辽宁省某市奶牛布病感染状况及群间传播风险因素调查

为了解辽宁省某市的奶牛布鲁氏菌病（简称奶牛布病）流行现状及该市奶牛布病群间传播风险因素,开展本研究。对该市辖区内所有奶牛进行布鲁氏菌病的普查,获知该市奶牛布病的表观个体血清流行率和表观群血清流行率;采用问卷调查方式进一步开展病例-对照研究,初步筛选出14项该市奶牛布病群间传播可能风险因素,经相关性检验结合生物学知识,选取了5个变量进入多因素分析,最终通过非条件logistic回归方法初步建立了该市奶牛布病群间传播风险因素回归模型,并建立ROC曲线计算了模型的预测概率。研究结果显示,该市奶牛个体流行率为0.99%,群流行率12.44%。非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,该市奶牛布病群间传播的风险因素包括：“无专用购销车辆”（OR=3.57,95%CI：1.04-12.5,p =0.04）,“进圈时不穿专用工作服和胶靴”（OR=5.0,95%CI：0.97-25.00,p =0.06）,“与犬混养”（OR=12.39,95%CI：0.97-157.56,p=0.05）。该结果表明与犬混养可能是该市奶牛布病群间传播重要的风险因素,而奶牛销售时自有购销专用车辆和场内生物安全措施的采取如进圈穿专用工作服可使奶牛布病在场群间传播的风险降低。针对回归模型建立的ROC曲线下面积为71.6%,表明此模型解释该市奶牛布病群间传播风险的能力为中等。     

Assessment of Risk Factors in Milk Contamination with Staphylococcus aureus in Urban and Peri‐Urban Small‐Holder Dairy Farming in Central Ethiopia

Assessment of risk factors associated with milk production systems is central to ensuring quality and safety of milk and milk products. This study was aimed at identifying possible risk factors in milk contamination in urban and peri‐urban areas of the central high lands of Ethiopia. A total of 477 on‐farm pooled milk (n = 433) and combined bulk milk samples (n = 44) were collected and processed using standard microbiological techniques to isolate and characterize Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, 433 individual farm owners and 22 collection centre owners were interviewed using a structured and pre‐tested questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine risk factors. Of the total individual on‐farm pooled milk samples analysed (n = 433), it was found that 103 of the individual milk samples (24%) and 17 of the combined bulk milk (39%) were positive for S. aureus. This difference in prevalence was statistically significant. Even though there were a number of potential variables associated with the recovery of S. aureus in bovine milk, four variables including cleaning milk container with hot water and detergent [Adjusted OR: 0.342, 95% CI, (0.166, 0.701)], mastitis check [Adjusted OR: 3.019, 95% CI (1.542, 5.913)], travel time to collection centres [Adjusted OR: 4.932, 95% CI, (2.265, 10.739)] and amount of milk delivered by farmers to collection centres per day [Adjusted OR: 1.059 (1.032, 1.087 β = 0.057)] were found to be statistically significantly associated with isolation of S. aureus. We recommend a targeted educational intervention on defined risk factors to reduce the post‐harvest S. aureus contamination of raw milk in urban and peri‐urban milk shed areas of central Ethiopia.     

Serologic Prevalence of Brucellosis in Horse Stables in Two Northern States of Nigeria

Despite the endemicity of brucellosis in Nigeria, reports on equine brucellosis are rare. The Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) was used to determine the serologic prevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies amongst 75 horses from three stables in two States of northern Nigeria. The highest prevalence (22.7%) was recorded in stable C located in Plateau State and the lowest (6.7%) was found in stable B in Kaduna State. The overall prevalence determined was 14.7%. There is need for the inclusion of horses in brucellosis surveillance and control strategies in Nigeria to safeguard people at high risk.     

天津市布鲁氏菌病高发区高危人群“知信行”调查

为了解天津市布鲁氏菌病高发区高危人群的布鲁氏菌病防控知识、态度和行为水平及其相关影响因素,以便为下一步宣传干预工作提供参考,基于问卷调查和电话回访的横断面调查研究,对天津市4个布鲁氏菌病高发区牛羊养殖户、基层兽医人员进行抽样调查,然后调查数据录入Excel,使用SPSS软件进行统计分析,查找影响布鲁氏菌病"知信行"水平的因素。结果显示:高危人群的布鲁氏菌病平均知晓率为44.93%,大部分高危人群对布鲁氏菌病防控态度积极,部分基层兽医人员和养殖户对布鲁氏菌病防控存在不良行为和不良防护习惯;单因素Logistic回归分析可见,布鲁氏菌病高危人群的"知信行"水平与职业、性别、学历、工作年限有关(P <0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,牛羊养殖户、工作年限小于10年的高危人群"知信行"水平较低(P<0.05),模型拟合度较好(P> 0.05),ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.732(95%CI:0.673～0.791)。结果表明,牛羊养殖户、工作年限小于10年的高危人群,其布鲁氏菌病"知信行"水平有待提高,需要在未来宣传干预中,提高培训的针对性、实用性、专业性,拓展渠道,注重效果。     

牛羊布鲁菌病（brucellosis）的诊断方法

布鲁菌病是一类由各型布鲁菌感染而引起的重要的人畜共患病之一。被感染的动物最常见的临床表现为流产、胎盘炎、附睾炎、睾丸炎等。人感染布鲁茵病后,多呈慢性经过,可损害人体多种器官。虽然病原学鉴定是一种常规有效的诊断布鲁茵病的方法之一,但由于其对操作人员安全以及实验室级别的要求非常严格,加之从患病动物体内分离病原体的过程既耗时又具有危险性,在布鲁茵病临床诊断实践中推广应用困难。布鲁菌病血清学诊断方法显示出较高的特异性和敏感性．但难以鉴别布鲁菌各型野毒株以及疫苗株感染。鉴于上述问题．深入开发和研制更高特异性、敏感性和稳定性的新型布鲁茵病诊断方法在兽医临床实践中势在必行。主要从细菌学、血清学和分子生物学等方面对布鲁茵病诊断方法研究情况进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

奶牛乳房炎防治的研究概况

奶牛乳房炎是对乳业影响最大、危害最严重的常见疾病。本文对奶牛乳房炎的病因和目前该病的防治概况作了系统的介绍,并对该病防治的研究方向作了展望。     

2013-2017年甘肃省河西5市牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测分析

甘肃省河西地区5市是牛羊布鲁氏菌病高发区,2015年检出阳性率高达1.87%。2015年以来通过采取以监测、扑杀为主的综合防控措施,取得了良好的防控效果,5市19个县(区、市)阳性率由2015年的1.87%下降到2017年的0.33%。阳性率明显下降。散养户检出阳性率高于规模场和其他场点,人畜间布鲁氏菌病感染发病具有相关性。本文综合分析了河西5市牛羊布鲁氏菌病上升原因和风险因素,提出综合防控建议。     

奶牛乳房炎防治研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖业常见的疾病之一.本文对控制奶牛乳房炎的经济意义、预防和治疗乳房炎及乳房炎防治研究方向等方面进行简要综述,为深入研究奶牛乳房炎的综合防治提供资料.     

肉牛布鲁氏杆菌病防控现状及措施

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的一种急性或慢人畜共患传染病,该病除了导致养牛企业直接经济损失外,还可能发生严重食品安全问题和因人被感染导致的严重公共卫生安全问题。多年来,各级动物防疫部门主要关注奶牛的布病防控,对肉牛的布病防控介入很少,造成肉牛布病感染情况不明、底子不清,防控力度不够。随着规模化肉牛养殖业的不断兴起,肉牛布鲁氏菌病防控可不容缓。因此,必须采取综合措施有效防控肉牛布鲁氏菌病。     

Prevalence and Aetiology of Mastitis in Cows from Two Major Ethiopian Dairies

The study was undertaken to determine the aetiology and prevalence of mastitis in hand-milked cows (n = 186) in two major Ethiopian dairies. The California Mastitis Test and culturing for bacteria revealed that 21.5% of the cows were clinically infected and 38.2% had subclinical mastitis. Most mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples testing positive by the California Mastitis Test were Gram-positive cocci. Staphylococci constituted 57% of the isolates, of which the predominant cause of bovine mastitis was Staphylococcus aureus (40.5%). Other mastitis pathogens isolated include streptococci (16.5%), coliforms (9%) and corynebacteria (5%). Retrospective analysis of farm records indicated that mastitis was the second most important cause of culling and accounted for 27% of the cows removed from these two dairies.     

Prevalence of and factors associated with Brucella sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda

Brucellosis is a key zoonosis of major public health, animal welfare and economic significance, and is endemic in livestock in Uganda. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out to estimate the sero-prevalence of brucellosis and identify factors associated with sero-positivity in cattle in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Northern and Eastern Uganda, respectively. A total of 1007 sera and data on biologically plausible risk factors from 166 herds and their spatial locations, were collected from cattle reared in urban and peri-urban Gulu and Soroti towns of Uganda. The sera were analyzed using indirect ELISA and sero-positive reactors confirmed by competitive ELISA. Multivariable models were used to investigate for risk factors. The overall animal-level and herd-level sero-prevalence was 7.5% (76/1007, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.15–9.4%) and 27.1% (45/166, 95% CI: 20.9–34.3%), respectively. Herd-level sero-prevalence was significantly (P<0.001) higher in Soroti than Gulu. In Gulu town, sero-positivity increased with an increase in herd size (P=0.03) and age (P=0.002), and was higher in cattle brought in from western Uganda (P<0.0001). In Soroti town, introduction of new cattle into a herd was significantly (P=0.027) associated with herd sero-positivity. There was a geographically differential risk (clustering) of Brucella sero- positivity in herds in Soroti, while sero-positivity was homogeneously distributed in Gulu. The data highlight brucellosis occurrence and major risk factors for its transmission in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas.     

Prevalence and Financial Effects of Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughtered in Birre‐Sheleko and Dangila Abattoirs,Northwestern Ethiopia

A cross‐sectional survey of bovine hydatidosis was carried out on local zebu cattle slaughtered at Birre‐Sheleko and Dangila Abattoirs from August 2007 to July 2008 to determine the prevalence and to estimate financial loss caused by the disease. Postmortem examination, hydatid cyst characterization and direct and indirect financial loss estimations were conducted. Out of the total of 521 animals examined (255 Birre‐Sheleko and 266 Dangila), 79 (15.2%) were found harbouring one or more hydatid cyst. The prevalence of the disease between the two abattoirs was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The result obtained from postmortem examination indicated that a total of 112 visceral organs were found harbouring one or more hydatid cysts. The involvement of lung, liver, spleen and kidney was found to be 70.5%, 21.4%, 6.3% and 1.8% respectively. From the total of 224 cysts counted, 147 (65.6%), 29 (12.9%), 3 (1.3%) and 45 (20.1%) were small, medium, large and calcified cysts respectively, and 114 (50.9%) and 65 (29%) were sterile and fertile cysts respectively. Viability rate of 47.7%, all from the lungs, and higher liver calcification rate were observed. The annual financial loss from organ condemnation and carcass weight loss due to bovine hydatidosis at Birre‐Sheleko and Dangila abattoirs were estimated to be $18911.6.     

临泽县牛羊布氏杆菌病的流行病学调查与血清学检测

为预防临泽县牛羊布氏杆菌病的发生,采用问卷调查和血清学检测的方法对临泽县7个乡镇的奶牛和肉羊养殖情况以及布氏杆菌病的流行情况进行调查。结果发现,本县养殖方式主要是圈养或圈养及放养,养殖户对布病危害和相关法规政策认识不足,防护消毒措施不重视。在采集的1280份奶牛血样和23115份羊血样中,牛阳性率达0.23%,羊阳性率达0.52%。根据调查结果,提出布病防控的建议和措施。     

中国荷斯坦牛乳房炎风险评估模型建立及预测分析

实验旨在探究奶牛乳房炎的风险因素,建立奶牛乳房炎风险评估模型,预测奶牛乳房炎患病风险.本研究利用北京地区1998—2016年196万余条奶牛群体改良(Dairy Herd Improvement,DHI)测定记录,将具有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,分析其中的风险因素,并建立奶牛乳房炎风险评估模型...     

