虫生真菌血清学研究的概况和展望

本文介绍了虫生真菌血清学研究的概况。阐述了虫生真菌的血清学性质与其生物学特性的关系,以及血清学技术在虫生真菌中的应用,并对血清学技术在虫生真菌研究中的前景作了探讨。     

第五届中国虫生真菌学术讨论会会议纪要

第五届中国虫生真菌学术讨论会会议纪要受中国菌物学会委托，由中国菌物学会虫生真菌专业委员会、贵州农学院植保系和中国科学院微生物研究所真菌地衣系统学开放实验室，共同承办的第五届中国虫生真菌学术讨论会于１９９６年８月１０日至１５日在贵州省贵阳市举行。来自１...     

直物内生真菌作为生防因子的研究进展

本文对内生真菌作为生防因子的研究进展进行了综述，主要包括内生真菌在植物抗病性、抗虫性、抗逆性等方面的研究情况及其在生产中应用存在的问题。     

紫蓬山国家森林公园虫生真菌物种多样性与分布特点

本文系统研究了紫蓬山虫生真菌资源概况。共采集分离获得436株虫生真菌,鉴定为6属13种,其中优势种为环链棒束孢、蝉棒束孢、球孢白僵菌和玫烟色棒束孢,4种优势种占所有菌株的89.23%。对其虫生真菌季节变化和分布特点进行研究发现,虫生真菌数量丰富但物种多样性指数较低;夏季和晚春虫生真菌最为丰富,随着气温及降雨量的下降,菌株数量逐渐下降;不同季节环链棒束孢、蝉棒束孢和球孢白僵菌的数量波动大,但玫烟色棒束孢波动较小。环链棒束孢、蝉棒束孢和玫烟色棒束孢主要分布于阔叶林中,对单一生境的依赖性较强;而球孢白僵菌主要分布于针叶林中。本研究明确了紫蓬山虫生真菌的物种多样性和分布特点,为进一步开发生物农药奠定基础。     

应用虫生真菌防治烟粉虱的现状

发虱Bemisia tabaci属世界性分布的大害虫。在一定条件下虫生真菌是控制烟粉虱种群的最有效天。本文就几种常见虫生真菌：蜡蚧轮枝菌Vericillium lecanii、座壳孢Aschersonia spp.、玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana等防治烟粉虱的应用现状以及它们与其它敌的关系进行了综述，以期对烟粉虱虫生真菌的合理利用提供参考。     

生防真菌分子标记技术研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,利用分子标记技术研究生防真菌已取得较大成功,为生防真菌在病虫害生物防治中的应用研究提供了科学手段。阐述了分子标记的概念、原理、技术及其在生防真菌中的应用情况。     

昆虫病原真菌抗血淋巴免疫的机理

生物防治发展的一个重要阻力来自防治效果的不稳定,而影响防治效果的一个重要因素是寄主昆虫的免疫抵抗作用。因此,开发昆虫免疫抑制剂,研究昆虫病原真菌(虫生真菌)的抗血淋巴免疫机理,将有利于提高生物防治的效果,成为人们关注的焦点。本文从真菌分泌物对血细胞、囊泡膜型质子泵(V-H+-ATPase)、信号途径Imd等的影响及细胞壁成分的变化等方面,较详细地综述了近年来国内外对虫生真菌抗血淋巴免疫机理的研究进展,指出深入研究虫生真菌抗血淋巴免疫机理,对于明确虫生真菌的作用靶标,昆虫的免疫机制有重要意义,同时对新农药特别是免疫抑制剂的创制具有重要的理论指导和实践意义。     

