Stand Growth Efficiency in a Douglas Fir Thinning Trial

Stand growth efficiency, or the ratio of periodic stand volumegrowth to sapwood basal area, was measured in a long term Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menzieSü (Mirb.) Franco) thinning trialin coastal Washington, USA. Sapwood basal area—as a surrogatefor leaf area—and volume growth were estimated in twofifth-hectare plots from each of three thinning treatments,and from a single fifth-hectare control plot. Stand growth increasedwith increasing sapwood basal area. No distinct pattern of standgrowth efficiency with sapwood basal area was evident. Largedifferences in efficiency between plots of the same treatmentwere found and were attributed to differences in stand structure,or the arrangement of tree sizes.     

贵州湄潭黄杉生态系统保护性评价及保护构想

通过阐述贵州湄潭黄杉(Pseudotsuga sinensis)森林生态型保护区的自然性、多样性、代表性、脆弱性和典型性等自然属性,分析了保护区保护面积的适宜性、生态、经济和社会价值,提出了保护区建设规划构想。     

Simulation of competition for light in even-aged stands of Douglas Fir

Three versions of an explanatory model to simulate competition between trees within forest stands are presented, based on the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) over the trees in the stand. From the amount of PAR absorbed, the rates of assimilation and volume increment are calculated for the trees, which are presented in size classes. Volume increments calculated this way for periods of 35–45 years are compared with measurements from permanent field plots to evaluate different versions of the model.In the first elementary version of the model, it is assumed that the foliage of all trees is distributed uniformly over the field area, neglecting any differences in individual tree height. In this case, the growth of each tree is proportional to its share of the total foliage area of the stand and approximately proportional to its size. This model version slightly underestimated the variation in diameters observed in the field plots.The second version of the model takes into account differences in tree height. As a result of the prior assumption that the foliage of all classes is distributed uniformly over the field area, this model version severely overestimated the shading of short trees by tall neighbours, and the variation in diameters was overestimated as compared to the field data.The third version of the model accounts for clustering of needles within individual crowns in addition to height differences between the classes. This approach gave the better fit to the field data for normally stocked and for dense stands.     

动态规划对黄杉林的经营规划研究

基于87块黄杉林林分生长数据,采用林分生长竞争指数与Richard生长方程相结合的方法建立林分胸径生长量方程,然后以林分密度与林分胸径作为状态变量,以林分综合价值作为指标函数,建立黄杉林最优经营规划的离散确定性动态规划模型。为解决多目标决策问题,通过设定材积与碳汇的权重,有效解决森林经营中木材生产与增加碳汇储量之间的对立关系。结果表明：通过动态规划方法对林分密度加以控制,可以明显的促进林分综合价值的增长。     

Biological control of decay in Douglas Fir poles — seven years perspective

Ten, creosote treated, Douglas-fir poles infected with Poria carbonica at the ground line zone were inoculated artificially with Scytalidium sp. FY strain in January 1967. FY became established in the poles. One pole was set aside for comprehensive sampling and thirty-six samples were taken from the ground line zone of it seven years later (January 1974). One sample yielded live FY, 2 samples yielded bacteria, 9 samples showed scanty fungal growth and 24 samples yielded no microorganisms. None of the 36 samples showed advanced decay or Poria carbonica. These observations are consistent with the mechanical condition of the wood in the other 9 poles inoculated with FY after decay had begun.     

Sycamore in Wessex

The Wessex Silvicultural Group spent a year studying sycamore—inparticular silviculture, growth and yield, marketing and environmentalaspects. Fifteen forests and estates were visited. In termsof timber production and profitability, sycamore was seen tohave advantages over most other broadleaves, especially in naturally-regenerated stands. The need for heavy thinning was acknowledged.The alleged deficiencies of sycamore for wildlife conservationwere shown to be partly ill-founded. It is one of the bettertrees in Britain for epiphytes and lists of the lichens andbryophytes which have been recorded on it are published forthe first time.     

Woodland Elms in Wessex

A study undertaken by the Wessex Silvicultural Group on thegrowth of elm in woodland disclosed the occurrence of potentiallyvaluable elm stands in many parts of south-west England. Thepaper discusses some aspects of cultivating elm in woodland,and provisional estimates of volume production are made. Muchof the information relates to English elm (Ulmus procera Salisbury),but other species and hybrids are briefly reviewed. Commentson some current elm problems are included.     

