枯草芽孢杆菌B215生物学特性及对香蕉枯萎病的生防效果评价

在室内测定菌株B215对香蕉枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有良好抑制效果的基础上,优化拮抗菌株的最佳培养条件为:在NA培养基上,装液量为50mL/500mL,最适初始pH值为7.0～7.5,初始接菌量为1%,培养温度为28℃,以便更好地应用于田间试验。以此培养条件为依据,开展拮抗菌株的盆栽小苗实验,选用正交试验L8(27)设计,得出菌株B215对香蕉枯萎病菌的最佳防效组合为:在小苗定植前,用活菌培养液750mL/株浸根,可以降低小区香蕉枯萎病发病率。进一步试验验证结果显示:盆栽试验B215对Foc的防效为62.95%。     

大麻白绢病生防菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

大麻白绢病是由齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)引起的一种严重土传病害,主要危害大麻茎基部和根部,给生产带来巨大损失。该研究旨在分离大麻内生细菌,并从中筛选挖掘大麻白绢病生防菌资源。试验采用稀释涂布和平板对峙法进行大麻内生生防菌挖掘与筛选,根据菌株形态学特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定,通过盆栽防效实验验证其生防效果,采用单因素试验及响应面设计试验优化其产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件。试验获得一株对大麻白绢病菌具有显著拮抗作用的内生细菌024A,该菌株被鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),其盆栽相对防效可达87.1%,具有良好的生防开发潜力。响应面法获得菌株024A的最佳发酵条件为：酵母粉浓度14.12 g/L、葡萄糖浓度11.84 g/L、发酵温度31.56℃、发酵时间17.91 h,预测抑菌率最高可达89.27%。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1固体发酵工艺条件优化

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)Czk1是一株具广谱拮抗、促生和诱导植株产生抗病性的根际益生菌。为了全面资源化利用农业废弃物中的有机养分和促进对植物土传病害的生物防治,本研究以Czk1为研究对象,以鸡粪为底肥,分别利用玉米秸秆、菌糠、椰糠堆肥为原料,采用液固两相发酵工艺,以稀释平板菌落计数法测定活菌总数和芽孢数,经过单因素和正交试验方法,明确Czk1固体发酵物料的配方、工艺参数和培养条件。得出Czk1固体发酵的最优条件：最佳原料为菌糠鸡粪堆肥,Czk1接种重量为10%,黄豆粉添加量为10%,含水量为40%,发酵温度为37℃,翻抛1次/72h,在此条件下,Czk1菌株中的芽孢活菌数量总量可以达到8.63×10⁸ CFU/g,芽孢数为8.37×10⁸ CFU/g。其次,发酵效果较佳的原料为秸秆鸡粪堆肥,Czk1接种量为10%,添加5%黄豆粉,40%含水量,发酵温度为37℃,翻抛1次/72 h,此条件下,Czk1接种菌株中的活菌数量总量可达到6.53×10⁸ CFU/g,芽孢数为5.97×10⁸     

防治木薯细菌性枯萎病的生防菌株筛选和防效测定

从木薯8个不同生境分离到298株细菌,测定其产酶、次生代谢物和颉颃活性,结果表明,产蛋白酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶和生长素的菌株和比例分别为160(53.69%)、57(19.13%)、11(3.69%)和150(50.34%),产嗜铁素菌株最多203个,比例达68.12%;产几丁质酶的菌株最少7株,比例仅为2.35%;其中,9株菌株对木薯细菌性枯萎病菌具有颉颃活性,比例为3.02%。通过赋值选择88个得分较高的菌株,对其16S r RNA测序及ARDRA-PCR和BOX-PCR聚类分析,发现可分成21个簇,且每个簇的种群丰度较高。优选11个菌株进行日光温室大棚盆栽防效测定,其中,HWY-3-1防效为100%,防效在60%以上的菌株有DBS-5(85.96%)、HS-4-3(82.88%)、DHWP-1(79.37%)、HWYT-3-2(77.88%)、HWS-4-3(77.84%)、DHNS-3-5(65.34%)、DHWR-5-1(61.83%),和对照防效相比,差异显著;进一步选择5个防效较好的潜力菌株测定其田间防效,结果显示,HWY-3-1(Bacillus pumilus)平均防效为38.11%,与对照的防效存在显著差异。试验筛选策略可行,初步找到1株对CBB防效较稳定的生防菌株Bacillus pumilus。     

芽孢杆菌对大豆根腐病防治效果研究

选择20株从西藏地区植物根际土壤分离鉴定的具有生防潜力的芽孢杆菌,通过平板抑菌试验,筛选出对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌嗜管专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.tracheiphilum)拮抗效果好的菌株11株,并利用这些菌株的发酵液作为活性成分,添加一定比例的各种助剂,制备出生物种衣剂.室内沙培试验结...     