西双版纳自然保护区白僵菌属虫生真菌多样性

为掌握西双版纳自然保护区内白僵菌属虫生真菌资源,为害虫生防真菌资源及生防制剂开发提供依据,本研究于2016年11月-2018年1月,对云南西双版纳自然保护区白僵菌属虫生真菌资源进行了系统调查,采用形态和分子测序技术进行白僵菌种类鉴定,并用物种多度、Shannon-Wiener指数H和Pielou均匀度指数对白僵菌属虫生真菌物种多样性和生境及海拔分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,在西双版纳自然保护区设置的60个样方中共采集白僵菌属虫生真菌侵染罹病虫体207头,经过分离培养和鉴定获得白僵菌属虫生真菌5种,分别为球孢白僵菌、布氏白僵菌、多形白僵菌、B.loeiensis和猫棒白僵菌,其中球孢白僵菌为优势种,相对多度为91.3%,其次为布氏白僵菌,其相对多度为6.3%,B.loeiensis相对多度为1.44%,多形白僵菌和猫棒白僵菌相对多度相同均为0.48%。从白僵菌属虫生真菌种类的生境分布特征来看,热带石灰岩山季雨林和热带季风常绿阔叶林白僵菌的种类、数量及寄主昆虫的多样性均高于热带丛生竹林和热带季雨林保护区。从白僵菌属虫生真菌种类的海拔分布特征来看,低海拔区白僵菌物种数和菌株数均明显高于高海拔和中海拔区,且低海拔区Shannon-Wiener指数均较高于中海拔和高海拔区,而均匀度从高到低依次是低海拔、高海拔和中海拔。     

我国生物防治研究近况(二)

3虫生真菌据1991年统计，世界上已记载虫生真菌约100属800多种。我国报道虫生真菌为66属405种。其中我国报道的新种为24种，说明找国虫生真菌资源丰富，具有较好的开发利用前景。在应用方面，我国白僵菌的工业化生产产量和应用面积世界前列，目前生产应用的虫生真菌有7种（表3），用于防治40多种害虫和害螨。但是，当前我国普遍采用的液固两相生产法，存在的主要问题是抱子铅含水量偏高．产品污染严重，菌剂生产缺乏统一标本，质量不过关，放至今尚未有制剂注册．限制产品打入国际市场。dBt杀虫剂目前中国的Bt杀虫剂已朝着大吨位、多品种的…     

基于高通量测序检测甜菜生尾孢中真菌病毒多样性

为明确甜菜生尾孢Cercospora beticola中真菌病毒的多样性,2020年自新疆维吾尔族自治区、内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省和北京市采集感染褐斑病甜菜病叶,鉴定获得78株甜菜生尾孢菌株,运用高通量的宏转录组测序技术检测甜菜生尾孢所携带的真菌病毒种类;将分离到的甜菜生尾孢按照菌落生长表型分为4组,进行宏转录组测序,将得到的序列经过拼接、聚类和基因功能注释,筛选出真菌病毒相关同源序列。序列分析结果显示,4组样品共比对到6个真菌病毒科,包括双分体病毒科Partitiviridae、双核糖核酸病毒科Birnaviridae、低毒病毒科Hypoviridae、裸露RNA病毒科Narnaviridae、泛欧尔密病毒科Botourmiaviridae和转座病毒科Metaviridae,以及未分科的负义单链RNA病毒。研究结果丰富了甜菜生尾孢真菌病毒资源库。     

Bacillus thuringiensis as a biofertilizer in crops and their implications in the control of phytopathogens and insect pests

BACKGROUND

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces insecticidal proteins and other virulence factors and is considered one of the most successful bioinsecticides available to control pests in agriculture. Currently, some Bt strains have been reported as endophyte or rhizospheric bacteria.

RESULTS

Little is known about the implications of plant-Bt interaction in crop protection. Here, we review if Bt can establish as an endophyte/rhizobacterium and evaluate if Bt as an endophyte/rhizobacterium can simultaneously act against different phytopathogens (fungi, bacteria, insects and viruses) plus promote plant growth.

