淡水型及海水型卤虫卵的脂类

海水型卤虫卵每单位干重的类总量约为淡水型卤虫卵的两倍。同海水型卤虫卵相比，淡水型卤虫卵的脂类总量中含有较高的色素、胆固醇和游离脂肪酸及较低含量的三酰甘油酯。两类卤虫卵的磷脂占脂类总量的百分比相同。海水型卵的磷脂和三酰甘油酯中含有较多的２０：５ｎ－３和２０：４ｎ－６；而淡水型卵中缺乏这些酸，但１８：３ｎ－３的含量较高。     

三品系中国卤虫卵的激活和提高孵化率的研究

在室温，４℃或－２５℃，用温度－ＣＯ２系列激活河北乐亭，青海尕海和山东羊口卤虫卵，并以空气和饱和ＮａＣｌ溶液系列处理作对照。其结果为：（１）乐亭卤虫卵经４℃－１００％ＣＯ２处理９０天，孵化率可达９３．３％；尕海卤虫卵经－２５℃－２０％ＣＯ２处理６０天，孵化率可达９０．２％等，而羊口卤虫卵孵化率提高幅度不大。（２）用ＯＣ２处理乐亭卤虫卵时，无论在室温或４℃－１００％ＣＯ２时，其孵化率上升趋势都比空气     

南美白对虾的营养需求与配合饲料的选用

南美白对虾是当今世界上公认的三大优良养殖虾种之一。其适盐范围广，既可在海水中养殖，也可在淡水中养殖。但养殖环境的差异会影响南美白对虾的营养需求和生长速度。一、南美白对虾的营养特点１．对蛋白质的需求：根据Ｃｏｌｖｉｎ等（１９９７）和Ｓｍｉｔｈ等（１９８５）的研究，南美白对虾的蛋白质需要量分别为３０％和３６％以上。在低盐度（半咸水、淡水）的养殖环境中，白对虾体内的能量来源倾向于以蛋白质而非脂肪分解。在高盐度（如海水）的养殖环境中，白对虾对饲料中蛋白质的消化率低，特别是豆饼中的蛋白质。因此，实际养殖中…     

生物饵料的n－3 PUFA营养强化技术

生物饵料的ｎ－３　ＰＵＦＡ营养强化技术张利民（山东省海洋水产研究所，烟台２６４０００）在海水鱼虾育苗过程中，轮虫（Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓｐｌｉｃａｔｉｌｉｓ）和卤虫（Ａｒｔｅｍｉａｓａｌｉ－ｎａ）是重要的生物饵料，而不同的养殖种类对营养需求不一样，例如...     

海水工厂化养殖虹鳟营养品质分析与评价

为更好地了解海水工厂化养殖虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)肌肉组织的营养成分和品质,采用国标等方法,分别对海水工厂化养殖和淡水养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的各项营养成分进行了分析和评价。结果显示:海水工厂化养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的蛋白质含量、氨基酸营养水平和脂肪酸含量均低于淡水养殖虹鳟。海水工厂化养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的氨基酸营养价值和化学平均得分分别为0.82、0.62,低于淡水养殖虹鳟(1.04、0.78)。海水工厂化养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量(3.83g/100g、12.60g/100g)低于淡水养殖虹鳟(4.07g/100g、12.79g/100g)。     

中国卤虫卵孵化温度特性的研究

依据有效积温法则,对中国12个主要地理品系卤虫卵的孵化速度、发育起点温度及其发育同步性作了分析。结果表明,各品系的孵化速度因温度不同而差异极显著;相同温度下各品系间孵化速度也有显著差异;在沿海品系中,其发育起点温度由北往南基本呈递增趋势。以各品系孵化发育历期的变差系数作为发育同步性的衡量指标,依据发育同步性程度及发育起点温度、有效积温进行聚类分析,提出了适合我国卤虫卵加工及使用的最佳品系组合。     

