Barley Bulgur: Effect of Processing and Cooking on Chemical Composition

Three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgareL.) were processed into bulgur by pressure cooking or cooking at atmospheric pressure. The effect of processing on levels of thiamine, riboflavin, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg) as well as the phytic acid and β-glucan was investigated. Significant decreases (p<0·05) were observed in ash, riboflavin and thiamine contents during bulgur processing. Neither the cooking methods nor the dehulling process had significant influence on the content of Fe, Cu, Zn or Mg. However, the Mn and Ca content of the bulgurs were significantly (p<0·05) lower compared with the corresponding raw barleys. For all cultivars total P and phytate P contents of the bulgurs were significantly (p<0·05) lower compared with the corresponding raw barleys. In contrast, levels of β-glucan were significantly higher in processed bulgur vs raw barley. Protein contents of the samples did not change significantly during bulgur processing. Bulgur processed from barley appeared to retain most of the nutritional value of raw barley, in particular it showed high levels of soluble dietary fibre.     

Buckwheat Seed Milling Fractions: Description, Macronutrient Composition and Dietary Fibre

The structure of the mature buckwheat achene and groat is discussed in relation to milling fractions and nutritional composition. Whole groats contain 55% starch, 12% protein, 4% lipid, 2% soluble carbohydrates, 7% total dietary fiber (TDF), 2% ash, and 18% other components (organic acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phosphorylated sugars, nucleotides and nucleic acids, unknown compounds). The composition of the milling fractions reflects the relative abundance of seed tissues. Starch is concentrated in the central endosperm. Protein, oil, soluble carbohydrates and minerals are concentrated in the embryo. Commercial «Fancy» flour, a light-coloured flour, is mostly central endosperm and contains 75% starch, 6% protein, 1% lipid, 1% soluble carbohydrates, 3% TDF, 1% ash, and 13% other components. Although the embryo traverses the central endosperm, during milling parts of the embryo separate with the aleurone and seed coat in the bran fraction. Bran, with little central endosperm, contains 18% starch, 36% protein, 11% lipid, 6% soluble carbohydrates, 15% TDF, 7% ash, and 7% other components. Buckwheat bran also is a rich source of TDF and soluble dietary fibre (SDF), particularly bran with hull fragments (40% TDF of which 25% is SDF), while bran without hull fragments has 16% TDF of which 75% is SDF.     

Effect of Barley and Barley Components on Rheological Properties of Wheat Dough

The effects of addition of whole barley and barley components (starch, β-glucans and arabinoxylans) on rheological properties of dough prepared from wheat flours with variable gluten quality (cv. Glenlea, extra-strong; cv. Katepwa, very strong; cv. AC Karma, strong; and cv. AC Reed, weak) were investigated in these studies using Mixograph and dynamic rheological measurements. Whole barley meal, starch and non-starch polysaccharides from hulless barley with variable starch characteristics (normal, high amylose, waxy, and zero amylose waxy) were tested. Upon addition of either β-glucans or arabinoxylans, significant increases in peak dough resistance, mixing stability, and work input were recorded in all flours. The addition of starch to various wheat flours reduced the strength of the respective flour-water doughs. The improvement of dough strength upon addition of waxy or zero amylose waxy barley meal was associated with the high content of total and soluble β-glucans present in barley samples. The addition of arabinoxylans or β-glucans increased the G′ of wheat doughs; arabinoxylans had a greater effect than β-glucans. Starch substantially decreased the elastic modulus of dough prepared from cv. Glenlea but waxy and high amylose starches increased the G′ of dough prepared from cv. AC Karma. A combination of the high amounts of non-starch polysaccharides and unusual starch characteristics in barley seems to balance the negative effects associated with gluten dilution brought about by addition of barley into wheat flour.     