CONCLUSION

Although Bt produce an arsenal of proteins with toxic effects against insect, the current knowledge suggests that Bt can be considered as a promising new plant growth promotion bacterium (PGPB). The implications of the proposed review will broaden our understanding of Bt as a versatile entomopathogen that may be able to exhibit differential behavior depending on context. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Identification of differentially expressed genes in the mutualistic association of tall fescue with Neotyphodium coenophialum

Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum), an agronomically important forage grass, is typically associated with a mutualistic asexual fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum. Plant colonization is endophytic with no symptoms, and fungal growth is confined to the intercellular spaces. The endophyte enhances host fitness by providing protection from various abiotic and biotic stresses and by improving nutrient acquisition. By suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) we identified 29 genes that are up-regulated or down-regulated in endophyte-infected tall fescue as compared to endophyte-free tall fescue. Of the genes that had matches to known genes present in the NCBI databases (approximately 50%), several had roles related to plant defense and stress tolerance. Differential expression of these genes was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, competitive RT-PCR, and northern hybridization. Endophyte-associated changes in gene expression patterns were consistent among cultivars of tall fescue but differed in some other grass–endophyte associations. Our results indicate that both partners in this symbiosis are active participants, and that the endophyte may be suppressing at least one plant defense gene (putatively encoding PR-10). Further analyses of the differentially expressed genes should aid in understanding the fundamental nature of this mutualistic symbiosis and provide insight into the mechanisms of documented endophyte-enhanced plant improvements.     

利用化学激发子防控作物害虫研究进展

诱导防御反应是植物抵御害虫为害的一种重要机制。在这一防御机制中,各种化学激发子,包括植食性昆虫相关分子模式、植物激素及其类似物、植物激发子多肽等发挥着重要作用。合理开发利用这些化学激发子,可望帮助植物建立一种天然的防御体系,从而降低害虫种群密度、减轻害虫为害,减少化学农药使用量。本文将主要对诱导植物抗虫性的化学激发子的最新研究成果进行概述,并展示利用化学激发子防控田间作物害虫的最新研究案例,提出亟待解决的问题,以促进化学激发子在作物害虫防控中的应用。     

绿僵菌与植物的多重关系及其在植物保护中的应用潜力

绿僵菌是广为知晓的昆虫病原真菌,被用作生物杀虫剂防治多种农林植物害虫。近年发现它也是根际微生物群落的一员,且有证据表明它内生于一些植物的根组织中,具有促进植物生长、拮抗植物病原菌、诱导植物抗性等作用。本文着重综述绿僵菌根际作用和植物内生性研究进展,从对植物的直接作用角度,了解其田间生态适应性及与植物的互作关系,以拓展昆虫病原真菌作为植物保护剂的认识,有助于根据生态学特点制定未来的生物防治应用策略。     

A Laboratory Assay for Phytophthora infestans Resistance in Various Solanum Species Reflects the Field Situation

Physiological and molecular research on resistance responses of Solanum tuberosum cultivars and partially resistant Solanum species to Phytophthora infestans requires a reliable resistance test that can be used in the laboratory. Laboratory tests performed on detached leaves and intact plants were compared with field tests for similarity of late blight reactions. Detached leaves from field-grown plants were as resistant as detached leaves from climate chamber-grown plants when challenged with P. infestans. However, detached leaves incubated in covered trays at high relative humidity were more susceptible than detached leaves kept in open trays or leaves on intact plants. The incubation conditions of detached leaves in covered trays rather than detachment itself appeared to affect the resistance expression. Detached leaves of some wild Solanum genotypes became partially infected, whereas intact plants were completely resistant when inoculated. Inoculation of leaves on intact plants, however, resulted in lower infection efficiencies. These limitations should be taken into account when choosing the appropriate inoculation method for specific purposes. For resistance screening, laboratory tests proved to be a good alternative for field tests. The ranking of resistance levels for twenty plant genotypes was similar under laboratory and field conditions.     