枯草芽孢杆菌Jaas ed1菌剂对棉花黄萎病的防效研究

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌对棉花黄萎病的防治效果,加快内生拮抗细菌-枯草芽孢杆菌Jaased1菌剂防治棉花黄萎病试验示范进程,利用Jaas ed1菌剂在苗期对棉花进行灌根处理,以及现蕾初期对棉花进行灌根处理。结果表明:新型内生拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌Jaas ed1能抑制棉花黄萎病的发生,特别是苗期以及现蕾初期进行药剂灌根,对预防棉花黄萎病的发生具有较好的效果,防治效果达到53.2%;同时可以促进棉花的生长,提高棉花的产量,籽棉产量、皮棉产量分别比清水对照高7.95%、8.19%。     

小麦全蚀病生防芽孢杆菌产芽孢培养基的响应面法优化

为了优化小麦全蚀病生防芽孢杆菌Z-14菌株产芽孢培养基,通过Plackett-Burman实验分析影响芽孢产量的主要碳源、氮源和无机盐,用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,利用Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面分析法筛选主要影响因素的最佳水平。结果表明,Z-14菌株生产芽孢最适碳源、无机盐和氮源分别为玉米粉、MnSO4·H2O和酵母粉。优化培养基组合为玉米粉1.17%、酵母粉3.31%、MnSO4·H2O 0.072%、NaH2PO4·2H2O 0.2%、Na2HPO4·2H2O 0.4%,优化后芽孢产量达到1.85×109 cfu·mL-1,与理论值基本相符。     

小麦赤霉病拮抗性芽孢杆菌生防作用的研究

为探索小麦赤霉病生物防治的有效途径,对分离自中国东北嫩江小麦赤霉病流行地区小麦植株叶面和穗部的8株拮抗性芽孢杆菌进行了室内生物测定和田间小区防治试验.平板对峙培养、菌丝生长速率及孢子萌发测定等试验表明,8个菌株对小麦赤霉病菌的菌丝生长及孢子萌发均具有明显的抑制作用,其中以菌株B08的综合抑菌活性最强,其活菌体抑菌带宽达8.4 mm,无菌发酵液稀释5倍处理后96 h对菌丝生长抑制率为66.2%,处理分生孢子可使其完全丧失萌发能力,10倍稀释液可使孢子刚萌发的芽管膨大畸变而不能伸长,活体菌悬浮液和灭菌后的发酵液田间防效达59.5%～65.9%.发酵液热稳定性好,121℃、30 min加压蒸气灭菌后仍保持良好的抑菌活性.研究结果说明,供试拮抗菌株作为小麦赤霉病的生防材料具有很好的开发应用前景。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治甜菜褐斑病田间试验

1000亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂防治甜菜褐斑病田间试验结果表明,在甜菜褐斑病发病初期施药,225g/hm2连施3次,间隔7~10d,对甜菜褐斑病有良好的防治效果。对甜菜生长安全,是防治甜菜褐斑病的理想药     

桉树无性系抗青枯性的测定及多粘类芽孢杆菌生防效果研究

采用伤根法对3种常用桉树无性系组培苗进行初步的抗青枯病性能测定。结果表明,3种不同桉树无性系抗性强弱差异显著,DH32-29为中感品系,DH32-27和H1为高感品系。采用打孔法和浸根法测定了生物制农药多粘类芽孢杆菌细粒剂对桉树青枯病病原菌的室内拮抗作用和盆栽生防效果。结果表明：生物制剂农药多粘类芽孢杆菌细粒剂对桉树青枯菌具有较显著的抑菌效果,培养48 h后抑菌圈平均直径达到10.3 mm;浸根法处理后不同桉树无性系组培苗青枯发病率均有一定程度的降低,生防效果随着无性系的抗性增加而升高。总体来看,多粘类芽     

