甘蓝型油菜杂种优势及产量性状的遗传改良

对不同来源的3个甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和系与22个父本品种的遗传距离及它们以NCII法配制的66个杂交组合的产量、物候期性状进行了分析.结果表明,尽管3个自交不亲和系与父本品种间的遗传差异较小,但它们与国外品种间的杂种F1产量性状平均优势均较强.杂种生育期及初花至成熟期日数均介于双亲之间,但前者偏向晚熟亲本,而后者却偏向早熟亲本.与其它产量构成因子相比,一次分枝及其角果数不仅对单株产量贡献率最大,且对单株产量杂种优势贡献率亦最高.在油菜产量性状的遗传改良中,特别是在杂种优势利用中,首选目标性状应为一次分枝及其角果数.在保证一次分枝及其角果数前提下,提高角粒数、千粒重亦是一条有效途径.     

甘蓝型油菜分枝高度指数与植株性状、产量和品质的关系

为了研究甘蓝型油菜分枝高度指数与植株性状、产量和品质的关系,以10个年度的国家冬油菜新品种区域试验总结资料为依据,分析分枝高度指数与芥酸、硫甙、含油率、株高、分枝部位高、有效分枝数、主花序长度、主花序有效角数、单株有效角数、每角粒数、千粒质量、单株产量、单位面积产量的相关性。结果表明：分枝高度指数与硫甙、含油率、有效分枝数、主花序长度、单株有效角数、每角粒数、千粒质量、单株产量、单位面积产量均呈极显著负相关,分枝高度指数降低,油菜群体含油率增加,有效分枝数、单株有效角数和每角粒数增多,主花序长度增长,千粒质量、单株产量和单位面积产量均提高。逐步回归分析表明,含油率、分枝高度指数、有效分枝数、主花序有效角数、单株有效角数、每角粒数、单株产量对单位面积产量有极显著影响。分析结果可为油菜育种中筛选理想的株型指标和油菜抗倒性评价提供参考。     

甘蓝型油菜主要农艺和产量性状的杂种优势及其分离世代的分析

利用1个细胞质雄性不育恢复系垦C1为父本,与2个不同来源的保持系配置杂交种F1,并构建了F2和F2∶3家系,对重要农艺和产量性状的杂种优势及其在分离世代的分离情况进行分析。对2个群体杂交种F1两年的杂种优势分析结果表明,单株产量、单株角果总数、一次分枝角果数等具有显著的正向杂种优势。在单株产量的3个构成因素中,单株角果总数杂种优势最强,而且不同群体、不同年份结果一致;每角粒数、千粒重的优势较小,而且不同群体、不同年份结果一致。对F2和F2∶3家系杂种优势的分析结果表明,重要农艺和产量性状如单株产量、小区产量、单株角果总数、一次分枝角果数等比杂种F1杂种优势显著降低,出现严重的分离现象。另一方面,各重要农艺性状的杂种优势同样存在丰富的变异,最大值与最小值间相差显著。在分离群体中还出现了超优亲现象,这为育种选择提供了丰富的遗传变异材料。     

低芥酸油菜细胞质雄性不育性杂种优势的研究

以一个甘蓝型油菜低芥酸细胞质雄性不育系和8个恢复系为亲本,组配了8个组合。用平均优势率、超亲优势率、优势程度和对照优势率等优势指标测定了杂种F_1的优势。结果表明,在考查的17个性状中,单株产量、全株有效角果数、分枝花序角果数、茎粗和一次有效分枝数等5个性状的优势较强,四种优势指标分析的结果基本一致。我们认为,单株产量等5个性状可以作为杂种优势鉴定和组合选择的主要依据。并讨论了四种优势指标的关系。     

甘蓝型油菜重要农艺性状和产量性状的杂种优势及其分离分析

利用1个细胞质雄性不育恢复系垦C1为父本,与2个不同来源的保持系配置杂交种F1,并构建了F2和F2:3家系,对重要农艺和产量性状的杂种优势及其在分离世代的分离情况进行分析。对2个群体杂交种F1两年的杂种优势分析结果表明，单株产量，单株角果总数，一次分枝角果数等具有显著的正向杂种优势。在单株产量的3个构成因素中，单株角果总数杂种优势最强，而且不同群体、不同年份结果一致；每角粒数、千粒重的优势较小，而且不同群体、不同年份结果一致。对F2和F2:3家系杂种优势的分析结果表明，重要农艺和产量性状如单株产量、小区产量、单株角果总数、一次分枝角果数等比杂种F1杂种优势显著降低，出现严重的分离现象。另一方面，各重要农艺性状的杂种优势同样存在丰富的变异，最大值与最小值间相差显著。在分离群体中还出现了超优亲现象，这为育种选择提供了丰富的遗传变异材料。     

