淮北地区机插超级粳稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征

为探究淮北地区不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。在大田机插条件下,以常规中熟中粳超级稻和非超级稻(对照)为试材,设置3个氮肥水平即0、225、300 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素、干物质和氮素积累、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数等角度分析不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的增加超级稻平均产量呈增加趋势,对照产量则是先增加后减少。粳型超级稻最高产量平均值较对照最高产量平均值高10.98%。与对照相比,超级稻在3个氮肥水平下每穗粒数和群体颖花量高,结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖移栽后早发快长,最终成穗率高;拔节前叶面积指数和光合势比对照低,拔节后比对照高,超级稻粒叶比在3个氮肥处理下均高于对照;拔节前,超级稻干物质积累量比对照低,而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累量分别比对照高7.77%和6.96%;植株氮素阶段积累量和植株阶段吸收速率,移栽至拔节、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段超级稻均比对照高。淮北地区粳型超级稻籽粒产量在3个氮肥处理下均表现出明显的增产优势。超级稻移栽后叶面积指数、粒叶比和光合势较高,最终茎蘖成穗率高;穗型大,群体总颖花量高,穗后干物质积累量多;生育期相近的中熟中粳超级稻产量高于对照与其较强的氮素吸收特性有关。     

寒地直立穗型与弯曲穗型水稻干物质生产与转运研究

对直立穗型与弯曲穗型水稻不同生育时期干物质生产转运进行对比分析。结果表明,两种穗型水稻苗期充实度差异达显著水平,直立穗型高于弯曲穗型;营养生长期直立穗型干物质积累有高于弯曲穗型水稻的趋势;两种穗型水稻茎鞘输出率截然相反,弯曲穗型输出而直立穗型却有积累;两种穗型水稻抽穗后的干物质积累对产量的贡献率都大于85%,直立穗型水稻后期贡献大于弯曲穗型,且均超过90%;直立穗型水稻抽穗前干物质转运率低于弯曲穗型。     

淮北地区氮高效高产型粳稻品种群体生长特征研究

【目的】本研究旨在阐明淮北地区氮高效高产型粳稻品种的群体生长特征。【方法】在各自最适施氮水平下,选用淮北地区氮高效高产型、氮中效高产型和氮高效中产型3类代表性常规粳稻品种,研究不同类型水稻品种产量、茎蘖动态、叶面积及物质生产与积累特征。【结果】拔节前氮高效高产型群体茎蘖数最少,拔节后平缓下降,最终成穗率最高;氮高效高产型水稻品种抽穗期叶面积指数最大,氮低效低产型最小,氮高效高产型水稻品种最大叶面积指数分别比氮中效高产型、氮高效中产型高2.53%、5.58%;有效叶面积率表现为氮高效高产型氮高效中产型氮中效高产型,高效叶面积率表现为氮中效高产型氮高效高产型氮高效中产型;抽穗至成熟阶段,氮中效高产型和氮高效高产型群体光合势差异不显著,但均显著高于氮高效中产型,分别高10.58%和9.86%;氮高效高产型水稻成熟期干物质积累总量略低于氮中效高产型,抽穗至成熟阶段,随着籽粒产量的提高,干物质积累呈递增趋势,干物质积累比例以氮高效高产型最高;收获指数表现为氮高效型品种大于氮中效品种;氮高效高产型品种群体生长率在抽穗前低于氮中效高产型品种,而在抽穗至成熟阶段则显著高于氮中效高产型与氮高效中产型,分别高8.79%、17.46%。【结论】氮高效高产型水稻品种拔节前叶面积指数、干物质积累量和群体生长率均低于氮高效中产型和氮中效高产型;抽穗到成熟期光合势、收获指数、群体生长率、成穗率和干物质积累量及比例最高。     

不同栽培方式对连作晚稻产量和物质生产特征的影响

以中熟晚粳宁81为材料,对机插、抛秧和手插3种栽培方式水稻的产量、干物质积累、茎蘖动态、成穗规律等进行比较研究。结果表明,3种栽培方式稻谷产量表现为手插抛秧机插,与机插相比,手插和抛秧分别增产4.25%和2.00%;在茎蘖利用上,抛秧方式的苗峰较高但成穗率低,手插和机插成穗率较高,均大于70%,机插和抛秧以利用主茎第4~7叶位上的分蘖穗为主,而手插主茎第6~8叶位上的分蘖穗对产量的贡献更大;在物质生产上,前期抛秧物质积累量较多,至拔节期干物质量抛秧手插机插,拔节至抽穗期,手插方式的干物质积累量显著超过抛秧,抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量机插略高于抛秧和手插。     