评价卤虫卵质量的一种新方法——出虫量

卤虫卵是培育海水鱼虾蟹苗重要的生物活性饵料,具有营养丰富、不饱和脂肪酸含量高,使用保存方便等特点。评价卤虫卵质量高低的传统指标有孵化率和孵化量,孵化率足指一百粒卤虫卵所能孵出的无节幼体只数。优质卤虫卵孵化率可达到90％以上：孵化量是指每克虫卵所能孵出的尢节幼虫总千重（毫克）,     

世界卤虫卵产量急剧下降

世界卤虫卵产量急剧下降目前，全世界对卤虫卵的需要量估计每年约为１０００ｔ左右．其中大部分由亚洲各国消费。以北美产的卤虫卵为例，９０％的量流通于亚洲地区。用量最多者为泰国（５０％）、印尼（２５％）、日本（５％）、菲律宾（５％）、韩国（３％）等。而全世界...     

影响卤虫培育的环境因子

总结了近年来对我国不同地理品系卤虫的研究成果,介绍了几个重要环境因子如温度、盐度及盐类组成、光照强度以及光照周期、pH、培养密度等对卤虫卵孵化及生长的影响.     

全价配合饲料在虾蟹养殖中的应用

１．根据虾蟹不同的品种及不同的生长阶段，确定使用相应配方的全价配合饲料 目前海、淡水养殖中，饲养虾蟹的品种繁多。如虾类养殖中，海水养殖的有中国对虾、日本对虾、南美白对虾、刀额新对虾、斑节对虾等；淡水养殖中有罗氏沼虾、青虾等；蟹类养殖中有海水的梭子蟹、锯缘青蟹，淡水的中华绒螯蟹（河蟹）等。这些养殖品种在营养需求上有其共同性，也有其特异性。所以，我们要根据不同的养殖对象，考虑其营养需要，采用不同的饲料营养配方。其次，同一品种在不同的发育阶段，也有不同的营养要求。所以说要有不同的饲料营养配方，并加工成…     

Nutritional Properties of the Marine Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Fed the Freshwater Microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum

This study examined the effects of storage time on the fatty acid composition of freshwater Selenastrum capricornutum algal paste under 4 C refrigeration, the fatty acid composition of rotifers fed the fresh and stored algal paste, and the toxicological properties of the algal paste. Microalgae were produced in a hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HIS-TAR), harvested as a paste, refrigerated and analyzed every 2 wk. Fresh Selenastrum capricornutum paste had almost three times greater concentration of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids. Over 50% of the unsaturated fatty acids were made up of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Total unsaturated, n-3 group and n-6 group fatty acids decreased ( P 0.05) during storage, including the nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22: 6n3). Rotifers fed 2– and 4-wk-old algal paste had a significantly lower ( P 0.05) total unsaturated fatty acid percentage and significantly greater ( P 0.05) total saturated fatty acids than those fed fresh algae. There were no significant changes in the n-6 group fatty acid level in the 4-wk-old paste feeding study or for the n-3 or n-6 groups in the 2-wk-old paste feeding study as compared to fresh algae. The levels of the three nutritionally important fatty acids (C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3) did not differ between rotifers fed fresh and stored algae. Stored algae did not present toxicity to rotifers and Daphnia at the normal feeding concentration. These results indicated that the use of refrigerated freshwater algal paste for production of rotifers results in live feed with adequate nutritional properties for marine larviculture. This could eliminate the costs associated with production of marine algae, which could be replaced with freshwater algae, and may provide an alternative to cryopreservation.     

Evaluation of Streptocephalus dichotomus nauplii as a larval diet for freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

