Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) consumption by marine birds during winter in Prince William Sound,Alaska

Following the 1989 MV Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) and subsequent herring population collapse in Alaska's Prince William Sound (PWS), the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) fishery was closed. In the 25 yr since EVOS, herring and several herring‐dependent marine bird species have failed to reach pre‐spill population levels. One hypothesis is that intense predation pressure may be inhibiting herring recovery. To inform herring modeling efforts, this study estimated marine bird consumption of juvenile and adult herring in PWS for 10 winters over an 18‐yr period (1989–90 through 2006–2007). Total estimated herring consumption by wintering marine birds averaged 2409 ± 950 t, indicating that avian consumption represents a substantial and inter‐annually variable source of herring mortality. Common murre (Uria aalge) consumed the greatest portion (16–80%) of herring in all years among marine bird species. Juvenile herring biomass consumed annually by common murre was greater than murre consumption of adult herring biomass. Time lag analyses showed that marine bird consumption of adult herring is negatively correlated with the amount of herring spawn observed in subsequent years, but such effects were not observed more than 2 yr. Our models indicate that during years in which herring recruitment is low or bird populations are particularly large, marine birds can consume up to 10% of the annual adult herring biomass. Our results highlight the importance of herring to wintering PWS birds. We propose that future management of herring stocks seeks to reduce negative impacts on marine birds that prey on herring.     

A spatial population dynamics simulation model of tropical tunas using a habitat index based on environmental parameters

We are developing a spatial, multigear, multispecies population dynamics simulation model for tropical tunas in the Pacific Ocean. The model is age-structured to account for growth and gear selectivity. It includes a tuna movement model based on a diffusion–advection equation in which the advective term is proportional to the gradient of a habitat index. The monthly geographical distribution of recruitment is defined by assuming that spawning occurs in areas where sea surface temperature is above 25°C. During the first 3 months of their life, simulated tunas are transported by oceanic currents, after which movement is conditioned by gradients in the habitat index. Independent estimates of natural mortality rates and population size from large-scale tagging experiments carried out by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community are used in the simulations. The habitat index consists of components due to forage density and sea surface temperature, both of which are suspected to play major roles in determining tuna distribution. Because direct observations of forage are not available on a basin scale, we developed a submodel to simulate the surface tuna forage production (Lehodey et al ., 1998). At present, only skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis ; a surface tuna species caught by purse seine and by pole-and-line) is considered, at a 1°-square resolution and on a monthly climatological time series. Despite the simplicity of the model and the limitations of the data used, the simulation model is able to predict a distribution of skipjack catch rates, of the different fleets involved in the fishery, that is fairly consistent with observations.     

The highs and lows of herring: A meta‐analysis of patterns and factors in herring collapse and recovery

Pacific and Atlantic herring populations (genus Clupea) commonly experience episodic collapse and recovery. Recovery time durations are of great importance for the sustainability of fisheries and ecosystems. We collated information from 64 herring populations to characterize herring fluctuations and determine the time scales at low biomass and at high and low recruitment, and use generalized linear models and Random Survival Forests to identify the most important bottom‐up, top‐down and intrinsic factors influencing recovery times. Compared to non‐forage fish taxa, herring decline to lower minima, recover to higher maxima and show larger changes in biomass, implying herring are more prone to booms and busts than non‐forage fish species. Large year classes are more common in herring, but occur infrequently and are uncorrelated among regionally grouped stocks, implying local drivers of high recruitment. Management differs between Pacific and Atlantic herring fisheries, where at similarly low biomass, Pacific fisheries tend to be closed while Atlantic fisheries remain open. This difference had no apparent effect on herring recovery times, which averaged 11 years, although most stocks with longer recovery periods had not yet recovered at the end of the observation period. Biomass recovery is best explained by median recruitment and variability in sea surface height anomalies and sea surface temperatures—higher variability leads to shorter recovery times. In addition, the duration of recruitment failure is closely linked with low biomass. While recovery times rely on the nature of the relationship between spawning biomass and recruitment, they are still largely governed by complex and uncertain processes.     