Effect of Boiling in Water of Barley and Buckwheat Groats on the Antioxidant Properties and Dietary Fiber Composition

In recent years, there has been an ever-increasing interest in the research of polyphenols obtained from dietary sources, and their antioxidative properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of boiling buckwheat and barley groats on the antioxidant properties and dietary fiber composition. Antioxidative properties were investigated using methyl linoleate model system, by assessing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. The results were compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Raw barley and buckwheat groats extracts showed higher DPPH scavenging ability compared to boiled barley and buckwheat groats extracts. Raw barley groats extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity than boiled groats extract in the methyl linoleate emulsion. Higher chelating ability in relation to Fe (II) ions was observed for boiled groats extracts as compared to raw groats extracts. BHT showed small antiradical activity and metal chelating activity, while showing higher antioxidative activity in emulsion system. The analysis of groats extracts using HPLC method showed the presence of rutin, catechin, quercetin, gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, vanillic, sinapic, and ferulic acids. Differences in the content of dietary fiber and its fractions were observed in the examined products. The highest total dietary fiber content was detected in boiled buckwheat groats, while the lowest - in boiled barley groats. The scientific achievements of this research could help consumers to choose those cereal products available on the market, such as barley and buckwheat groats, which are a rich source of antioxidative compounds and dietary fiber.     

大麦籽粒功能成分含量的遗传效应分析

为挖掘控制大麦籽粒功能成分的基因,选育高功能成分含量的大麦品系,以S500和宽颖大麦及其杂种后代BC3F1、BC3 F2为材料,应用分离世代联合分析主基因和多基因混合遗传的统计方法,研究了大麦籽粒总黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量的遗传效应.结果表明,大麦籽粒的总黄酮含量受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性多基因控制遗传(E-1模型),主基因遗传率为47.95％;生物碱含量受加性-显性-上位性主基因遗传(B-1模型),主基因遗传率为67.36％;γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉含量均受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性-上位性多基因控制遗传(E-0模型),主基因遗传率分别为56.49％和80.13％.控制大麦籽粒四种功能成分含量的主基因以显性效应为主,且遗传贡献较大,因此在育种中应充分利用主基因效应进行有效选育.     

氮肥运筹方式对大麦产量及其构成因素的影响

在大麦生长发育的关键时期 ,追施适量氮肥以满足其对营养的需求 ,有利于个体稳长不衰和籽粒产量的形成。但氮肥运筹方式不同所产生的作用方向和效果也不同 ,最终使穗粒结构改变而影响籽粒产量的表现。本研究旨在分析大麦产量及其构成因素对等量氮肥分次追肥的反应 ,探讨大麦获得高产优质的合理氮肥运筹方式 ,供大麦生产应用。1　试验设计和方法试验于 1 997～ 2 0 0 0年度在建湖县冈东镇一农户承包地内进行。试验地土质轻壤 ,前茬黄豆 ,中上等肥力水平。供试大麦品种为二棱偏春性、啤饲兼用型苏引麦 1号。播种期 1 0月 1 8～ 2 2日 ,播种量 …     

Effects on Grain and Malting Quality of Genes Altering Barley Starch Composition

In this study inbred barley lines carrying waxy and/or high amylose genes were obtained from a cross between Waxy Hector and a breeders» line BE285 (high amylose Glacier×Midas) and assessed for malting quality. Inbred lines were assayed and classified as having none, one or both genes. After malting, waxy lines had a slightly lower hot water extract than normal starch lines. Large effects were demonstrated for both grain nitrogen content and hot water extract in high amylose lines and, particularly, in lines with both genes. Endosperm modification during malting was reduced by both starch mutations. Electron microscopy showed that the phenotype with both genes was characterised by a highly compacted endosperm. During malting, this structure was extremely resistant to modification.     

大麦表皮蜡质的组分及晶体结构分析

为了解大麦不同生长发育时期各器官蜡质的组成及其晶体结构,以大麦品种Morex 为材料,利用气相色谱（GC）技术对其叶片、穗下茎和叶鞘三个器官的表皮蜡质成分进行了分析,并对其蜡质晶体结构进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明,从大麦品种Morex 表皮蜡质中鉴定出烷烃、初级醇、醛、脂肪酸和二酮等20种主要化合物成分,且蜡质碳链长度的分布范围主要为C₂₂~C₃₃。大麦叶片中初级醇含量最高,以C₂₆ 醇为主,其次是烷烃、醛和二酮,脂肪酸最少。大麦孕穗和扬花期,不同器官间蜡质总含量有显著差异,叶鞘最高,穗下茎最少。二酮在不同器官中都存在,其中,叶鞘和穗下茎中β-二酮的含量最高。扫描电镜观察表明,叶片表皮蜡质晶体结构均为片状,而叶鞘和穗下茎表皮晶体蜡质结构均为棒状。     