This study was performed to assess the nutritional value of Streptocephalus dichotomus nauplii and compared with standard larval diet and parthenogenetic strain of Artemia nauplii. The effectiveness of live feed was determined by feeding freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae. Results on the growth rate, weight gain, survival, fatty acid and amino acid composition show a significant variation between the dietary treatments. Mean larval growth was significantly different ( P  < 0.001) between control diet (13.5 ± 0.5 mm) and live feeds ( Streptocephalus nauplii; 18.4 ± 0.5 mm and Artemia nauplii 18.7 ± 0.2 mm). The weight of larvae-fed Streptocephalus (41.1 ± 1.44 mg) and Artemia nauplii (41.7 ± 0.2 mg) was not significantly different; however, treatment with live feeds was significantly higher than the control (16.3 ± 0.5 mg) ( P  < 0.001). Proximate composition on the fairy shrimp reveals that they are rich in protein, lipid, essential amino acids (EAA) and essential fatty acids (EFA). The polyenoic unsaturated fatty acid (18 : 2 n-6 and 18 : 3 n-3) and highly unsaturated fatty acid (20 : 4 n-3 and 20 : 5 n-3) show a dramatic increase in larval tissue relative to its proportional composition in the live diets. Amino acid composition in the live feeds, Streptocephalus and Artemia nauplii, perfectly reflects on the amino acid proportions in the larvae-fed diets which confirm its utilization.     

冬夏两季五种经济鱼类组织脂肪酸含量及组成分析

为了解不同季节不同鱼类不同组织中的不同脂肪酸含量,科学地指导鱼类膳食消费,本实验研究了冬夏两季,采集自上海市场常见的5种经济鱼类:大黄鱼(海洋肉食性),银鲳(海洋杂食性),日本鳗鲡(淡水肉食性),莫桑比克罗非鱼(淡水杂食性),草鱼(淡水草食性),分别检测鱼背部肌肉、腹部肌肉、尾部肌肉、肝脏和腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪含量和脂肪酸绝对含量。结果显示,5种鱼肌肉脂肪酸谱存在显著差异,并与各自的生活环境及食性均有关系;在鱼的腹腔脂肪或肝脏中,饱和脂肪酸(SFAs)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFAs)含量较高,且与组织脂肪含量密切相关;而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)和n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFAs)含量较低,且与组织脂肪含量关系不大;大黄鱼和银鲳各肌肉组织中的n-3 PUFAs、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量以及n-3/n-6值高于莫桑比克罗非鱼和草鱼,并与组织脂肪含量呈正相关;冬季草鱼腹部肌肉、莫桑比克罗非鱼尾部肌肉以及日本鳗鲡和银鲳的肝脏中的n-3 PUFAs含量较夏季高。研究表明,脂肪酸组成与物种、食性、水域环境以及季节温度和组织部位均有关系。从补充n-3 PUFAs摄入的角度分析,日本鳗鲡、大黄鱼和银鲳营养价值高于莫桑比克罗非鱼和草鱼,冬季鱼类的营养价值高于夏季。     

Influence of nutrition on the lipid quality of pond fish: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca)

Like marine fish freshwater fish are an important source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition. However, the fatty acid composition of pond fish can vary considerably and strongly depends on that of the ingested food. Investigations on the fatty acid composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca) have shown that different methods of rearing and feeding cause substantial variations in the proportions of the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of these fish species. Carp reared on the basis of natural food in ponds exhibit high contents of n-6 as well as n-3 fatty acids in their muscle triacylglycerols. On the other hand carp fed supplementary wheat in ponds resulted in somewhat lower levels of these essential fatty acids. High amounts of n-3 fatty acids can be found in carp fed high-energy diets containing high levels of fish oil. Analogous results were obtained in experiments with tench reared under different nutritional conditions. While rearing on the basis of only natural food in ponds as well as feeding supplementary wheat yielded in similar levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher contents of n-3 fatty acids were recorded in tench fed pellets. High levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foodstuffs have positive effects on human health. Experiments with different cultured fish species proved that the fatty acid composition of the edible parts can be influenced by the diet. Therefore, a finishing diet with a suitable fatty acid profile can be used to improve the nutritional quality of fish products of farmed origin.     