我国农业害虫性诱监测技术的开发和应用

通过多年的实验室研究,结合从2009年开始的多地、多作物、多年田间试验示范,集中研究了与重要农业害虫性诱监测密切相关的性信息素配比和剂量、种专一性、微量组分、缓释、诱捕器结构及其应用技术,解决了性信息素种间细微差别、种内地理区系差异、信息素化合物的纯化以及稳定保护和缓慢均匀释放等影响测报精准度的关键问题,开发了适应昆虫飞行行为、利于捕获收集的系列诱捕器,配合组装了成套的田间应用技术,开发了性诱自动计数系统,简化了害虫诱获鉴定操作,促进了虫情自动化记载传递,丰富了弱光性害虫监测手段,从而在一定程度上实现了害虫监测预警轻简化、标准化、自动化。分析提出为促进性诱监测技术的发展,要建立性诱监测技术的科学评价体系,并在迁飞性害虫、同种害虫的不同地理种群监测中开辟性诱技术应用的新领域。     

禾草内生真菌与丛枝菌根互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病的影响

为明确禾草内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)互作对多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne生长发育及叶斑病的影响,设置禾草内生真菌处理(由带有和不带禾草内生真菌种子建立)、AMF(幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum和根内球囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices)单独接种和混合接种处理及不接菌处理(对照),并在植物生长6周后接种或不接种多年生黑麦草叶斑病病原菌根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana,测定各处理多年生黑麦草的发病率、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、AMF侵染率、P含量和生物量。结果表明:接种病原菌2周后,多年生黑麦草叶斑病的发病率为25.00%～38.75%,禾草内生真菌和幼套球囊霉均在一定程度上降低了多年生黑麦草的发病率,二者共同作用时发病率显著降低了35.48%。禾草内生真菌与AMF互作能在一定程度上提高植物叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,并促进P吸收和植物生长,二者的互作效应因禾草内生真菌与AMF组合而异,但均优于二者单独使用时的效应,其中禾草内生真菌与幼套球囊霉互作对多年生黑麦草生长及叶斑病防治的效果最好。     

花椒抗旱性研究进展

花椒是我国重要的油料和经济作物，在干旱半干旱地区分布较广。近年来，随着全球气候变暖的加剧，水资源短缺的形势更加严峻，干旱已成为影响花椒生产的主要环境因子。本文从花椒生长形态特征、生理生化变化和抗旱分子机制3个方面阐述了花椒抗旱性的国内外研究现状，并分析了花椒抗旱性评价的方法。结果表明：花椒主要通过根、茎、叶特征的变化实现形态上的抗旱；通过保持较高的光合色素含量和调整气孔开度维持较高的光合效率、积累较多的渗透物质以增强叶片保水能力和细胞的渗透调节性能，保持较高的抗氧化酶活性减轻活性氧对细胞的伤害来提高其生理上的抗旱性；长链非编码RNA(Incrna)和ZbWRKY转录因子在花椒的抗旱过程中发挥了重要作用，其通过调控代谢途径、合成代谢物和产生植物激素应对干旱胁迫。隶属函数法、主成分分析法、聚类分析法、灰色关联度分析法可作为花椒抗旱性评价的主要方法。今后应继续加强花椒抗旱生理研究，并建立系统的抗旱性鉴定评价体系，以期为花椒抗逆性研究提供参考。     

Signal Interactions in Induced Resistance to Pathogens and Insect Herbivores

Plants are often simultaneously challenged by pathogens and insects capable of triggering an array of responses that may be beneficial or detrimental to the plant. The efficacy of resistance mechanisms can be strongly influenced by the mix of signals generated by biotic stress as well as abiotic stress such as drought, nutrient limitation or high soil salinity. An understanding of their biochemical nature, and knowledge of the specificity and compatibility of the signaling systems that regulate the expression of inducible responses could optimize the utilization of these responses in crop protection. Signaling conflicts and synergies occur during a plant's response to pathogens and insect herbivores, and much of the research on defense signaling has focused on salicylate- and jasmonate-mediated responses. We will review our results using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in greenhouse and field studies that illustrate a trade-off between salicylate- and jasmonate-mediated signaling, and discuss research on strategies to minimize the trade-off that can occur following the application of chemical elicitors of resistance. In addition, there is evidence of another signaling system that mediates endogenous levels of ceramide in the plant. This signal is associated with programmed cell death and protection of tomato against the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici.