姜瘟病生防菌幼套近明球囊霉N62的筛选鉴定

姜瘟病是一种细菌土传毁灭性病害,目前尚无特别有效的防治药剂.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌在作物促生及防治病害方面极具潜力,为充分发掘姜瘟病的生防菌资源,本研究采用盆栽试验方法评价4株AM真菌对生姜的促生作用和对姜瘟病的防治效果,利用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对优良菌株进行分类鉴...     

利用丛枝菌根真菌提高植物抗病性研究进展

本文就近年来国内外有关丛枝菌根真菌对植物土传病害的防效及其抗性机制进行了阐述,同时展望了丛枝菌根真菌资源在设施蔬菜生产中的广阔应用前景。     

西瓜枯萎病综合防治研究进展

西瓜枯萎病是一种重要的土传和种传真菌病害,给西瓜生产带来巨大威胁。本文从嫁接防治、抗病育种、农业防治、化学防治和生物防治等方面对生产中西瓜枯萎病的综合防治方法进行了论述。     

我国农林园艺作物土传病害发生和防治现状及对策分析

土传病害正日趋成为限制我国农林业生产可持续发展的重要因素。本文简要分析了我国农林植物土传病害加重的原因,概述了我国农林植物土传病害的发生状况,总结了土传病害发生和为害的特点,总结分析了现有各类土传病害防治措施的优点和弊端,提出了今后研究中应予加强的课题和技术。     

茉莉酸介导的丛枝菌根真菌诱导植物抗病性研究进展

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM）真菌能与植物根系建立共生体提高植物抗病性。植物激素茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）参与AM的形成,介导AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性。目前,关于AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性内容较为丰富,但是关于JA介导的AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性却有待进一步研究。本文首先总结了JA对AM形成和AM对植物内源JA积累的影响;其次介绍了AM真菌对植物抗病性影响及诱导机制;最后从诱导形成防御结构、提高酶活性及合成防御蛋白、诱导次生代谢物质合成、诱导调控信号分子、JA与其他激素相互作用五个方面探讨了JA在AM真菌诱导抗病性中的作用,并对本领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为植物病害防治和菌根研究提供可借鉴的思路。     

98%棉隆微粒剂对生姜根结线虫和茎腐病防治效果评价

正生姜癞皮病(病原为南方根结线虫)、茎基腐病是生姜生产上重要的土传病害,近年来在湖北省武陵山区生姜产区呈逐年加重的趋势,严重影响了生姜的产量和品质。土壤处理是防治土传病害的有效途径,化学熏蒸是土壤处理的重要措施之一,也是目前生姜土传病害主要的防治方法~([1])。生产中常用氯化苦土壤熏蒸来防治生姜土传病害,但因氯化苦对施药器械和装备要求更高,推广存在困难,本试验选用98%棉隆微粒剂对生姜根结线虫和茎腐病进行田间药效试验,对     

不同季节土庄绣线菊根围丛枝菌根真菌群落差异性研究

土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens)是内蒙古大青山干旱生态系统重要的护土灌木,研究季节变化对土庄绣线菊根围丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)群落的影响,有助于进一步探讨AMF在土庄绣线菊生长发育过程中发挥的作用。采用传统染色检测与Illumina Mi Seq测序相结合的方法,研究季节变化对内蒙古大青山土庄绣线菊AMF侵染率、孢子密度、丰富度、多样性和群落组成的影响。结果显示:在春季、夏季和秋季,AMF侵染率和丛枝丰度不存在显著差异,而孢子密度却存在显著差异。AMF丰富度和多样性在夏季显著低于春季和秋季,但在春季和秋季间差异并不显著;主成分分析(principal coordinate analysis,PCo A)和PERMANOVA分析表明,春季和秋季AMF群落组成与夏季存在显著差异,而在春季和秋季间差异并不显著。     

禾草内生真菌与丛枝菌根互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病的影响

为明确禾草内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne生长发育及叶斑病的影响,设置禾草内生真菌处理(由带有和不带禾草内生真菌种子建立)、AMF(幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum和根内球囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices)单独接种和混合接种处理及不接菌处理(对照),并在植物生长6周后接种或不接种多年生黑麦草叶斑病病原菌根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,测定各处理多年生黑麦草的发病率、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、AMF侵染率、P含量和生物量。结果表明:接种病原菌2周后,多年生黑麦草叶斑病的发病率为25.00%～38.75%,禾草内生真菌和幼套球囊霉均在一定程度上降低了多年生黑麦草的发病率,二者共同作用时发病率显著降低了35.48%。禾草内生真菌与AMF互作能在一定程度上提高植物叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,并促进P吸收和植物生长,二者的互作效应因禾草内生真菌与AMF组合而异,但均优于二者单独使用时的效应,其中禾草内生真菌与幼套球囊霉互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病防治的效果最好。     