两种对虾微粒饲料的营养分析及养殖效果比较

采用凯氏定氮、索氏抽提等常规分析方法对两种虾片的营养构成进行了分析。结果表明，两种虾片的氨基酸、脂肪酸种类齐全、必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸含量较高、常规营养成分含量适当。新研制的微颗粒饲料——卤虫虾片与国外成型产品日本海宝虾片相比，卤虫虾片的必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸较高，卤虫虾片的必需脂肪酸特别是EPA和DHA较高，这为卤虫虾片的喂养试验提供了理论依据。在随后进行的南美白对虾的饲喂试验中，其成活率明显高于日本海宝虾片。     

The potential of dried, low-hatch, decapsulated Artemia cysts for feeding prawn post-larvae

Low-hatch, decapsulated Artemia cysts were assessed as feed for Penaeus indicus post-larvae (PL) 1–15 days old and the problems resulting from the incorporation of decapsulated cysts into compounded feeds were evaluated. Growth and survival of PL fed on decapsulated cysts (AC) were comparable with Artemia nauplii fed PL (control) and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than observed amongst PL fed on two granulated commercial diets (G150 and G300) or a commercial flake feed (AC-F) incorporating decapsulated cysts (80%). PL fed on artificial diets showed poor growth and delay in metamorphosis. However, survival of PL fed on AC-F was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that observed amongst granulated feeds. Decapsulated cysts processed into a granulated feed (AC-G) or dried at 90°C (AC-90) also resulted in slow growth and survival when fed to PL. Overall, artificial feeds showed poor water stability and significantly higher leaching of soluble protein and carbohydrates than decapsulated cysts. AC-90 cysts also showed a high level of bursting and leaching of material. This indicates that low-hatch Artemia cysts retain a living membrane after commercial decapsulation and drying prevents loss of highly digestible nutrients, which allows PL growth equal to that on PL fed live Artemia nauplii. Survival of PL was negatively correlated with leaching of soluble protein (p < 0.05), but no correlation was observed for leaching of carbohydrates or between growth and loss of both soluble nutrients. Hence, availability of digestible protein is critical and may influence survival of early stages of post-larval development. Water stability of artificial feeds is an essential factor in promoting efficient nutrition of PL, but other aspects related to heating during processing of feeds also appear to have a deleterious effect on nutritional quality of compounded feeds. Commercially dried, encapsulated Artemia cysts from low-hatch strains remain alive and are highly nutritious for feeding early stages of post-larval prawn but even after death may support acceptable survival when incorporated into a flake diet. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Importance of fatty acids in broodstock diets with emphasis on Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) eggs

The importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the eicosanoid precursors, is addressed in this paper. It has been generally recognized that eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are of significant importance in fish reproduction while arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) has often been overlooked. The ratio between C20 fatty acids EPA and AA might be important for many physiological functions depending on the species evolution and its requirements. Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) has a much more pronounced freshwater history and therefore different fatty acid requirements than the other commonly farmed salmonids such as salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Therefore there is reason to formulate a feed that is more suitable for farming of this freshwater species. In this study, freshwater wild-origin char eggs were compared to farmed eggs of char. The ratio n-3/n-6 of total phospholipids of eggs was much lower in the wild fish, 3.5 versus 13.5, and the hatching rate of eggs from natural environment was much higher (20–70% vs. >80%). We conclude that feed based on marine raw product does not fulfill the requirements for essential fatty acids for freshwater char and we suggest that AA is supplemented to the broodstock diet and that at least linoleic acid (18:2n-6) is included in the on-growth diet formulas to lower the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Different Microalgae Strains (Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd, Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Isochrysis sp.) According to the Culture Phase and the Carbon Dioxide Concentration