大麦芽的主要成分及其在食品工业中的应用

大麦在发芽过程中能激活自身的合成和代谢系统,产生或激活一些酶,可以降低某些抗营养物质的含量,提高蛋白质和淀粉的可消化吸收率及必需氨基酸等物质的含量,故大麦芽具有很高的营养价值。本文综述了大麦芽的主要营养物质及其在食品加工中的应用和研究现状,以期为未来大麦芽产品的加工和应用提供借鉴和帮助。     

菠萝渣可溶性膳食纤维的提取工艺优化和功能特性分析

通过单因素及正交试验优化纤维素酶法提取菠萝渣中可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件,并对产品的功能特性进行分析。结果表明:纤维素酶法提取的较佳提取工艺为:蒸馏水(V)∶菠萝渣粉(m)=20(mL)∶1(g),纤维素酶添加量为30 U/g,pH4.8,温度40℃酶解2.0 h,在此工艺条件制备可溶性膳食纤维得率为(7.12±0.02)%,其持水力与溶胀力分别为(35.81±0.04)g/g和(73.50±0.12)mL/g。     

黑青稞的功效成分和功能作用研究进展

青稞是一种广泛种植于青藏高原的谷物,是藏族人民维持健康、补充营养的主要食物,其中黑青稞是一种独特的种质资源,在花青素等多酚类活性物质含量方面高于其他品种的青稞.文章综述了近年来黑青稞的功效成分和功能作用的研究进展,并对其研究前景进行展望,旨在为黑青稞的开发利用提供理论依据.     

嫁接对茶树新梢化学成分的影响

以云南大叶种为砧木，乌牛早和浙农113为接穗进行嫁接试验，并与同期移栽的乌牛早和浙农113进行化学成分分析比较。结果表明，嫁接对该2品种的化学成分含量的明显影响，氨基酸和咖啡因含量增加；茶多酚和主要儿茶类素含量减少。     

保靖黄金茶主要化学成分初步分析研究

采用分析对比的方法发现特色茶树资源湖南保靖黄金茶,有着丰富的营养成分,特别是氨基酸含量高,达6%以上,茶氨酸高,对人体无益的无机元素含量低,黄酮类化合物含量高,使得黄金茶有着独特的品质和比一般茶较好的保健功能,极具开发利用的价值。     

饲料大麦西引二号产量依其构成因子的偏相关及回归分析

利用 30组调查数据 ,共 15 0个观测值 ,对产量及其形成因子之间作偏相关分析 ,找出它们之间的相互关系 ,并对产量结果作多元线性回归分析 ,得出产量依产量结构的多元线性回归方程 ,找出不同产量水平的适用产量结构范围 ,为合理协调穗粒结构提供依据     

播种季节和割苗期对大麦苗粉营养成分的影响

为探究不同季节播种和割苗期对大麦苗粉营养成分的影响,以48个云南大麦品种（系）为材料,进行秋、冬、春、夏四季播种和不同时期割苗处理,对大麦苗粉4个营养功能性成分进行测定分析。结果表明,秋播大麦苗粉的总黄酮（156.21 mg·100 g^-1）、生物碱（106.73 mg·100 g^-1）、γ-氨基丁酸（186.40 mg·100 g^-1）、蛋白质（30.79%）含量高于冬、春、夏播,且秋播与冬播、秋播与夏播间4个被测指标差异均显著。相同季节播种,分蘖前期割苗苗粉的总黄酮、生物碱、蛋白质含量均高于主茎抽穗期割苗,以秋播分蘖前期割苗苗粉的总黄酮（161.85 mg·100 g^-1）、生物碱（106.80 mg·100 g^-1）、γ-氨基丁酸（202.44 mg·100 g^-1）、蛋白质（32.66%）含量最高。二棱大麦苗粉的γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、蛋白质含量均高于多棱大麦。综上所述,秋播最适于云南大麦生产苗粉;延迟割苗期会降低大麦苗粉营养功能成分含量;二棱大麦品种（系）苗粉的营养成分含量高于多棱大麦;本研究条件下,适于生产麦苗粉的品种有云啤5号、云啤9号、矮思4号。     

大麦RIL群体籽粒功能成分含量的遗传分析

为选育出高功能成分含量的大麦新品种,以紫光芒裸二棱×Schooner构建的包含193个株系的RIL群体为材料,在玉溪和白邑2个生态点种植,对总黄酮、生物碱、γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉含量进行测定及遗传分析。结果表明,不同生态条件下,大麦RIL群体籽粒4个被测功能成分的含量差异较大,群体间呈现广泛的遗传变异;总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量均呈正态分布,表现为连续变异,由多基因控制;γ-氨基丁酸含量呈偏态分布,受主效基因控制。生态环境对大麦RIL群体籽粒4个被测功能成分含量的影响较大,低海拔高温气候有利于该群体总黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸及抗性淀粉含量的提升,高海拔冷寒气候有助于生物碱含量的增加。     

大麦表皮蜡质组分及晶体结构的差异性分析

为了解不同大麦品种(系)表皮蜡质组分及结构的差异,以7个大麦品种(系)开花期的倒二叶、穗下节及穗为材料,利用GC-MS和S-4800场发射扫描电子显微镜测定不同器官表皮蜡质组分,观察其晶体结构。结果表明,大麦不同器官表皮蜡质均是由烷烃、初级醇、醛、脂肪酸、二酮等20种物质组成,不同品种及不同器官表皮蜡质组分种类无明显差异,但组分含量差异显著;同一品种(系),表面有白霜覆盖器官蜡质总量明显高于无白霜覆盖器官。穗下节表皮蜡质及穗部白霜型品种(系)表皮蜡质的二酮含量最高,穗部无白霜品种(系)(QS、FR、SYR01)表皮蜡质以烷烃和初级醇为主,二酮含量显著低于白霜型品种;叶片表皮蜡质则以初级醇为主,含量明显高于其他组分,且品种(系)间差异显著。电镜观察结果表明,参试品种(系)倒二叶近轴面和远轴面表皮蜡质晶体均呈片状结构;穗下节表皮蜡质晶体结构均呈棒状,SYR01穗下节蜡质晶体附着密度远小于其余6个穗下节有白霜覆盖品种(系)。白霜型大麦品种(系)穗部表皮蜡质完全为棒状,非白霜型品种(系)穗部表面仅有少量片状蜡质晶体或无蜡质晶体附着。     

不同时间割苗对再生大麦生物产量和籽粒功能成分的影响

为寻求功能大麦优质高效生产技术,选用3个优质大麦品种为试验材料,研究了不同时间割苗对再生大麦农艺性状和生物产量及籽粒γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,延迟割苗提高了干麦苗产量,但显著影响了再生麦的农艺和产量性状。除旗叶宽和茎粗外,割苗降低了再生麦的株高、节间总长度、旗叶长和穗长,显著降低了有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、秸秆产量和籽粒产量。再生麦的秸秆与籽粒产量以1叶1心和3叶1心两个阶段割苗最高,5叶1心期割苗最低,但5叶1心期割苗的干麦苗产量最高。在3叶1心前割苗,再生麦的籽粒功能成分(γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉)含量较高。     

儿茶素对大白鼠磷脂酰胆碱脂肪酸组成影响的研究

食物中添加绿茶提取物或其含有儿茶素的组分显著地增加了喂养高胆固醇食物3周的大白鼠血液和肝脏微粒体磷脂酰胆碱中的亚油酸比例。喂养不含胆固醇的食物时，儿茶素改变了肝脏微粒体磷脂种类的组成，也增加了其中磷脂酰胆碱中的亚油酸比例。这些结果提示儿茶素能够影响脂肪酸以及磷脂的代谢。     

云南省不同环境对二棱大麦产量及产量构成因素的影响

对2004至2007年云南省22品种次的二棱大麦在云南省(高、中、低)3个不同海拔环境下进行产量构成因素变化及其与产量的相关分析和通径分析。结果表明产量、有效穗、千粒重和生育期在不同环境下差异达到极显著水平,穗粒数和株高差异不显著;平均产量在低海拔环境最高,高海拔环境下最低;在低海拔环境下,有效穗和千粒重都显著高于其它两个环境,生育期在高海拔环境下最长,平均比低海拔环境下长2d。相关分析表明在高海拔环境下产量构成三因素与产量的相关性大小为有效穗>千粒重>穗粒数,且穗粒数与产量负相关;在中海拔环境下穗粒数>有效穗>千粒重;低海拔环境下则为千粒重>有效穗>穗粒数。通径分析表明在中海拔环境下穗粒数对产量的直接效应最大,其余环境都是千粒重的直接效应最大;而在高海拔环境下穗粒数对产量的直接效应为负值。