芥甘杂交创制新型甘蓝型油菜的表型多样性分析

为拓宽甘蓝型油菜遗传背景,明确油菜新种质表型变异水平,筛选优异基因资源,本研究利用芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜种间杂交创制新型甘蓝型油菜54个品系进行田间表型鉴定,分析其表型多样性水平及其性状间相互关系。结果表明,（1）22个数量性状的变异系数范围为4%~99%,遗传多样性指数1.64~2.04;22个形态特征性状的遗传多样性指数为0~1.86。其中角果长度、单株有效角果数、单株产量、生育期、有效分枝高度、蛋白质含量和含油量等7个性状的多样性水平高于国内外已报道的其他甘蓝型油菜的多样性水平,表明芥甘种间杂交能够创制丰富的遗传变异,拓宽甘蓝型油菜遗传背景。（2）主成分分析将44个表型性状转化为10个综合指标,其中主花序有效角果数、单株有效角果数、每角果粒数、单株产量芥酸、亚油酸、油酸、蛋白质、含油量等与产量和品质相关性状是反映新型甘蓝型油菜表型特征的主要差异指标,表明通过这些产量和品质性状的选择可获得目标品系。（3）受甘蓝型油菜定向选育的影响,本试验参试材料具有偏向甘蓝型油菜的表型特点;聚类分析综合44个表型性状将54个参试油菜品系划分为3个类群,其中29个品系与甘蓝型油菜亲本聚为一类,代表了甘蓝型油菜亲本群;18个品系聚为一类,与甘蓝型油菜亲本类群距离较远,营养生长无优势,产量较低,综合性状较差;7个品系聚为一类,与甘蓝型油菜亲本类群距离较近,表现较强的营养生长优势和丰产特点,综合性状优良,可作进一步选育对象,为西藏高产优质甘蓝型油菜品系的选育奠定种质基础。     

我国三熟制早熟油菜品种产量构成特点及育种对策

为提高三熟制地区油菜育种效率,本文研究了三熟制地区不同熟性油菜农艺性状对产量的影响。以2016-2020国家冬油菜品种区试中衡阳和宜春地区试验结果为基础数据,利用相关分析及通径分析研究了两个区域的油菜品种产量构成特点。结果发现,中熟组和早熟组株高、有效分枝数、菌核病发病率、病情指数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、千粒重、密度、全生育期、含油量及产量差异显著。中熟油菜每角粒数、密度、菌核病抗性与产量呈极显著正相关,菌核病发病率、病情指数、生育期与产量极显著负相关,密度对产量的直接影响最大。早熟油菜株高、有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、密度、含油量与产量极显著正相关,菌核病发病率与产量显著负相关;对产量直接影响最大的是有效分枝数。认为育种策略中,两种油菜都应选育抗菌核病和适合高密度种植的品种,中熟油菜应提高单株有效角果数,而早熟油菜要增加有效分枝数。     

甘蓝型油菜种子贮藏蛋白遗传距离与杂种优势关系研究

对38份不同生态区来源的甘蓝型油菜种质进行了贮藏蛋白电泳多态性分析,并对165个杂交组合农艺、品质性状表现及杂种优势与亲本贮藏蛋白距离进行相关分析,探讨了贮藏蛋白标记遗传距离辅助甘蓝型油菜农艺及品质杂种优势利用的可能性。结果表明：甘蓝型油菜种子贮藏蛋白多态性丰富;谷蛋白标记遗传距离（GDglu）、清蛋白标记遗传距离（GDalu ）与农艺、品质性状杂种后代表现及中亲优势存在不同程度的相关性,可以利这种相关性及谷蛋白标记遗传距离聚类辅助甘蓝型油菜杂交育种和品质育种的亲本选配,提高选配效率。     

云南油菜高产生境下影响DH株系收获指数的相关性状筛选

本研究采用高、低收获指数纯合自交系G25和H008杂交后进行小孢子培养获得的200份DH株系材料,在丽江和临沧两个云南早熟油菜高产生境下种植,应用相关分析和通径分析,从各生育阶段时间长度、初花期和成熟期干物质重量、不同部位角果数和角粒数、单株产量、千粒重、小区实收产量和籽粒含油量等17个性状中筛选与籽粒产量收获指数（YHI）关系密切的性状,为高收获指数油菜品种选育提供依据。结果表明,临沧育苗移栽高产生境下,营养体健壮,生物产量高、花期长,特别是一次分枝和二次分枝的角果数多,是单株产量和单位面积产量高的主要因素。丽江直播栽培高产生境下,油菜苗期长而花期短,营养体不足,主花序角果多而分枝角果少,一次分枝角果数和角粒数、二次分枝角粒数、单株角果数、单株产量和含油量与收获指数均达到极显著正相关,培育壮苗提高单株经济性状水平,可进一步提高单株产量和单位面积产量,进而提高收获指数。云南高产生境下,单株产量对收获指数有密切相关的正向效应,初花期干物质产量有密切的负向效应,一次分枝和二次分枝的角果数变幅大,通过品种和栽培技术调控,控制初花期干物质产量、保持合理的一次分枝角果数、二次分枝角果数和千粒重,获得较高的单株籽粒产量,是提高云南高产生境下油菜收获指数的有效策略。     

早熟与中熟油菜品种的性状差异比较

为了明确早熟与中熟油菜品种农艺和产量性状的差异,利用参加国家油菜品种区域试验的早熟和中熟品种的区试结果,对早熟与中熟油菜品种间的各性状进行差异分析比较。结果显示:在农艺性状方面,早熟与中熟油菜品种的生育期、株高、一次有效分枝数存在极显著的差异,其中生育期的差异最明显,有效分枝部位和主花序长差异不显著;在产量性状上,主花序角果数、单株有效角果数、千粒重存在极显著的差异,其中主花序角果数的差异最显著,每角粒数差异不显著;在抗逆性方面两者差异不显著;在品质性状方面,硫苷和含油量存在显著的差异性,介酸含量差异不显著。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.