国内外临床型乳房炎发生现状及其危害

乳房炎是国内外奶牛生产中造成经济损失最大的疾病之一,作者就国内外奶牛临床型乳房炎的发生概况,致病菌,以及经济损失三方面进行了综述,旨在为改进奶牛场管理、加强乳房炎控制提供科学依据。     

对高寒牧区畜间布鲁氏菌病防控对策的思考

布鲁氏菌病是危害多种动物和人类的传染病,也是我国重点防控的人畜共患传染病之一。受市场等因素调节,牛羊反刍动物数量增加,且动物及其产品流通频繁,动物疫病发生风险加大,许多地方畜间布病呈上升趋势。为切实加强畜间布病防控工作,肃南县按照省、市业务部门的防控要求,结合当地高寒牧区畜间布病流行实际,制订防控工作计划,全面落实动物疫病主动监测、定点检疫、消毒灭源、阳性畜扑杀及无害化处理综合防治措施,取得一定成效。     

我国部分地区个体奶牛场乳房炎发病率的调查研究

对兰州、成都、哈尔滨、郑州、济南和南昌等6个城市2 173头奶牛,8 540个乳区进行乳房炎的调查及相关因素分析,奶牛隐性型乳房炎和临床型乳房炎头发病率分别是59.36%、5.38%,乳区发病率为31.62%、1.65%.桶奶的平均细胞数为73.6万/mL,并对280头340份病乳进行细菌学分析,主要病原菌是停乳菌、大肠杆菌、无乳菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,占病原菌总数的91.11%.     

靖边县2010年—2012年羊布鲁菌病血清学调查

为了解陕西省靖边县羊布鲁菌的感染及分布状况,自2010年1月—2012年12月,采集陕西省靖边县羔羊、种羊等55 059只的羊血清样品,通过试管凝集反应对布鲁菌病抗体进行检测,分析羊布鲁菌的分布情况。结果显示,55 059份羊血清样品共检出阳性样品78份,其中羔羊样品阳性71份。种羊养殖场和养殖户因引进布鲁菌隐性种公羊造成2个养殖场出现77只病羊,4个养殖户出现117只病羊。羔羊布鲁菌抗体阳性率呈增高趋势,由2010年的0.04%上升到2012年的0.29%;由于引种造成的布鲁菌感染率较高。     

河南省某县羊群布鲁菌氏病横断面调查及感染风险因素分析

为了解河南省羊布鲁氏菌病流行现状以及羊养殖场感染风险因素,按照两阶段抽样检测方法,采集某县羊养殖场和散养村的羊血清样品,采用虎红平板凝集和试管凝集垂直试验进行布鲁氏菌检测。结果显示,该县散养村的羊布鲁氏菌病表观群体流行率为16.35%,真实群流行率为18.17%(95%CI:12.14%~24.20%),养殖场的表观群体流行率为22.22%,真实群流行率为25.60%(95%CI:13.87%~37.33%)。风险因素分析结果显示,“羊贩随意进出养殖场(OR=18.50,95%CI:1.82~188.39)”和“共用种公羊(OR=12.00,95%CI:1.11~129.42)”是该县羊养殖场感染布鲁氏菌的主要风险因素。结果表明,该县羊布鲁氏菌病流行较为严重,提示该县需要加强布鲁氏菌病防控,提高养羊场户的生物安全管理水平,加强散养村内种公羊的布鲁氏菌监测与净化,及时淘汰阳性羊。     

上海地区输入性羊群传播布鲁氏菌病的定性风险评估

本研究按照OIE《陆生动物卫生法典》推荐的风险评估原则和步骤,对上海地区输入性羊群传播布鲁氏菌病开展危害识别、释放评估、暴露评估和后果评估,确定各类风险因素,对其风险等级进行描述和情景分析,并提出针对性的防控措施和建议,为政府部门制定管理政策提供科学依据和技术支持。