回声探测浮标在金枪鱼围网渔业中的应用

【背景】回声探测浮标能够为金枪鱼围网渔业远程持续地提供漂流人工集鱼装置（DFADs）的精确地理定位以及金枪鱼集群生物量的估计，有效减少围网船队搜索鱼群所产生的“碳足迹”和船队运营成本，从而提高船队的成功捕获率。除了在商业中的应用外，回声探测浮标有潜力作为观察远洋生物多样性的科学平台，为科学研究提供描述远洋鱼类活动模式的数据来源。【内容】本文介绍了DFADs的定义、类型和结构、生态影响及相关管理措施，以及回声探测浮标的发展沿革、种类和数据结构，并重点从金枪鱼随附鱼群生物量评估、鱼群随附行为和DFADs生态影响评估方面回顾了回声探测浮标在金枪鱼围网渔业中的应用。【总结展望】本文展望了回声探测浮标今后在技术上支持降低非目标物种和目标物种幼鱼死亡率的发展趋势，并从渔业资源可持续管理和海洋生物多样性保护方面讨论了利用浮标观测数据结合渔业数据进行资源评估，以及探究气候变化和人类活动对海洋生态生态系统影响的巨大潜力。     

Seasonal abundance of two important forage species in the North Pacific Ocean,Pacific herring and walleye pollock

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) are important forage species in the North Pacific Ocean, but their seasonal abundance patterns are poorly known. During three consecutive years of monthly acoustic surveys in Lynn Canal, southeastern Alaska, large schools of herring dominated during winter and were present in a 60-km long submarine gully; this gully appears to provide critical winter habitat for herring when their prey are less available and energy expenditure must be reduced. The salient change in pollock distribution is a shift from shallow waters during summer to deeper waters during winter, such that shallow (<40 m) waters are nearly devoid of pollock during winter. The shift presumably occurs in response to the build-up of secondary productivity during summer and predator avoidance during winter. The seasonal changes in herring abundance drove seasonal changes in predator abundance, as Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) preyed upon the winter aggregation of herring. Such seasonal links likely serve an important role in structuring trophic relationships in the North Pacific Ocean ecosystem.     

Incorporating cannibalism into an age-structured model for the Chilean hake

We incorporated predation equations from the multispecies virtual population analysis model MSVPA into an age-structured model for the Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) to estimate cannibalism. Two models, model I with constant natural mortality and the MSM, were fitted to the total annual catch, spawning biomass from acoustic surveys and length composition data from fishery and acoustic surveys. Model I fitted the data better than MSM. The majority of the MSM estimates of adult population and spawning biomass were larger than the model I estimates; probably due to the choice of residual mortality M1. High estimates of predation mortality were observed for age-0 hake. In spite of a decreasing fishing mortality, the spawning biomass decreased in the last years. Preliminary MSM results suggest that this might be due to an increase in cannibalism. A sensitivity analysis suggested all response variables were not sensible to the “other food” parameter but sensible to M1 and the predator annual ration. MSM is a promising approach that introduces the predation mortality equations into a statistical framework, allowing the incorporation of the uncertainty in the estimation of the parameters and the use of standard statistical tools in a multispecies context. This approach will contribute to provide useful information on the indirect effects of fishing on non-target species to fisheries managers.     

Spawning of herring: day or night,today or tomorrow?

Diel variations in schooling patterns and spatial dynamics during spawning were studied in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) off south-western Norway by acoustic surveying, diel cycle experiments and school tracking by sonar, and bottom gillnet sampling. Herring formed horizontally extensive, loosely packed demersal layers shortly after darkness. At night, the fish disappeared in the acoustic dead zone, but lifted off the bottom early in the following mornings. At daytime the herring reorganised into dense pelagic schools. The evening descent to the spawning habitat was considered as part of a precautionary strategy towards visual predators, as the bottom is a high-risk zone for archetypal pelagic fish like herring. Large numbers of gadoids, which are potential herring predators, were present in the area. Herring not ready to spawn dominated the bottom samples in 4 out of 5 days, suggesting that pre-spawning herring followed the descent of ripe herring. The herring spawning layers shifted in a south-easterly direction from day to day in diel spawning waves.     

Advances in fish harvest technologies for circular tanks

Improved equipment and husbandry practices are required to effectively grade and harvest fish in large land-based culture tanks. The objective of our work was to develop and evaluate several types of relatively inexpensive, portable, and efficient fish handling equipment to reduce the labor requirement for grading and harvesting fish from large circular culture tanks. This equipment and husbandry practices also had to provide for worker safety and minimize the stress or damage to the fish. Two techniques were developed and evaluated to remove the entire population from a large and deep circular tank, i.e. (a) purse seine and (b) carbon dioxide avoidance response. Two other techniques were developed and evaluated to remove the fish from a large (150 m³) and deep (2.44 m) circular culture tank after they had been top-graded in situ using a 3-panel clam-shell grader: (c) an airlift fish pump and hand sorting/dewatering box and (d) a sidewall drain box for hand sorting/dewatering. Some of these technologies are new, while others (such as the purse seine) have been used in other applications. Our commercial-scale evaluation of these technologies provided insight into the advantages and disadvantages of each option. With use of the clam-shell grader, the majority of the fish in the culture tank were never lifted from the water during the self-sorting process, which minimized stress, perhaps enhancing final product quality. In contrast, harvesting the tank using the purse seine and hand brailing was much more labor intensive and increased the stress on the fish, as indicated by a nearly 10-fold increase in fish mortality compared to the mortality observed when the clam-shell type crowder/grader system and an airlift fish pump or sidewall drain box were used during fish harvest. The combination of the clam-shell crowder/grader with the sidewall drain harvest box was our preferred harvest method, because of its low labor requirement, relatively low fish mortality, and rapid harvest rate. We also think that the carbon dioxide avoidance harvest technique can be used effectively, with little labor input and practically zero mortality when the entire fish population must be removed from a fish culture tank, but not during a selective harvest using in situ grading. Ultimately, the more effective technologies and practices should help fish farmers overcome scale-up issues and improve land-based fish farm profitability.     

A surplus production model with latent truncation and species targeting,with an application to Papua New Guinean fisheries

This paper first reviews traditional bio-economic models of catch–effort equilibrium and later contributions based on augmented and revised specifications. To overcome some of the pitfalls in fisheries analysis, an approach is formulated which accounts for latent truncation in the fishing fleet, species targeting and non-linear long-term relationships among catch, effort and biomass. The procedure is applied to purse seine and longline offshore marine fisheries in Papua New Guinea, where tuna and other fish resources are believed to be under-exploited on the whole, but selective overfishing is reported to take place. Statistical evidence of incidental truncation is weak, with results being sensitive to the selection of variables. Based on regression diagnostics and expected signs/statistical significance of parameter estimates, non-linear surplus production specifications prove to be more suited than original and unrestricted versions of the conventional approach for modelling the dominant (purse seine) fishery in PNG over the period 1979–2007, with both main and secondary target fishing being found not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield. In either case, policy implications of these results should be pondered against underreporting of official fish catches.     

海洋环境对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场影响的GIS时空分析

根据2008年～2012年中西太平洋金枪鱼（Thynnus）围网的渔获生产数据,并结合利用遥感信息技术手段同期获取的海表温度、次表层和温跃层温度、叶绿素等海洋环境数据,分析了围网主要捕获品种渔获量、资源丰度与渔场重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,目前中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获量分布在10°N～10°S、140°E-180°E,中心渔场经度重心集中在150°E～165°E,大体走向是由西向东;纬度重心在1°N～3°S,呈现先南后北的走向。渔场主要适温在28～32℃,最适海表温度为29～31℃,次表层50m,适温为26．84～29．47℃,100m适温为24．71～28．57℃,温跃层上界深度在54．09～121．49m,对应的海水温度为27．10—29．18℃;主要渔获产量集中在叶绿素质量浓度0．02～0．35mg·m-3内,叶绿素质量浓度处于0．04—0．18mg·m-3时渔获产量出现频次最高,为渔场的最适叶绿素质量浓度范围。     

Pacific cod in the Anthropocene: An early life history perspective under changing thermal habitats

The rapid decline in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus, Gadidae) biomass following multiple Gulf of Alaska marine heatwaves (2014–2016 and 2019) may be one of the most dramatic documented changes in a sustainably managed marine fishery. As such, fisheries managers are exploring new recruitment paradigms for Pacific cod under novel environmental conditions. In this review, we address the challenges of managing and forecasting Pacific cod populations in the Eastern Pacific where thermal habitats for early life stages are undergoing varying rates of change across space and time. We use observational data to examine changes in distribution, abundance and demographics of the population from 1993 to 2020, and model contemporary and future changes of thermal habitat for both spawning success and age-0 juvenile growth potential. Results indicate that reduced spawning habitat and early life stage abundance may be a precursor to regional population decline, but the recent apparent increases in size-at-age of pre-recruits will have unknown impacts on future recruitment in these regions. We contend that continued monitoring of early life stages will be necessary to track changes in phenology and growth that likely determine size-at-age and the survival trajectories of year classes into the adult population. These include complex size- and temperature-dependent energetics spanning seasonal habitats through the first winter. Climate-ready management of Pacific cod will, therefore, require new process investigations beyond single-season surveys focused on one-life stage.     

Long‐term variation in the abundance of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) from the Yellow Sea in the western North Pacific and its relation to climate over the past 590 years

A qualitative understanding of the long‐term variation in the population dynamics of Yellow Sea (YS) herring is particularly important for clarifying the evolutionary processes and driving mechanisms of the YS large marine ecosystem. Unfortunately, because of a lack of long‐term, continuous, and simultaneous monitoring data, the specific driving processes and mechanisms of climate effects on the population dynamics of YS herring remain largely unknown. In response to this scientific issue, we preliminarily propose the idea of reconstructing long‐term changes in YS herring abundance over the past 590 years (AD 1417–2004) based on historical documents and attempt to explore the impacts of climate on the population. Our results show that YS herring abundance maintained at a relatively high level from AD 1417 to 1870 (during the Little Ice Age); in contrast, the population declined significantly from AD 1870 to 2004 at different rates. In addition, we also found that there were strong relationships between the population abundance of YS herring and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and drought/flood cycles. We suggest that the fluctuations in YS herring abundance may be influenced by ocean–climatic circulation shifts throughout the North Pacific, especially the PDO.     

瑙鲁协议成员国VDS入渔模式及其对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业的影响

瑙鲁协议成员国（PNA）自2007年起实施“按日计费入渔模式”（船天计划,VDS）,对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业带来重大影响.本文阐述VDS渔业管理模式出台的背景、基本内容和管理体系,并结合中国船队生产中的实际情况,分析VDS管理体系实施后对各金枪鱼围网渔船队的影响,提出我国远洋渔业企业应采取措施,积极应对区域渔业管理的新趋势.     

Assessing the biomass of small fish with a split-beam sonar in the Murray River,Australia

Split-beam hydroacoustics revealed large numbers of small fish in the lower reaches of the Murray River in autumn. At slow-flow sites, acoustically estimated fish biomass could reach 102 kg/ha in mid channel, which compares with the biomass level of planktivorous fish in eutrophic lakes. These results were confirmed by direct catches with a push net of Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) and juvenile bony herring (Nematalosa erebi) ranging in length from 18 to 150 mm. Fish densities in the river channel doubled at night compared to the day. The density and total biomass estimates from net catches were strongly correlated with the acoustic data. However, the catch estimates were only 50–60% of the acoustic measurements, which is explained by the limited netting efficiency. The two methods produced similar estimates of fish mean weights. These results suggest that the density and biomass of small fish in open water habitats of the river can be reliably determined with acoustics. The high biomass of planktivorous fish and the diverse zooplankton community found in the same habitat suggest that the fish probably exploit an advantageous ecological niche in the main channel of the Lower Murray. The high biomass of small fish in this reach of the river, which has previously been underestimated, provides a large potential food source for native predators.     

Predicting skipjack tuna forage distributions in the equatorial Pacific using a coupled dynamical bio-geochemical model

Skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) contributes ≈70% of the total tuna catch in the Pacific Ocean. This species occurs in the upper mixed-layer throughout the equatorial region, but the largest catches are taken from the warmpool in the western equatorial Pacific. Analysis of catch and effort data for US purse seine fisheries in the western Pacific has demonstrated that one of the most successful fishing grounds is located in the vicinity of a convergence zone between the warm (>28–29°C) low-salinity water of the warmpool and the cold saline water of equatorial upwelling in the central Pacific (Lehodey et al ., 1997). This zone of convergence, identified by a well-marked salinity front and approximated by the 28.5°C isotherm, oscillates zonally over several thousands of km in correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The present study focuses on the prediction of skipjack tuna forage that is expected to be a major factor in explaining the basin-scale distribution of the stock. It could also explain the close relation between displacements of skipjack tuna and the convergence zone on the eastern edge of the warmpool. A simple bio-geochemical model was coupled with a general circulation model, allowing reasonable predictions of new primary production in the equatorial Pacific from mid-1992 to mid-1995. The biological transfer of this production toward tuna forage was simply parameterized according to the food chain length and redistributed by the currents using the circulation model. Tuna forage accumulated in the convergence zone of the horizontal currents, which corresponds to the warmpool/equatorial upwelling boundary. Predicted forage maxima corresponded well with high catch rates.     

西北太平洋灯光围网主要渔获物组成及渔场变动研究

西北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业是中国近年新兴的一种远洋渔业,具有一定开发潜力,掌握灯光围网的渔获物组成及渔场变动情况对于西北太平洋的渔业管理和开发具有一定意义.文章根据2014—2019年西北太平洋公海灯光围网渔业统计资料,对渔获量、单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)以及主要的渔获物组成进行统计分析,同时采用渔获量重心法和聚...     

Habitat preferences of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Striped marlin (Kajikia audax) is an epipelagic species distributed in tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, it is captured principally in commercial longline fisheries, and in small artisanal fisheries, however, it is also taken throughout its range in this region as an incidental catch of the tuna purse‐seine fishery. Previous studies suggest that overexploitation and climate change may reduce abundance and cause changes in spatial distributions of marine species. The main objective of this study was to describe the habitat preferences of striped marlin and the changes in its distribution in response to environmental factors. Habitat modeling was conducted using a maximum entropy model. Operational level data for 2003–2014, collected by scientific observers aboard large purse seine vessels, were compiled by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission and were matched with detailed (4 km) oceanographic data from satellites and general circulation models. Results showed that the spatial distribution of habitat was dynamic, with seasonal shifts between coastal (winter) and oceanic (summer) waters. We found that the preferred habitat is mainly in coastal waters with warm sea surface temperatures and a high chlorophyll‐a concentration.     

A synthesis of the life history and ecology of juvenile Pacific herring in Prince William Sound,Alaska

Physical and biological variables affecting juvenile Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound (PWS) from 1995 to 1998 were investigated as part of a multifaceted study of recruitment, the Sound Ecosystem Assessment (SEA) program. Though more herring larvae were retained in eastern PWS bays, ages‐0 and ‐1 herring used bays throughout PWS as nursery areas. Water transported into PWS from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) contributed oceanic prey species to neritic habitats. Consequently, variations in local food availability resulted in different diets and growth rates of herring among bays. Summer food availability and possible interspecific competition for food in nursery areas affected the autumn nutritional status and juvenile whole body energy content (WBEC), which differed among bays. The WBEC of age‐0 herring in autumn was related to over‐winter survival. The limited amount of food consumption in winter was not sufficient to meet metabolic needs. The smallest age‐0 fish were most at risk of starvation in winter. Autumn WBEC of herring and winter water temperature were used to model over‐winter mortality of age‐0 herring. Differences in feeding and energetics among nursery areas indicated that habitat quality and age‐0 survival were varied among areas and years. These conditions were measured by temperature, zooplankton abundance, size of juvenile herring, diet energy, energy source (GOA vs. neritic zooplankton), WBEC, and within‐bay competition.     

基于捕捞努力量的中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔业入渔预测分析

鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)广泛分布于各大洋热带和亚热带海域,在世界金枪鱼渔业中占有重要地位,其资源丰度受多种海洋环境因子的影响。为探明降水对不同鲣群体资源分布及变动的影响机制,利用2017—2019年毛里塔尼亚海域双拖渔业数据、2018—2020年中西太平洋围网渔业数据和2010—2020年美洲热带金枪鱼委员会网站记录的延绳钓渔业数据,结合降水、海表面盐度 (Sea surface salinity, SSS) 和海表面温度 (Sea surface temperature, SST) 等环境数据,通过广义加性模型(Generalized additive model, GAM)分析鲣的3种不同作业方式的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort, CPUE)时空分布及其与降水等环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：月份对双拖和延绳钓作业方式鲣CPUE的影响显著(P<0.05);纬度对3种鲣作业方式的CPUE均存在显著性影响(P<0.05);降水对双拖和围网作业方式鲣CPUE分别存在极其显著性(P<0.001)和显著性(P<0.05) 影响,且影响趋势较为一致,即这2种作业方式中高CPUE出现在较为适宜的降水范围内,然而降水对鲣的延绳钓CPUE的影响并不显著;SSS和SST对鲣的3种作业方式CPUE影响显著(P<0.05)。因此,在今后分析环境因子对渔业CPUE的影响效果时,建议将降水放入常规海洋环境因子中。

     

Factors driving spatial variation in egg survival of an ecologically and culturally important forage fish

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