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different volumes of supplemented carbon dioxide. which is a potential donator of carbon atom, on the fatty acid profile of four microalgae strains (Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd. Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Isochrysis sp.) currently used to enrich rotifers fed to marine fish larvae during two different phases of growth (logarithmic and stationary). Half of the microalgae were cultured at a low CO₂ concentration (0.5 L/min). corresponding to 1 % the air volume (0.038 L/min per L of culture) and the other half of microalgae were cultured at a high concentration of CO₂ (1.1 L/min), corresponding to 2% the air volume (0.086 L/min per L of culture). The resulting fatty acid profile was species-specific and Nannochloris atomus appeared less suitable for inarine organism feeding because of its high percentage of alpha-linolenic acid which represents the only n-3 PUFA of this alga (28.7%). On the contrary, Isochrysis sp. showed the largest proportions of n-3 PUFA also when maintained in the stationary phase (36.46%). Algae cultures contained higher percentages of n-3 PUFA during the logarithmic phase than in the stationary phase when the proportions of short-chain fatty acids increased. High levels of concentrated CO₂ generally increased the content of long chain fatty acids from 17 carbon atoms onwards. The percentages of total n-3 and n-6 were higher than those recorded at low CO₂ concentration. Similarly, the n-3/n-6 ratio was higher at the maximum CO₂ concentration (logarithmic phase). During stationary phase the difference between the two groups was less apparent than that observed in the logarithmic one. The high CO₂ addition exerted a significant and more favorable influence than the low supplementation on the C18:1, C20:0, C20:4n-6, and C22:6n-3 concentrations in both phases, in all four microalgae strains studied.     

Effect of salinity on the biosynthesis of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in silverside Chirostoma estor

The genus Chirostoma (silversides) belongs to the family Atherinopsidae, which contains around 150 species, most of which are marine. However, Mexican silverside (Chirostoma estor) is one of the few representatives of freshwater atherinopsids and is only found in some lakes of the Mexican Central Plateau. However, studies have shown that C. estor has improved survival, growth, and development when cultured in water conditions with increased salinity. In addition, C. estor displays an unusual fatty acid composition for a freshwater fish with high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/ eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios. Freshwater and marine fish species display very different essential fatty acid metabolism and requirements, and so the present study investigated long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis to determine the capacity of C. estor for endogenous production of EPA and DHA, and the effect that salinity has on these pathways. Briefly, C. estor were maintained at three salinities (0, 5, and 15 ppt), and the metabolism of 1?C-labeled 18:3n-3 was determined in isolated hepatocyte and enterocyte cells. The results showed that C. estor has the capacity for endogenous biosynthesis of LC-PUFA from 18-carbon fatty acid precursors, but that the pathway was essentially only active in saline conditions with virtually no activity in cells isolated from fish grown in freshwater. The activity of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway was also higher in cells isolated from fish at 15 ppt compared with fish at 5 ppt. The activity was around fivefold higher in hepatocytes compared with enterocytes; although the majority of 18:3n-3 was converted to 18:4n-3 and 20:4n-3 in hepatocytes, the proportions of 18:3n-3 converted to EPA and DHA were higher in enterocytes. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that conversion of EPA to DHA could contribute, at least in part, to the generally high DHA/EPA ratios observed in the tissue lipids of C. estor.     

Fatty acid content and composition in tissues of Baikal grayling (Thymallus baicalensis), with a special focus on DHA synthesis

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 family (n-3 LC PUFAs) are physiologically essential compounds required for normal growth and development of animals, including humans. The ability of fish species to synthesize n-3 LC PUFAs varies significantly across different trophic levels. We have studied fatty acid (FA) content (mg/g of wet weight) and level (% of total FAs) in the brain, liver, heart, intestine, female and male gonads, muscle, and adipose tissues of commercially important wild freshwater Baikal grayling. Additionally, FA content and level of Baikal grayling juveniles have been studied. In all tissues of Baikal grayling, some LC PUFAs, namely, 24:5n-3 and 24:6n-3 (C24 PUFAs), have been found. These FAs are the intermediate products in the synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) by the Sprecher pathway. The levels of C24 PUFAs in tissues differed significantly: the highest levels of C24 PUFAs were found in adipose tissue and the lowest values in the gonads of females, liver, brain, and head of juveniles. According to the dynamics of DHA and C24 PUFAs, the maximum rate of DHA synthesis is achieved in brain of Baikal grayling, while the lowest rate of DHA synthesis probably occurs in adipose tissue. Although all studied tissues had differences in the number of FAs and their levels, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 20:5n-3, and DHA dominated. Male gonads contained an extremely high level of furan FAs — presumably beneficial substances for human health. Additionally, the nutritional value of the tissues of Baikal grayling as a source of n-3 LC PUFAs for humans has been estimated.