Leachate Generation of Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill

The paper analyses the factors affecting leachate generation for landfill,and discusses the methods of calculation for leachate generation and indicates the effective ways to control leachate pollution on environment.     

Measures of Rainwater and Sewage Shunting in Chongqing Changshengqiao Sanitary Landfill

This paper focuses on the measures of rainwater and sewage shunting in Chongqing Changshengqiao sanitary landfill. The catchment area of this landfill is totally about 331700 square meters. If the rainwater blends with the sewage, the processing load of the leachate will increase greatly. Thus, the measures of rainwater and sewage shunting must be taken during solid waste filling. In this paper, the authors firstly analyze the measures of rainwater collection and drainage and establish the guideline of pumping assisted by draining. Furthermore, according to the practical situation of landfill, a detailed plan is set down for rainwater and sewage shunting. The effect is quite evident after implementation of the plan for half a year. The processing load of the leachate has been reduced largely. It is proven that the shunting measures are feasible.     

Electrolytic Efficiency of Late Landfill Leachate Pretreated by Electrolytic Oxidation

With trait of late landfill leachate treated hardly, it is an effective method of enhancing biodegradability of late landfill leachate that electrolytic oxidation pretreats late landfill leachate, and it is very necessary to calculate current efficiency. Varity of organic pollutants in the late landfill leachate is studied under the electrochemical action by some tests and current efficiency under different electrolytic condition is calculated. The results show that the most high current efficiency is 34.11% when the current density is 15 mA/cm^2 and electrolytic time is 6.5 h.     

Landfill Leachate Treatment by Cavitating Water Jets

Cavitating water jets were used to degrade complicated organic compounds sampled from landfill leachate from a sanitary landfill in Chongqing, P. R. China. The law of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the impact of factors such as pumping pressure, confining pressure, cavitating time and pH were evaluated in the experiment. We concluded that a cavitating water jet can degrade complicated organic compounds. Cavitating water jets therefore can improve biological oxygen demand (BOD)5/COD. The optimal cavitating condition was also obtained: at a pH 9.0, confining pressure 0.6MPa, cavitating time 90mins and pumping pressure 10MPa,the COD, BOD5 and BOD5/COD increase to 124.8%, 293.3% and 52.44% respectively. Chromaticity decreases while SS increase to 191.5%. These changes create good conditions for subsequent treatment.     

生活垃圾卫生填埋甲烷排放及减排研究进展

卫生填埋是生活垃圾最主要的处理方式,生活垃圾卫生填埋场产生甲烷(CH₄)等温室气体,加快全球气候变暖进程,引起各国政府的高度重视。笔者探讨了影响生活垃圾卫生填埋场CH₄产生的因素,对CH₄减排技术进行了总结。目前,生活垃圾卫生填埋场CH₄减排技术主要包括填埋层原位减排、资源化利用和末端控制技术等。为了控制和减少CH₄排放量,中国需要增加技术和设施投入,加强生活垃圾卫生填埋场气体排放的管理,开发有效的CH₄抑制技术,建立适合中国国情的CH₄等温室气体减排技术体系。     

Treatment Difficulties and Strategies for Landfill Leachate

The current status of leachate treatment in garbage landfills and its treatment difficulties were elaborated and summarized. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of various landfill leachate treatment technologies, a multi stage treatment composed of pretreatment, bio treatment and deep treatment was suggested as an ideal treatment. A new way to treat landfill leachate was presented. It combines electrochemical and oxidation ditches with sand filtration. The advantages of the new technique were also analyzed.     

One-dimensional Steady-state Model for Gas Pressure Distribution in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Gas pressure distribution in landfills is of great importance to control hazards and improve recovery of landfill gas. An one-dimensional steady-state model and its solving approach are presented for gas pressure distribution in layered waste landfills. The model can be used to investigate the gas pressure distribution of the landfill with horizontal gas collection layers having specified pressure or flux. The influences of layered properties, horizontal permeable layer under final cover and horizontal gas collection layers and bottom leachate drainage systems dually serving as gas collection layers on gas pressure distribution are investigated. The results of parameter analyses using the presented model show that the assumption that homogenizations of gas generation rate and gas permeability through a landfill considerably overestimate gas pressure in landfill; horizontal permeable layer under final cover and horizontal gas collection layers can effectively reduce gas pressure in landfills; the bottom leachate drainage systems dually serving as gas collection layers can significantly reduce the gas pressure in the lower portion of landfills. The presented model provides a useful tool in the designing of landfill gas collection systems, such as, the positions and spacing of horizontal gas collection layers and pump section.     

云南磷石膏堆存对区域水环境的影响研究

伴随着磷肥产量增加,磷石膏产排量对环境污染等问题愈加突出。为解决磷石膏堆放对环境造成的威胁和磷石膏的资源化利用,本研究通过对云南省磷矿资源主要集中地磷石膏堆场的实地调查、采样并结合模拟试验、建立预测模型等方法,明确磷石膏对区域水体环境介质存在的影响。结论如下：（1）不同堆存点磷石膏均呈酸性。滇池流域的磷石膏含磷量较高、抚仙湖流域的磷石膏含氟量较高。（2）通过地表径流试验,地表水总磷和氟化物的含量基本呈现随迁移距离增加而不断下降的趋势。并建立地表水污染物沿程迁移变化回归模型。地表径流中总磷和氟化物分别迁移至距堆场186.45 m和167.30 m外,可达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。（3）通过土柱淋溶试验,淋出液中总磷含量随淋溶次数的增加整体呈下降的趋势。不同土柱淋出液中氟含量呈现正相关的变化趋势,除个别土柱淋出液外,其他深度的淋出液氟含量在0.15～0.45 mg/L范围之内,可达到地下水的Ⅰ类至Ⅲ类标准。本研究为解决磷矿区乃至流域内磷石膏对水环境等造成的污染负荷问题,提供定量化的理论基础。     

Ecological Restoration Design of Refuse Landfill——A Case Study of Landscape Planning of Beichen Shuangkou Refuse Landfill in Tianjin City

Refuse landfill plays an important role in daily life,but also brings serious pollution.By investigating environment pollution of Beichen Shuangkou Refuse Landfill in Tianjin City,this paper put forward major problems of this refuse landfill,and suggestions for turning it into a landscape system with regeneration and renewing capacity,so as to provide references for ecological restoration and landscaping of similar damaged land resources.     

Experiment Research on Leachate Treatment of Sanitary Landfill for Municipal Solid Waste

It is difficult to treat landfill leachate in China.Traditional biologic method and physical method always have high expenses,or cann''t reach the discharge standards.The authors use a new biologic method to treat landfill leachate,which is the Wood_microbial System from Japan.The system to be digested by 3 aeration tanks and 1 reaction tank.The comparison combine processed wool_dust broken pieces with the certain grain degree size were throw in the tanks.Dirty and organic matter are in the digest tanks through the aeration reaction and aneration reaction repeatedly.In this experiment the speed of wastewater discharge and oxygen supply has been changed, and the change of biologic system and the effect of pollutant are removed. The optimal treatment condition can be found.The experiment shows that the system has a good result,special for nitrogenous.The BOD is average to do away with the rate to amount to 90%,almost reach the second class or third class for leachate standard.But BOD loading should be not beyond 4 kg/(m 3.d),othrwise,the system will not operate in normally.     

固化污泥对渗滤液中氟阻滞作用的数值分析

固化污泥是一种新型填埋场底部防渗阻滞材料,为论证其防渗阻滞作用的有效性,需进行典型污染物的穿透试验,但由于固化污泥渗透性很低,采用常规土柱试验很难得到污染物透过其迁移时的相关参数。为解决该问题,用柔性壁渗透试验代替传统土柱试验。渗滤液中污染成分较多,取含量较高且较易穿透的污染物即氟离子作为典型污染物,首先进行穿透试验获得迁移参数,然后结合二维有限元法研究分析其在防渗阻滞层及周边岩土环境中60 a内的运动迁移范围、浓度分布情况,并对比分析未设防渗阻滞层的情况。研究表明,在填埋场底部设置固化污泥防渗层对于以氟为代表的阴性污染物有较好的延迟阻滞作用。由于阳性污染物的穿透能力较阴性污染物弱,因而固化污泥防渗层对重金属等阳性污染物也应具有较强的阻滞作用,从而能进一步延迟填埋场渗滤液对周边环境的污染。     

A Review on Medical Waste Management and Treatment in Chongqing Three Gorges Region

Medical waste ,belonging to one of top-ronking toxic wastes, should be safely deposed of. The characteristics and harmness of the medical wastes are introduced, and the practical status of medical wastes in Chongqing three gorges region, including waste management and disposal methods, is investigated. Because of the special characteristics of the waste, the paper proposes some measures for managing and separate collection and treatment in the region, including separate collection, sealed transportation, pretreatment, incineration and safe landfill, so that the ecological environment and water resource can be protected from pollution in the Three Gorges region.     

5种反应介质对垃圾渗滤液污染地下水的治理效果研究

为了研究PRB技术修复垃圾渗滤液污染地下水的可能性,筛选最佳反应介质及其配比,为城市垃圾渗滤液污染地下水的治理提供参考,选择零价铁粉、膨润土、沸石、活性碳、炉渣5种反应介质,研究其对垃圾渗滤液污染地下水的治理效果。结果表明：5种反应介质单独作用下,活性炭对地下水中的COD去除效果最好,去除率达到76.0%,沸石对COD去除效果最差,去除率仅为45.0%,但沸石对地下水中NH₃的去除效果最好,去除率为70.8%,零价铁对NH₃的去除效果最差,去除率为42.3%;选择零价铁、活性炭、沸石3种介质按照不同配比继续试验,得出对COD的去除效果以零价铁：活性炭：沸石= 2:2:1的比例最好,其次是1:2:2和2:1:2,对NH₃的去除效果以零价铁：活性炭：沸石=1:2:2的比例最好,其次是2:1:2和2:2:1。     

生物质炭对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除效果的研究

为了寻找经济、有效的氨氮吸附材料,为物化处理技术在垃圾渗滤液上的运用提供一些实际参考的选择,以生物质炭（木炭）作为吸附材料进行吸附试验,研究木炭投加量、渗滤液初始pH值、吸附时间、氨氮浓度4个因数变化的条件下,木炭对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除率及其吸附动力学特征。结果表明：随着木炭用量的增加,木炭对氨氮的吸附量逐渐增大,木炭投加量为80~160 g/L时,渗滤液中氨氮的去除率达34.27%~39.41%。在最佳pH 10和最佳吸附时间240 min条件下,木炭对渗滤液中氨氮的去除率分别为24.21%、16.91%。木炭对垃圾渗滤液的氨氮有一定的去除效果,其吸附动力学特征符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程。     

石灰混凝+吹脱+CO2曝气联合对垃圾渗滤液的处理实验研究

为了有效降低垃圾渗滤液中高浓度的氨氮和有机污染物,以便降低后期生化处理的污染负荷,采用石灰混凝+吹脱+CO2曝气联合法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,通过单因素实验研究CaO投加量、曝气时间、反应温度及气液比等因素对渗滤液中氨氮、COD以及UV254的去除效果的影响;通过正交实验研究综合处理效果最好的反应条件,并在正交实验后进行CO2曝气,以期降低实验后较高的pH和钙离子浓度。结果表明：氨氮去除率与各单因素呈正相关关系,COD及UV254的去除率与CaO投加量相关性较大。在正交试验得出的最佳混凝吹脱条件下,氨氮、COD、UV254的去除率分别能达到98.8%、60.2%、68.7%。进一步CO2曝气后,垃圾渗滤液pH由12.1降至6.8,钙离子浓度降低70.3%,COD去除率可达65.7%。     

柑橘皮渣资源化利用研究进展

中国是柑橘种植大国,柑橘加工产生的大量皮渣污染环境,已经成为限制柑橘产业持续发展的重要瓶颈之一。笔者从经济环保的角度出发,分析比较了目前国内外柑橘皮渣处理的主要方式：卫生填埋、柑橘皮渣烘干饲料、有效成分提取及发酵生产有机肥等的优缺点。最后得出了利用高效优良菌株为核心发酵生产有机肥,既利用柑橘皮渣中的有效物质,又避免了环境污染,处理过程简单,成本低廉,是一种既经济又环保的皮渣处理方式,可以实际推广应用。     

世界肉鸡加工技术的进步与展望

概述了20世纪50～90年代肉鸡加工方法的发展趋势，如何减少肉鸡加工中的环境污染及对卫生标准的要求，介绍了当今世界先进的肉鸡加工技术与方法。     

超声波对垃圾渗滤液COD和氨氮去除的研究

摘要：试验采用超声波作用去除垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮。通过正交设计,探讨了活性炭用量、pH值、超声波功率、辐照时间、曝气时间5个因素对COD和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明在活性炭用量1.0g,pH为9,超声波强度为360W,辐照时间为6min,曝气时间为6min时处理COD和氨氮综合去除效果最好,COD去除率为63.7%,氨氮去除率为80.24%。     

北京市延庆县种植业污染源普查情况及治理对策

延庆县是官厅水库所在地,种植业是该县污染的主要因素之一,掌握种植业源污染现状,对于防治农业面源污染和保证水源地安全有重要意义。此研究采用普查方法,摸清了延庆县2007年种植业污染源情况,分析了种植业中化学投入品（化肥、化学农药和地膜）的投入和流失情况,废弃物（农作物秸杆）的产生利用情况,并对该县种植业总体污染情况进行了评价。结果表明,2007年延庆县化肥总施用量为1.61×104 t（折纯）,其中纯氮施用量是1.14×104 t,占总施用量的70.6%,延庆县种植业氮肥流失量占全县总氮排放量的52.4%,是农业面源污染中的氮素最主要来源,磷流失量占全县总磷流失量的35.1%。农药中用量较为突出的是人工除草剂阿特拉津,施用量为28129.97 kg。康庄镇、延庆镇、张山营镇、旧县镇、永宁镇、香营、井庄镇7个乡镇是延庆县种植业源排放最严重的区域,该7个乡镇紧临官厅库区,成为威胁官厅水库水质安全的主要因素。此文最后针对主要污染源的种类和成因,从源头阻断、过程控制及末端治理3个层面提出了4条防控措施。     

农林废弃物的资源化利用研究进展

农林废弃物是一种宝贵的生物质资源。如果不能高效资源化利用，会造成严重的环境污染，甚至对人类健康造成很大危害。农林废弃物的资源化利用是治理农业面源污染、节约生物质资源、节能减排、保护生态环境、实现碳达峰碳中和目标、社会经济可持续发展的重要内容。为了推进农林废弃物的资源化利用，本研究综述了近年国内外在农林废弃物资源化利用方面所取得的进展。