高糖高产甘蔗新品种桂糖38号的选育

为在广西推广应用高产高糖甘蔗新品种,解决生产上品种结构过于单一的问题,以桂糖73-167为母本,CP84-1198为父本进行甘蔗有性杂交育种,采用"五圃制"选育程序,经过区域试验和生产试验育成了目标品种桂糖38号。广西区试结果表明,桂糖38号平均产蔗量96.3t/hm2,较对照新台糖22增产4.3%,其中宿根平均产蔗量为100.9t/hm2,比新台糖22号增产11.5%;11—2月份平均蔗糖分为14.95%,比新台糖22高0.93个百分点,其中11月和12月的平均蔗糖分分别为13.76%和15.14%,比新台糖22分别高0.84和1.21个百分点;新宿平均含糖量为14.4t/hm2,比新台糖22增11.6%,其中宿根平均含糖量为15.1t/hm2,较新台糖22增17.1%。桂糖38号为早熟、高糖、高产、宿根性好、适应性广的优良甘蔗品种,可在广西中等以上肥力的旱地和水田推广种植。     

桂糖03-2287新植蔗在广西不同蔗区的表现分析

为研究桂糖03-2287在广西不同生态区的适应性,为加快优良甘蔗新品种(系)的繁殖与推广提供试验依据,本试验以当地主栽品种新台糖22号为对照,在广西5个不同生态蔗区种植桂糖03-2287,调查分析新植蔗农艺性状和经济性状表现.结果表明,桂糖03-2287新植蔗平均株高、茎径和有效茎数等农艺性状均表现优于新白糖22;平均产蔗量为118.78t/ha,比新台糖22的101.87t/ha增产19.85％;平均蔗糖分为15.2％,比新台糖22的15.1％略高;桂糖03-2287的平均理论糖产量为18.10t/ha较新台糖22(15.27t/ha)高20.05％.桂糖03-2287与当地主栽品种新台糖22相比,表现出植株高大,中大茎,有效茎数多,高产,蔗糖分相当,抗病虫害能力强等优良特性,适应性广,具有较大的生产潜力.     

甘蔗新品种桂糖27的选育

桂糖27,亲系粤糖85/1622×崖城84/125,中大茎,早熟、高糖、丰产、宿根性好,抗旱能力强,适应性广.产蔗量(96.1t/hm2)较新台糖16号(85.4t/hm2)增产12.5%;甘蔗蔗糖分(14.59%)与新台糖16号(14.88%)相近;含糖量(14.0t/hm2)较新台糖16号(12.7t/hm2)增产10.2%.该品种适应于广西、广东、云南、福建等蔗区种植.     

甘蔗新品种桂糖36号和桂糖37号种性简介

桂糖36号(原名:桂糖03-1403) 桂糖36号,亲系:新台糖23×CP84-1198.201 1年3月育成.中至中大茎,发芽出苗率好,分蘖能力特强,发株率高.早生快发,前、中期生长快,后期生长势优.特早熟、特高糖、高产、宿根性好、极易脱叶或自动脱叶,适应于广西中等水肥条件下栽培.其最优良的特性是特早熟、特高糖及和极易脱叶.甘蔗蔗糖分较对照种新台糖22增1度糖以上,产蔗量与新台糖22相近、亩含糖量较新台糖22增加. 蔗茎产量:据2009-2010年广西甘蔗品种区域试验,通过7个区域试验点两年新植一年宿根共三个作物季21个点次试验,桂糖36产蔗量为5776公斤/亩,与对照种新台糖22产蔗量(5886公斤/亩)相近.     

甘蔗新品种粤糖2000-236宿根蔗试验总结

通过一年新植和一年宿根试验，结果表明，粤糖2000-236品种是一个萌芽好、分蘖力较强、蔗茎粗大、较耐旱、抗倒抗风、成茎率高、有效茎多、抗病虫害、宿根性好、特早熟以及高糖高产稳产的新良种。本试验宿根蔗粤糖2000-236品种比对照新台糖10号（CK1）增产蔗茎16．39％，比新台糖16号（CK2）增产28．18％。甘蔗蔗糖分粤糖2000-236比CK1和CK2分别提高1．42％和1．43％，亩含糖量分别比CK1和CK2提高28．56％和41．60％，增产增糖十分显著。应加大该品种的推广力度，良种良法一齐抓，以便充分发挥该品种的种性，提高蔗糖生产工农业整体效益。     

甘蔗新品种桂糖55号的选育

'桂糖55号'(试验代号:'桂糖08-120')是以'新台糖24号'为母本,'云蔗89-351'为父本进行有性杂交,通过选拔实生苗宿根蔗,采用"五圃制"常规选育技术选育成的甘蔗新品种.在2015—2017年度广西区域试验中,'桂糖55号'平均产蔗量为110.55 t/hm2,比'新台糖22号'增产26.81％;全期平均...     

丰产高糖甘蔗新品种闽糖96-1409的选育研究

闽糖96-1409系福建省农科院甘蔗研究所从闽选703（Co1001）×崖城73—226组合中选育出的一个甘蔗新品种．多年多点试验结果表明，闽糖96-1409平均蔗茎产量113．492吨／公顷，比新台糖10号增产8．27％，比新台糖16号增产29．6％．11—1月份平均蔗糖分（绝对值）16．16％，比对照新台糖10号、新台糖16号分别高1．40、0．70个百分点；公顷含糖量17．112吨，比对照新台糖10号、新台糖16号分别增糖19．1%．32．7％，是一个早熟、丰产高糖，适应性广的甘蔗新品种．     

甘蔗新品种桂糖21号的选育

桂糖21号（原名桂糖94-119）是以赣蔗75-65为母本、崖城71-374为父本杂交经11年试验研究选育出的甘蔗新品种.广西区试及生产示范和全国区试及生产示范,11月～1月平均蔗糖分分别为14.30%、15.12%、14.91%、14.22%,高于对照品种桂糖11号和新台糖10号,与新台糖16号基本持平.公顷产蔗量分别为95.75t、102.00t、103.97t、117.86t,分别比对照增产8.1%、16.3%、17.3%、10.5%,公顷含糖量分别为13.70t、15.42t、15.50t、16.75t,分别比对照品种增12.7%、23.6%、17.8%、13.7%,增产增糖效果显著.     

甘蔗新品种桂糖34号的选育

桂糖34号是按"五圃制"常规杂交育种方法经过9年选育而成的甘蔗新品种,比较适合广西旱坡地种植。该品种高产稳产,在广西区域试验中,平均蔗茎产量为112.80 t/hm2,比对照种新台糖16号、新台糖22号分别增产20.82%、11.00%;宿根性好,宿根蔗发株率达196.64%,比新台糖16号高47.66个百分点,比新台糖22号高53.27个百分点;耐旱性较强,在没有灌溉条件的旱地种植,产量最高达107.84t/hm2,比新台糖16号和新台糖22号增产,增幅最高达44.7%。     

丰产高糖抗倒甘蔗新品种桂糖37选育研究

桂糖37(原名:桂糖03-2357,亲系:湛蔗92-126×CP72-2086)发芽出苗率好,分蘖多,发株率高,早生快发,前、中期生长快,后期生长势优。中至中大茎、早熟、高糖、高产、宿根性强、实心、抗风抗倒,耐粗放种植。产蔗量为94.88t/hm2,较新台糖22(88.29 t/hm2)增产7.47%;蔗糖分14.32%,与新台糖22(14.44%)蔗糖分相近;含糖量为13.62t/hm2,较新台糖22(12.71 t/hm2)增产7.16%;纤维素含量较新台糖22高约1.5个百分点。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.