Ecological consequences of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cultivation in Europe

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was first introduced to Europe from North America more than 150 years ago, was then planted on a large scale and is now the economically most important exotic tree species in European forests. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of Douglas fir on soil chemistry, plants, arthropods and fungi. Douglas fir shapes its abiotic environment similarly to native tree species such as Norway spruce, silver fir or European beech. In general, many organisms have been shown to be able to live together with Douglas fir and in some cases even benefit from its presence. Although the number of species of the ground vegetation and that of arthropod communities is similar to those of native conifer species, fungal diversity is reduced by Douglas fir. Special microclimatic conditions in the crown of Douglas fir can lead to reduced arthropod densities during winter with possible negative consequences for birds. The ecological impacts of Douglas fir are in general not as severe as those of other exotic tree species, e.g., Pinus spp. in South Africa and Ailanthus altissima, Prunus serotina and Robinia pseudoacacia in Europe. Nonetheless, Douglas fir can negatively impact single groups of organisms or species and is now regenerating itself naturally in Europe. Although Douglas fir has not been the subject of large-scale outbreaks of pests in Europe so far, the further introduction of exotic organisms associated with Douglas fir in its native range could be more problematic than the introduction of Douglas fir itself.     

Effect of Desiccation on Water Status and Forest Performance of Bare-rooted Sitka Spruce and Douglas Fir Transplants

Sitka spruce transplants which had been exposed to drying conditionswere assessed for shoot water potential (), shoot moisture content(MC), water saturation deficit (WSD) and root moisture content(RMC) before forest planting. Exposure for 1 hour 44 minuteshad no effect on subsequent survival or growth, but exposurefor 3 hours 18 minutes reduced survival to 68 per cent aftertwo years and significantly reduced height growth. The damagedplants were clearly distinguished at the time of planting by and RMC but not by MC or WSD. After a range of desiccation treatments, survival was high inSitka spruce unless RMC had fallen below 180 per cent but survivalwas reduced in Douglas fir with smaller reductions in RMC or. During the desiccation treatment, Douglas fir started withand maintained a higher RMC than Sitka spruce and reached lowlevels of less rapidly. The poor performance of desiccatedDouglas fir was therefore not the result of an inability toconserve water. After rewetting for one hour in the dark RMC was restored butnot , and there was no significant effect on survival or growthin either species. It may be possible to devise a method to establish when plantsare in poor condition by direct or indirect measurement of RMC,but high levels of RMC can be misleading if rewetting has occurred. Handling systems which involve brief periods of exposure aretolerable for Sitka spruce but not for Douglas fir, and specialmeasures are justified to ensure that the latter species isnever subjected to root desiccation during handling.     

杉木干燥过程中的有机挥发物释放

采用小型干燥机干燥木材,在冰浴中用酸化的2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液和去离子水分别对尾气中醛类和有机酸、醇类采样,用活性炭管对萜烯类采样,采用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪对有机挥发物进行分析.结果表明:杉木干燥释放的主要物质是甲醇、乙酸和甲酸,其次是乙醛、甲醛、丙烯醛/丙酮;萜烯类挥发物主要有α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯.杉木高温干燥释放的醛类和酸、醇类挥发物远高于常规干燥,高温和常规干燥中挥发物总量分别为91.7 g·m-3和29.9 g·m-3,但萜烯类挥发物总量差异很小.木材干燥终含水率对醛类和有机酸、醇类释放量影响较大,对萜烯类释放量影响较小.甲醛高温干燥时随含水率降低释放速率增大,其他物质在高温和常规干燥时的释放速率随含水率减少呈下降趋势.     

杉木原条出材量(率)表的编制研究

在杉木产区中带，调查和收集了１９４块标地（其中皆伐标地３９块）和４８２１株（胸径６～４０ｃｍ）材料。根据国标ＧＢ８４１５－８４和ＧＢ８４１６－８４的规定进行现场造材。选用ｖ＝ａ·Ｄｂ·Ｈｃ及Ｖ＝ａ＋ｂ·Ｄ＋ｃ·Ｈ模型，编制了杉木原条规格材及小条木（非规格材）单株立木出材量（率）表。利用比降数法，编制了１０～２２指数级林分原条出材率表。     

杉木/钙基蒙脱土插层复合材的结构表征

为了对杉木/钙基蒙脱土插层复合材的结构进行表征,笔者通过色差计测定其颜色,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定了其微观结构.研究结果表明:1.通过色差计可见,杉木/钙基蒙脱土插层复合材的颜色比未处理杉木深,但杉木的天然纹理并没有被改变.2.通过SEM可见,钙基蒙脱土全部或基本充实整个细胞腔和纹孔腔,且填充完整连续,与细胞壁紧密接触.但杉木的填充存在不均匀性,单个细胞和纹孔中,其填充程度也有差异.3.XRD证明,杉木/钙基蒙脱土捕层复合板材中水溶性酚醛树脂插入到钙基蒙脱土层间,为插层型复合材料.蒙脱土和酚醛树脂在一定程度上撑大了杉木的无定区域.     

杉木表层密化及其变形固定处理技术──杉木表层染料水溶液渗透规律及其径向压缩变形特性

为了改善杉木木材表层质软、强度低、耐磨性差等力学性能及其视觉特性,通过在不同温度和压力条件下,对绝干、气干、纤维饱和点和饱水状态的杉木表层染料水溶液渗透规律,应力－应变曲线,以及杉木细胞形态变形的电镜观察,确定了杉木表层软化处理工艺中染料水溶液渗透的最适条件,探讨了不同含水率状态下杉木表层径向压缩特性。结果表明：１）温度９０℃,常压－减压交替循环,试材含水率在气干与纤维饱和点之间时,是染料水溶液渗透的最适条件;２）径向压缩大变形区域Ⅱ是杉木早材部分变形的堆积;３）与２０℃,９０℃饱水状态杉木试材相反,气干状态试材在卸载时不发生瞬间变形恢复现象。     

Genetic diversity of seeds from four German Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seed orchards

European Journal of Forest Research - In Germany, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) is seen as a valuable species for future cultivation in times of climate change. Local seed production...     

mRNA差异显示法研究杉木木材形成相关cDNA

利用差异显示法(DDRT-PCR)研究杉木的2个自然变异类型(句容0号及独干杉)木材形成过程中基因表达差异.通过银染后切割回收54个差异条带,经2次扩增和纯化、克隆转化及反向Northern杂交验证后共获得29个阳性克隆.测序后进行比对分析,结果表明:1)Blastn比对(分值＞60)有9个cDNA克隆在GeneBank中找到了相似的功能,分别与核糖体蛋白基因、信号传导功能、泛素蛋白基因、抗性功能、组氨酸磷酸转移蛋白、细胞发生功能及能量代谢相关;2)Blastx比对有12个序列可进行功能推测;3)还有8个cDNA在数据库中未发现匹配信息.这些信息可为杉木木材形成相关基因的分离和克隆提供研究基础.     

杉木幼林不同抚育方法效果的评价

在江西分宜县上村林场地位指数≥１６，没有或极少五节芒、茅草和水竹的地段，对杉木幼林采用以下抚育方法：①全面刀抚；②全面刀抚加局部松土除草；③全面松土除草。连续３ａ试验观测，结果表明：①和②法比③法植被覆盖度分别大５％～２５％，侵蚀量少４０％以上；３种抚育方法对林水生长均无显著差异，单位面积的抚育用工量，①法仅为②、③法的１／３左右。所以综合看来，以①法效果为佳。     

Natural durability of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) heartwood grown in southern Germany

Abstract

The natural durability of timber is an important property in order to assess its performance in service. For numerous species grown in primary forests, this property has already been determined. As plantation-grown timber becomes more and more important, detailed information on its properties is needed, because increasing amounts of this material are coming to the market. The majority of planted Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in Germany is around 40 years old. In the present study, representative material of totally ten trees from two different sites in the south of Germany was investigated with regard to natural durability. In laboratory tests based on European standard DIN EN 350-1, inner and outer heartwood zones were exposed to basidiomycetes. Density measurements were additionally used for further characterisation of this material. Results showed a lower durability of the plantation-grown Douglas fir wood as compared with wood from natural sites. Significant differences for both durability and density were found between inner and outer heartwood, even though no correlation between the parameters was recognised. Data illustrate that for a better understanding of durability variations, chemical, topochemical and electron microscopic studies are needed.     

Keimversuche mit Ulmus montana (With)

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 2 Abbildungen