西瓜内生细菌C18的内生定殖及对西瓜枯萎病的生防作用

西瓜枯萎病是西瓜的主要病害,寻找防治西瓜枯萎病安全有效的方法已成为生产中的重要课题。利用植物内生细菌防治植物病害特别是植物土传病害,已有较多的研究,但对于西瓜枯萎病的防治     

AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与菌根植物和非菌根植物种间作用的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis与本地菌根植物和非菌根植物种间竞争格局的调控作用,采用温室盆栽试验,通过接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae(GM)、根内球囊霉G. intraradices(GI)及其混合菌种(GM+GI)3种处理,分析AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与本地菌根植物玉米Zea mays和非菌根植物油菜Brassica campestris种间作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种AM真菌均显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花和玉米的菌根侵染率,菌根侵染率为13.720%～50.015%,且前者的菌根侵染率明显高于后者。单独种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌尤其是接种混合菌种显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数和总干重。在加拿大一枝黄花与玉米混合种植时,与单独种植相比,加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、根长和总干重均较低;同时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了玉米的相对竞争强度而对加拿大一枝黄花的相对竞争强度没有显著影响。在加拿大一枝黄花和油菜混合种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌则显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、净光合速率和总干重;同时,接种AM真菌促进了入侵种的竞争优势而抑制了非菌根植物油菜的生长。说明加拿大一枝黄花与本地种的竞争格局受到与之混生物种的菌根依赖性强度以及AM真菌的种类差异影响。     

The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and/or other sustainable farming systems

Sustainable farming systems strive to minimise the use of synthetic pesticides and to optimise the use of alternative management strategies to control soil-borne pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous in nature and constitute an integral component of terrestrial ecosystems, forming symbiotic associations with plant root systems of over 80% of all terrestrial plant species, including many agronomically important species. AM fungi are particularly important in organic and/or sustainable farming systems that rely on biological processes rather than agrochemicals to control plant diseases. Of particular importance is the bioprotection conferred to plants against many soil-borne pathogens such as species of Aphanomyces, Cylindrocladium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinium, Verticillium and Thielaviopsis and various nematodes by AM fungal colonisation of the plant root. However, the exact mechanisms by which AM fungal colonisation confers the protective effect are not completely understood, but a greater understanding of these beneficial interactions is necessary for the exploitation of AM fungi within organic and/or sustainable farming systems. In this review, we aim to discuss the potential mechanisms by which AM fungi may contribute to bioprotection against plant soil-borne pathogens. Bioprotection within AM fungal-colonised plants is the outcome of complex interactions between plants, pathogens and AM fungi. The use of molecular tools in the study of these multifaceted interactions may aid the optimisation of the bioprotective responses and their utility within sustainable farming systems.     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research programs on microbes for management of plant-parasitic nematodes

Restrictions on the use of conventional nematicides have increased the need for new methods of managing plant-parasitic nematodes. Consequently, nematode-antagonistic microbes, and active compounds produced by such organisms, are being explored as potential additions to management practices. Programs in this area at the USDA Agricultural Research Service investigate applied biocontrol agents, naturally occurring beneficial soil microbes and natural compounds. Specific research topics include use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and cultural practices for management of root-knot and ring nematodes, determination of management strategies that enhance activity of naturally occurring Pasteuria species (bacterial obligate parasites of nematodes), studies on interactions between biocontrol bacteria and bacterial-feeding nematodes, and screening of microbes for compounds active against plant-parasitic nematodes. Some studies involve biocontrol agents that are active against nematodes and soil-borne plant-pathogenic fungi, or combinations of beneficial bacteria and fungi, to manage a spectrum of plant diseases or to increase efficacy over a broader range of environmental conditions. Effective methods or agents identified in the research programs are investigated as additions to existing management systems for plant-parasitic nematodes.     

Mycorrhiza induced resistance in potato plantlets challenged by Phytophthora infestans

Biological control of soil-borne pathogens by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, their role in the control of above-ground hemibiotrophic pathogens is less conclusive. Here, we investigated in vitro the impact of an AM fungus on Phytophthora infestans in potato plants. The leaf infection index was decreased in mycorrhizal potato plants. Real-Time Quantitative PCR revealed the induction of two pathogenesis related genes (PR1 and PR2) in the leaves of mycorrhizal plants shortly after infection with P. infestans. These results suggested a systemic resistance in mycorrhizal plants, related to the priming of the two PR genes in potato.     

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Longidorus sabalanicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Iran

European Journal of Plant Pathology - The effects of three biological control agents (BCAs) including Funneliformis mosseae BEG12 (FM) as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bacillus velezensis...     