超级杂交稻协优9308生理模型的研究

观察比较了超级杂交稻协优9308和高产杂交稻协优63的生理特性。与高产杂交稻协优63相比,超级杂交稻协优9308表现出两个明显的顶端优势,即营养生长期间的“茎蘖顶端优势”和灌浆成熟期间的“粒间顶端优势”。认为这两优势是协优9308超高产的生理特性和基础,据此提出以单茎（蘖）物质生产优势为基础,以“两个顶端优势”为中心的超级杂交稻协优9308的“生理模型”,即(1) 协优9308 干物质生产能力高,全生育期单株干物质生产量达120 g;抽穗后仍具有较高生产力,此间生物产量占总生物产量的40%。(2) 营养生长期“茎蘖顶端优势”显著,有效分蘖终止期较早,出现在移栽后2周左右,幼穗发育整齐,成穗率>65 %。(3) 灌浆成熟期“粒间顶端优势”显著,优势粒灌浆势高,齐穗后第2周便达到灌浆势的峰值,此后仍保持一定的灌浆能力;劣势粒灌浆进程比优势粒滞后,在临近成熟时,仍未出现灌浆势峰值;支撑劣势粒灌浆势不减的生理机制是：根系衰老迟缓,花后物质运转势较高,功能叶衰老迟缓。这一超级杂交稻“生理模型”的经济产量指标是11~12 t/hm2。     

双季稻不同蘖位分蘖生产力与高产利用研究

本文以有效穗教和穗粒数的两项指标作为衡量水稻不同蘖位分蘖生产力的大小。研究结果表明,随着分蘖级数增加,分蘖生产力将下降;早稻以主茎5～7中部蘖位分蘖生产力高,晚稻则以主茎1～4低节蘖位分蘖生产力高。在水稻高产栽培中,杂交早稻应主要利用主茎3、4、5、6蘖位着生Ⅰ、Ⅱ级和7、8蘖位着生Ⅰ级分蘖成穗;杂交晚稻则应主要利用主茎1、2、3、4蘖位着生Ⅰ、Ⅱ级分蘖和5、6、7、8蘖位着生Ⅰ级分蘖成穗,以充分发挥水稻优势蘖位的高产潜能。     

水稻高产群体结构研究

选取10个水稻品种进行水稻高产群体结构研究,试验结果表明,穗数较少和较多的品种均不易获得高产,高产品种应具有适宜的穗数;过高的茎蘖数使无效分蘖也增加,分蘖成穗率随着水稻分蘖能力的增加而降低,同时会引起穗子的变小,给实现高产目标造成困难,因此在提高穗数的同时应注意提高分蘖成穗率,创造良好的群体质量;总干物质积累量与最终产量显著正相关,本研究中高产水稻均具有较高的干物质积累量,说明强大的物质生产能力有助于水稻高产目标的实现;植株叶片叶绿素含量高,下降慢,水稻植株抽穗后绿叶面积持续时间延长,水稻群体光合势大,是高产水稻的另一特征。     

氮肥后移对滨海盐碱地水稻产量的影响

以水稻品种盐粳456为材料,采用小区对比方法,探讨了氮素基蘖穗肥不同施用比例对滨海盐碱地水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,在确保水稻有效分蘖临界叶龄期茎蘖数达到收获穗数的前提下,氮肥适当后移,增加穗肥的比例,可协调水稻的群体指标,有效控制分蘖高峰期群体茎蘖数,提高茎蘖成穗率与单位面积颖花量;有利于提高齐穗期群体叶面积指数、高效叶面积率、成熟期干物质积累量以及齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量的比例。基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6∶4时,可获得最高单产788.2 kg/667 m2,比5.5∶4.5和7∶3的处理分别增产1.2%和11.9%。     

秧龄、水肥管理模式和穴插苗数对杂交中籼稻不同层级茎蘖干物质生产和产量的影响

以杂交中籼稻F优498为材料,采用3因素裂区设计,研究不同秧龄、水肥管理模式和穴插苗数对水稻不同层级茎蘖干物质生产特性和产量的影响。结果表明:除抽穗期穗部干物质积累量外,抽穗期和成熟期各器官及整株的干物质积累量以及抽穗至成熟期穗部和整株的干物质增加量均与产量极显著正相关;各处理1次分蘖对产量的贡献均最高,除35 d秧龄下穴插2苗处理主茎的产量高于2次分蘖外,其它处理均是2次分蘖的产量高于主茎;分别与35 d秧龄处理和穴插2苗处理比较,65 d秧龄处理和穴插单苗处理抽穗期和成熟期主茎、1次分蘖和全株的干物质积累量显著降低,2次分蘖的干物质积累量则显著提高;65 d秧龄处理各级茎蘖的茎鞘物质转运率和贡献率均显著低于35 d秧龄处理,2次分蘖的茎鞘物质转运率和贡献率显著低于主茎和1次分蘖;适龄移栽有利于高产,而在长秧龄条件下,应在拔节之前移栽,穴插单苗,同时采用干湿交替灌溉对其有效调控。     

不同生育期水分胁迫对水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究水分胁迫对水稻根系生长和产量的影响。以桂两优2号为材料,通过聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）模拟不同程度的水分胁迫,在水稻分蘖盛期和抽穗扬花期分别水分胁迫16 d,然后恢复正常供水。水分胁迫及复水10 d后测定水稻根系形态、根活力和干物质,成熟期测定产量。结果表明：分蘖盛期和抽穗扬花期适度的水分胁迫均能提高水稻根系活力;处于不同生育期的水稻根系对干旱的耐受程度不同,在分蘖盛期水分胁迫期间,轻、中度水分胁迫对水稻根长、根表面积、根体积的生长具有促进作用,复水后,促进效果不显著;而在抽穗扬花期水分胁迫期间,     

高产味优粳稻分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系

以高产优质粳稻品种南粳5718和中产优质粳稻品种常农粳10号为参试材料,比较研究不同基因型品种分蘖发生与成穗特性的蘖位差异,明确高产味优基因型品种的优势叶位。结果表明,高产味优基因型与中产味优基因型在水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性上存在明显差异。与中产味优基因型相比,高产味优基因型一次和二次分蘖发生率与成穗率高,单株与群体成穗数多,花后各蘖位光合特性好,促进了库容充实,最终产量较高,南粳5718产量较常农粳10号显著提高7.7%,较多的有效穗数是其产量优势形成的重要基础。与常农粳10号相比,南粳5718拔节期群体穗数较低,但抽穗期和成熟期则较高。南粳5718和常农粳10号分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位较为一致,一次分蘖中以4/0、5/0和6/0为主,二次分蘖则以1/4和1/5为主。南粳5718单株成穗数、一次和二次分蘖成穗个数显著高于常农粳10号。不同蘖位对单株成穗数和群体产量的贡献率均表现为一次分蘖>主茎>二次分蘖。南粳5718和常农粳10号产量差异主要体现在一次分蘖和二次分蘖上,南粳5718在花后30 d一次分蘖和二次分蘖剑叶的光合速率和叶绿素含量均显著高于常农粳10号。     

超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性研究

选用4个籼型超级杂交稻组合Ⅱ优602、准两优527、协优9308和国稻1号为试验材料,以汕优63为对照,对超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性进行了研究。结果表明:超级杂交稻具有最高分蘖数低、分蘖成穗率高、有效库容量和齐穗后干物质积累量大、收获指数高等特点;在成都平原生态区,增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数是实现超级杂交稻高产的重要途径;在水稻生长前期积累合理的总生物量,提高生育后期群体质量,增强生育后期光合生产能力和提高茎鞘物质向穗部的运转效率是实现超级杂交稻高产的关键。     

减缓施肥对水稻生长和产量形成的影响

为了探讨海南水稻氮肥运筹达到提高产量、减少施肥对环境污染的目的,以籼型杂交稻特优669为材料,研究减少水稻前期氮肥施用量并延缓氮肥施用时期（减缓施肥）与当地习惯施肥对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明：减缓施肥在分蘖期和孕穗期分蘖数少、植株矮小、叶面积小、干物质积累少,在结实期叶面积减少缓慢、群体干物质生产能力较高;减缓施肥在减少氮、磷、钾肥施用量的条件下,通过较高成穗率弥补前期分蘖数少,以较高成穗率和高结实率获得了比习惯施肥略高的产量。     

Effects of Exogenous Materials on Nitrogen Photosynthetic Efficiency and Yield Formation of japonica Rice in Cold Region Under Cold Water Stress at Booting Stage

【Objective】Our goal is to develop disaster-reducing, production-preserving and chemical-controlling cultivation techniques to effectively resist cold damage at the booting stage of japonica rice in cold region.【Method】The split plot design and the central combination test design were used to screen out the optimal application concentrations of CaCl2, glutamic acid(Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) through the membership function values of yield-related indicators under cold-water stress at booting stage.【Result】1) Under cold water stress at the booting stage, the optimal concentrations of exogenous CaCl2, Glu and GABA (CGG) were 1.87 mmol/L, 2.76 mg/L, 4.40 mmol/L, respectively and the average membership function value is the largest (0.932). 2) Compared with normal irrigation, the nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency of cold-region japonica rice decreased under cold stress at the booting stage. Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, CGG application at the optimal concentration significantly increased the leaf area index (5.37%) and nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency (4.53%) of Dongnong 428 at the full heading stage; significantly increased leaf biomass per leaf area (2.56%) and leaf area index (3.39%) of Songjing 10 at the full heading stage. 3) Compared with cold water stress at the booting stage, the application of the optimal concentration of CGG increased the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity in the cold-region japonica rice, but it was still lower than that of the normal irrigation, and there were differences between varieties and treatments. 4) Compared with cold water stress at booting stage, the yield and yield components of cold-region japonica rice increased with the application of the optimal concentration CGG, and the impact on cold-sensitive varieties was more significant. 5) Compared with the cold water stress at the booting stage, the average increase in temperature production efficiency of Dongnong 428 and Songjing 10 was 5.55% and 23.72% under the optimal concentrations of CGG, respectively. The contribution rate of exogenous CGG to the gap of temperature production efficiency is 8.99%.【Conclusion】The application of the optimal concentration of CGG under cold water stress at the booting stage promoted leaf growth of cold-region japonica rice at the full heading stage and increased the population nitrogen photosynthetic efficiency, which was beneficial to dry matter accumulation and yield formation after heading stage, thereby reducing the loss of cold-region japonica rice under cold water stress at booting stage and improving the temperature production efficiency of cold-region japonica rice.     

减少追氮量对弱筋小麦品种农艺性状和生理特性的影响

为给小麦绿色高效生产提供参考,以弱筋小麦品种扬麦24为材料,在常规施氮量225kg· hm-2、基施氮肥占50％的基础上,于分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期分别减少追氮量,共设M5122、M5050、M5040、M5030、M3230和M5000六个施氮模式(M后面的4个数字分别代表基施氮肥以及分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期追施氮肥的比...     

Simulation of Canopy Leaf Inclination Angle in Rice

A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.     

孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用外源物质对寒地粳稻氮光合效率及产量的影响

【目的】制定减灾保产化控栽培技术,有效抵御寒地粳稻孕穗期低温冷害。【方法】采用裂区试验设计和中心组合试验设计,基于产量相关指标隶属函数值,筛选出寒地粳稻孕穗期冷水胁迫下氯化钙(CaCl₂)、谷氨酸(Glu)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)三种外源物质最适施用浓度及其最适浓度配比,并研究孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用最适浓度配比三种外源物质(CGG)对寒地粳稻氮光合效率及产量形成的影响。【结果】1)孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用CGG最适浓度配比为1.87 mmol/L CaCl₂、2.76 mg/LGlu、4.40 mmol/L GABA,隶属函数平均值最大(0.932)。2)与正常灌溉相比,孕穗期低温胁迫下寒地粳稻氮光合效率下降;与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度配比CGG可显著提高东农428齐穗期叶面积指数(5.37%)及氮光合效率(4.53%);可显著提高松粳10齐穗期单位面积叶片干物质量(2.56%)和叶面积指数(3.39%)。3)与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度配比CGG可提高寒地粳稻抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量,但其积累量仍低于正常灌溉水平,且在品种和处理间存在差异。4)与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度配比CGG寒地粳稻产量及产量构成因素均有所上升,但仍低于正常灌溉水平,且对冷敏感的品种影响更为显著。5)与孕穗期冷水胁迫相比,施用最适浓度CGG东农428和松粳10温度生产效率平均增幅分别为5.55%和23.72%。外源CGG对于温度生产效率差异的贡献率为8.99%。【结论】孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用最适浓度配比CGG可通过促进齐穗期叶片生长,进而提高群体氮光合效率,有利于抽穗后干物质积累及产量形成,减轻孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地粳稻产量造成的损失,提高寒地粳稻温度生产效率。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Caryopsis Filling and Respiratory Rate of Rice

The application of N fertilizer has been reported to have a great effect on filling of caryopsis. For example, the dry matter of caryopsis derived from photosynthates by tillers and leaves at two stages i.e. before and after panicle emergence [1-4]. Moreover, proper utilization of N fertilizer can improve N content and photosynthetic rate [5-7], delay leaf senescence [7-9], and increase the amount of dry matter for grain filling, thus improve the productivity of rice [5-10]. On the other hand…