell全磷和Cowell无机磷含量分别比与其相邻的露地旱田土壤的增加了90.4%～182.4%、505.0%～892.1%、294.5%～478.9%和360.9%～637.6%。其中速效磷含量已达到84.7～138.9mg／kg。日光温室土壤无机磷和有机磷都显著增加,在各组分之间的比例上表现为O-P增加,Ca-P下降,高稳性有机磷相对增加,而活性有机磷所占比例下降。日光温室土壤不仅表现为对磷素的吸附能力增强,而且解吸能力也明显提高。     

两种土壤中邻苯二胺对铜离子吸附—解吸平衡影响的研究

采用室内测试方法，研究了低浓度的外源铜离子在两种不同性质土壤中的吸附、解吸过程及其受邻苯二胺的影响。结果发现，外源铜离子在红壤中的吸附随pH的变化明显变化，而在黑土中的吸附则随pH变化改变较小，吸附在红壤中的铜较吸附在黑土中的铜更易于解吸，有机物邻苯二胺对铜在两种土壤中的吸附和解吸过程产生了明显影响。酸性条件下邻苯二胺的存在增加了红壤对铜的吸附量，但同时也增加了铜的解吸百分数。而邻苯二胺基本不改变铜在黑土中的表观吸附量，但显著影响铜的解吸百分数。     

甘氨酸-β-环糊精对土壤中铅的增溶、解吸行为研究

为改善β-环糊精（β-CD）的水溶性及对重金属的配位能力,将β-环糊精和甘氨酸在碱性条件下用环氧氯丙烷连接起来,合成水溶性极好并能跟重金属形成配位作用的甘氨酸-β-环糊精（GCD）,研究了GCD对铅的增溶、解吸行为,考察了pH、离子强度、有机质和甘氨酸-β-环糊精初始浓度对铅的解吸影响。结果表明,GCD对碳酸铅的增溶效果显著,当其浓度为30g.L-1时,水溶液中铅离子浓度可接近7000mg.L-1。GCD对铅解吸能力随着土壤中有机质含量的增加而降低,pH值的升高、离子强度的增加和GCD初始浓度增加有利于铅的解吸。GCD对铅污染土壤的解吸符合准二级动力学模式,该静态解吸研究可以为铅污染土壤的修复提供基础信息。     

废弃混凝土对水中重金属铜和铅的吸附特性

工业废水的直接或间接排放导致中国自然水体受重金属污染程度较高,对重金属污水处理刻不容缓,但现有重金属去除方法普遍存在工艺过于复杂或投资高等缺点。由于废弃混凝土颗粒含有水泥水化产物和未水化的水泥颗粒,具有一定的活性和较高的比表面积,因此该研究拟尝试采用废弃混凝土颗粒作为重金属污染水的吸附材料。通过重金属浸出试验发现,重金属浸出量与废弃混凝土粒径相关,粒径越大,重金属析出量越小。基于试验数据以及《国家污水综合排放标准》的排放阈值要求,最终确定了废弃混凝土颗粒材料的最佳选取粒径。随后,通过静态吸附试验,重点考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、重金属初始质量浓度对废弃混凝土吸附重金属铜和铅的影响。结果表明：铜和铅在废弃混凝土上的吸附是一个先快速而后缓慢的过程,在100min基本达到吸附平衡,且废弃混凝土对铜和铅的吸附量随铜和铅初始质量浓度的升高而提高,去除率则随着铜和铅初始质量浓度的升高而降低,随着废弃混凝土用量的升高而提高。废弃混凝土对铜和铅的吸附符合Langmiur等温吸附模型,拟合得到的最大吸附量分别为40.75和86.73mg/g;准二阶动力学模型更适合描述废弃混凝土对铜和铅的吸附过程,说明控...     

土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性

本文研究了土壤中可变电荷表面磷的解吸特性。结果表明,磷解吸量与吸附量成正相关,并与直线方程和指数方程拟合。其平均解吸百分数依次为:高岭石(66%)>无定形硅酸铝(60%)>砖红壤粘粒(55%)>>无定形氧化铁(29%)>三水铝石(23%)>>火山灰粘粒(9%)。解吸体系的pH是借对磷酸根质子的解离和表面电荷的影响而制约解吸量。F^-和OH^-离子对磷酸盐化的三水铝石连续解吸的结果表明,磷酸根和氟离子在三水铝石表面的吸附量或剩余量之和均较为接近,这揭示了H₂PO₄^-和F^-离子之间既竞争又相互补充表面空位。它可作为一种区分磷吸附形态和沉淀的定量方法来进一步研究。     

三种水稻土对磷的吸附解吸特性

实验研究了三种不同水稻土磷等温吸附及解吸的情况,并对影响等温吸附特性的因素做了相关探讨。结果表明:三种水稻土磷吸附曲线与简单的Langmuir等温吸附方程极为吻合,磷的解吸曲线与Langmuir等温方程也具备较好的吻合性。供试样品的相关系数均达到显著水平。土壤物理性粘粒含量显著影响土壤最大吸磷量,但对土壤磷的解吸量没有显著影响。     

湖北恩施几种典型土壤对氟的吸附与解吸特性

采用室内试验方法,研究了恩施六种土壤氟吸附的特性。结果表明:(1)不同土壤的吸附量差异很大,表现为黄粘泥水田土>红粘壤土>泥质岩黄壤土>红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的吸附量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。不同土壤的解吸量在低浓度时差异不明显,高浓度时表现为黄粘泥水田土、红粘壤土、泥质岩黄壤土、红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的解吸量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。(2)Langmuir公式可以很好地描述土壤氟吸附的特性,Freundlich公式能够较好地描述土壤对氟的吸附。(3)去除铁、铝氧化物后土壤氟吸附量明显降低;草酸能够促进土壤对氟的吸附;共存PO43-能够抑制土壤对氟的吸附。     

Thermodynamics of Lead Sorption and Desorption in Soils

Thermodynamics of Lead (Pb) sorption and desorption was investigated with samples of a clayic Torrifluvent, a sandy clayic Calciorthid, and sandy Quartzipsamment. The values of activation energy for Pb sorption on the Calciorthid (ranged from 20.7 to 27.7 kJ mol^?1) were higher than those of the Torrifluvent (ranged from 3.4 to 17.4 kJ mol^?1) and the Quartzipsamment (1.5 to 4.6 kJ mol^?1). The energies of activation for adsorption “E_a” were greater than those for desorption “E_d”, indicating that more energy was needed to sorb Pb than to desorb Pb. The enthalpy of activation (ΔH^*) values indicate that Pb sorption is endothermic reaction while Pb desorption is exothermic reaction. The entropy of activation (ΔS^*) values for Pb sorption were negative and increased with increasing surface coverage. The free energy of activation (ΔG^*) values ranged from 81.2 to 89.2 and from 83.6 to 84.0 kJ mol^?1 for Pb sorption and desorption respectively.     

Adsorption and Desorption of Copper in Pasture Soils

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is bound strongly to organic matter, oxides of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), and clay minerals in soils. To investigate the relative contribution of different soil components in the sorption of Cu, sorption was measured after the removal of various other soil components; organic matter and aluminum (Al) and Fe oxides are important in Cu adsorption. Both adsorption and desorption of Cu at various pH values were also measured by using diverse pasture soils. The differences in the sorption of Cu between the soils are attributed to the differences in the chemical characteristics of the soils. Copper sorption, as measured by the Freundlich equation sorption constants [potassium (K) and nitrogen (N)], was strongly correlated with soil properties, such as silt content, organic carbon, and soil pH. The relative importance of organic matter and oxides on Cu adsorption decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing solution Cu concentrations. In all soils, Cu sorption increased with increasing pH, but the solution Cu concentration decreased with increasing soil pH. The cumulative amounts of native and added soil Cu desorbed from two contrasting soils (Manawatu and Ngamoka) during desorption periods showed that the differences in the desorbability of Cu were a result of differences in the physico‐chemical properties of the soil matrix. This finding suggests that soil organic matter complexes of Cu added through fertilizer, resulted in decreased desorption. The proportions of added Cu desorbed during 10 desorption periods were low, ranging from 2.5% in the 24‐h to 6% in the 2‐h desorption periods. The desorption of Cu decreased with increasing soil pH. The irreversible retention of Cu might be the result of complex formation with Cu at high pH.     

Cr(VI) Adsorption and Desorption on Soils and Biosorbents

In this study, high surface area porous carbons were synthesized by chemical activation using petroleum coke as the precursor and KOH as the activation agent. The pore structure of the as-synthesized activated carbons was characterized by nitrogen adsorption, and their CO₂ sorption capacities were measured by a magnetic suspension balance at 1 and 10 bar, respectively. The effects of activated carbon preparation parameters (preheating temperature, preheating time, activation time, heating rate during the pyrolysis, and particle size of the precursor) on porous texture, CO₂ adsorption capacity, and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of the activated products were investigated. It has been found that at 1 bar, the CO₂ adsorption capacity is determined by the micropore contribution, i.e., the ratio between micropore surface area and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the sorbents, while at 10 bar, CO₂ adsorption capacity is related to the BET surface area of the activated products. The maximum CO₂ adsorption uptake of 15.1 wt% together with CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 9.4 at 1 bar were obtained for a sample activated at 700 °C indicating its high potential in the capture of CO₂.     

Phosphorus Adsorption and Desorption in Coarse-Textured Soils Bordering Recreational Lakes

Sandpit lakes of Nebraska are residential developments frequently affected by excess phosphorus (P). The objectives of this study are to quantify P retention and release by sandpit lake soils and determine properties related to P retention and release. Soils were sampled at 0–15 and 15–30 cm deep from six developed and one undeveloped site. Adsorption was fit to the Langmuir isotherm and desorption was fit to the Elovich equation. Clay and organic matter contents identified some sites as amended with finer-textured soil. Iron, aluminum, and P fractions were low in all samples but greater in amended soil. Adsorption maximum was greater at 0–15 cm deep for all but the undeveloped site. Adsorption energy parameter was greater at 15–30 cm deep. Elovich slopes and intercepts were generally greater in the 0- to 15-cm samples. Slopes were positively related to soil P richness. Importing finer textured soil to lake sites increases P retention and should help preserve water quality.     

几种土壤氟吸附动力学研究

采用平衡法对我国几种土壤氟吸附的动力学过程进行了研究。结果表明,不同土壤氟吸附的动力学参数差异很大,黄壤的最大吸附量最高,棕壤最低,棕壤的平衡时间最短,石灰土的平衡时间最长。不同土壤的氟吸附动力学参数与土壤理化性质有很大相关性。供试土壤的氟吸附动力学过程用双常数方程和E lovich方程描述获得了良好的拟合效果。而一级动力学方程和二级动力学方程都不适合土壤氟吸附动力学过程的描述。不同土壤的k值和β值证明黄壤较其他土壤吸附速率大,对加入土壤中氟的缓冲性大。     

Adsorption,Desorption And Mobility of Fomesafen in Chinese Soils

Fomesafen, 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide, is used widely for weed control in soybeans since its introduction to China. Little information is available on its adsorption, desorption and movement in Chinese soils. The adsorption, desorption and mobility of fomesafen in six Chinese soils was studied. Adsorption isotherms agreed with the Freundlich equation very well. The results of regressionanalysis indicated that soil pH was more important than organic matter for fomesafen adsorption. Fomesafen was more readily desorbed from soils with 0.01 M CaSO₄ solution. Soil TLC and column leaching studies showed that fomesafen and its metabolites was less mobile in Chinese soils. About 89.82% of applied fomesafen and its metabolites still remained in upper 5 cm layer 60 days after treatment under field conditions.