抗黄瓜枯萎病丛枝菌根真菌与根围促生细菌组合菌剂的筛选

 丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)同时接种具有促生防病的作用。本试验旨在评价AMF与PGPR组合菌剂防治黄瓜枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum )的效果,以获得高效生防菌剂。于温室盆栽条件下将AMF Funneliformis mosseae(Fm)、Glomus intraradices(Gi)和 Glomus versiforme(Gv)与PGPR菌株(PR2-1、PS1-3、PS1-5、PS2-6和PS3-2)不同组合菌剂处理黄瓜(Cucumis sativus, 品种:香翠16号),测定各处理对黄瓜植株生长量、枯萎病防治效果和黄瓜产量的影响。供试AMF+PGPR各组合菌剂处理能不同程度的增加黄瓜根系AMF侵染率和根围细菌的定殖数量、促进黄瓜生长发育和降低枯萎病危害程度。其中,以Fm+PS3-2和 Gv+PS2-6组合菌剂促生和增产效果最好, 以Fm+PS1-5、Fm+PS3-2和Gv+PS2-6组合菌剂防治枯萎病效果最好。综合评价筛选获得高效组合为Fm+PS3-2和Gv+PS2-6。这两个处理可使黄瓜枯萎病病情指数分别下降50.0%和58.4%,防效达到54.5%和63.7%,具有一定的田间应用潜力。     

Effect of soil amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) on soil-borne root diseases caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrenochaeta lycopersici</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium albo-atrum</Emphasis> in organic greenhouse tomato production systems

The effect of different soil amendments and biological control agents on soil-borne root diseases that cause significant economic losses in organic and other soil-based tomato production systems (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and Verticillium albo-atrum) was compared. Organic matter inputs (fresh Brassica tissue, household waste compost and composted cow manure) significantly reduced soil-borne disease severity (measured as increased root fresh weight) and/or increased tomato fruit yield, with some treatments also increasing fruit number and/or size. Soil biological activity also increased with increasing organic matter input levels and there were significant positive correlations between soil biological activity, root fresh weight and fruit yield. This indicates that one mechanism of soil-borne disease control by organic matter input may be increased competition by the soil biota. Chitin/chitosan products also significantly reduced soil-borne disease incidence and increased tomato fruit yield, number and/or size, but had no effect on soil biological activity. Biological control products based on Bacillus subtilis and Pythium oligandrum and commercial seaweed extract (Marinure) and fish emulsion (Nugro)-based liquid fertilisers had no positive effect on soil-borne disease incidence and fruit yield, number and size. The use of ‘suppressive’ organic matter inputs alone or in combination with chitin/chitosan soil amendments can therefore be recommended as methods to control soil-borne diseases in organic and other soil-based production systems.     

Three-way fungal interactions affect the potential biological control of Himalayan balsam,Impatiens glandulifera

Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is one of the most invasive weeds across Europe. The rust fungus, Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae has been introduced as a biological control agent, but success has been patchy. Here, we investigated whether mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi can affect rust efficacy and plant growth. Over three experiments, we found that AM fungi and the rust alone or together consistently reduced plant growth, but this depended on the identity of species in the AM inoculum. Meanwhile, AM fungi increased infection frequency of the endophyte Colletotrichum acutatum. Rust inoculation had no detrimental effects on mycorrhizal colonisation or C. acutatum infection, but the latter two fungi reduced rust sporulation. However, plant size was reduced when all three fungal types were present, suggesting that a combined fungal inoculum offers a promising approach for the control of this weed.     

荒漠生态系统中丛枝菌根真菌多样性

到目前为止,在全球荒漠生态系统中,共报道了69个科389种丛枝菌根真菌的寄主植物,其中,Compositae,Gramineae和Leguminosae 3个科的植物为荒漠生态系统中丛枝菌根真菌寄主植物的优势类群;共发表了7个属的89种丛枝菌根真菌,其中,Acaulospora和Glomus 属的真菌为荒漠生态系统中的优势类群.在此基础上,分析了荒漠生态系统中AM真菌多样性研究中存在的问题,并探讨了荒漠生态系统中AM真菌的研究方向.     

短密木霉新菌株BF06对黄瓜土传病害的防治效果与促生作用

连作导致枯萎病等土传病害发生日益严重,已成为我国黄瓜生产的重要限制因素。采用化学防治和农业措施防治土传根部病害,操作都较为困难,迫切需要开发环境友好的生物防治技术。本研究从森林土壤分离鉴定一株短密木霉菌株BF06,通过对峙培养发现该菌株可以附着和缠绕病原菌的菌丝,对引起黄瓜枯萎病、茎基腐病、菌核病、根腐病和疫病的病原菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum,Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae,and Phytophthora cryptogea具有较强的拮抗作用。温室盆栽试验发现短密木霉菌株BF06可以迅速附着定殖于黄瓜根部表面,对上述5种黄瓜根部病害的防效达60%以上,对黄瓜枯萎病和茎基腐病的防效分别为90.4和88.8%。此外,利用植物组织培养基培养观察发现BF06显著地促进幼苗黄瓜侧根的形成和生长。本研究的结果表明短密木霉菌株BF06是一种可以有效防治黄瓜根部病害的新生防资源。