Chemical management of Fusarium wilt of watermelon

Watermelon yield loss due to Fusarium wilt is increasing in the U.S., due in part to the emergence of the virulent race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and to the shift in production to triploid cultivars, which generally have less host resistance than previously grown diploid cultivars. One potential management strategy is the use of soil-applied fungicides to reduce Fusarium wilt. The U.S. national program, interregional project 4 (IR-4) supported multistate trials of soil-applied chemicals to manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Maryland, Indiana and Georgia to test the efficacy of 14 chemicals on Fusarium wilt. Based on the performance of these chemicals in the greenhouse, six in Maryland and Delaware and eight in Indiana were selected for subsequent field evaluations. These chemicals were applied once, as a drench at planting, in field trials in Maryland, Indiana, and Delaware in 2008. The fungicides prothioconazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest reduction in Fusarium wilt, and caused no phytotoxicity. In Maryland and Indiana in 2009, these chemicals were applied through the drip irrigation line alone and in combination, at 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The experiment was repeated in 2010 in Maryland. Prothioconazole alone and in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl or/and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest decrease in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Maryland in 2009. The same trend was observed in 2010 in Maryland where three of the prothioconazole treatments ranked the lowest of all treatments and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl had significantly lower Fusarium wilt AUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All chemical applications except for acibenzolar-S-methyl in combination with prothioconazole reduced Fusarium wilt AUDPC in Indiana in 2009. Prothioconazole alone and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl ranked lowest in Fusarium wilt AUDPC, although not significantly lower than most other treatments. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the soil-applied fungicides prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl may provide an additional field management option for Fusarium wilt of watermelon.     

8种香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性比较与分析

采用室内接菌、病区种植的方法,研究8种香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种 （Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, Foc 4）的抗性水平,评价其抗性级别。苗期抗性评价结果表明：GCTCV-119、GCTCV-217为高抗;桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218为抗;GCTCV-105、GCTCV-215为中抗;桂蕉1号为感;巴西蕉为高感。田间抗性评价结果为：GCTCV-119、GCTCV-217为高抗;GCTCV-215为抗;GCTCV-105、桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218为中抗;桂蕉1号、巴西蕉为高感。连续种植3年,桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218的发病率呈下降趋势,GCTCV-105发病率较稳定,发病率保持在9.7%~12.0%,所有抗病品种（系）宿根3年后,根据相对发病率评价均表现为抗;而感病品种桂蕉1号及巴西蕉发病率则逐年上升,宿根蕉发病率均在98.2%~100%。     

棉花枯萎病预报方法研究与应用

1987年以来江西省彭泽县棉花枯萎病中等以上发生的概率在90%以上,发生时段包括育苗期至结铃期的各个阶段,发生等级年际变化存在着振荡强度较弱的4a主周期,＂年际生态后续效应＂不够显著,发生等级轻重与光、温、水等气象要素密切相关。采用＂遥相关＂方法建立的棉花枯萎病年发生等级长期预报模式以及采用逐步回归方法建立的棉花枯萎病发生的气象条件等级中短期预报模式在试验与应用中表现出较好的前瞻性与准确性。     

Isolation and characterization of chitinolytic rhizobacteria for the management of Fusarium wilt in tomato

Sixty-three chitinase producing rhizobacteria (CRB) were isolated from 57 rhizospheric soil samples of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growing in different regions of Karnataka, India. Among these, 13 CRB isolates were selected based on their ability to produce chitinase, colonize roots of tomato seedlings and reduce Fusarium wilt incidence. Four of these isolates produced statistically higher levels of chitinase and also zone of clearance/colony size (CZ/CS) ratios. One Bacillus subtilis isolate (CRB20) substantially reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt under greenhouse conditions. Combined application of chitin or crude fungal cell wall (CFCW) along with this isolate, substantially enhanced the ability of the isolate to colonize tomato roots and reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt. Under greenhouse conditions, amendments of chitin and CFCW along with isolate CRB20 significantly enhanced plant height, fresh weight, number of fruits per plant and average weight of fruit compared to the untreated control. The study clearly established the significance of CRB isolates and chitin/CFCW amendment in promoting plant growth and suppression of Fusarium oxysporum, and indicated the possibility of their use for Fusarium wilt management in tomato cultivation.     

The distribution and incidence of banana Fusarium wilt in subsistence farming systems in east and central Africa

Bananas (Musa spp.) are major staple and cash crops in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Yet, banana yields in this region are among the lowest in the world due to a wide range of abiotic, biotic and socio-economic causes. Cropping systems which could contribute to soil fertility replenishment, pest and disease suppression and climate change mitigation might improve banana yields and contribute to uplifting the livelihoods of millions of people in the region. In this context, a survey was conducted over two seasons in banana-based subsistence farming systems in Rwanda, Burundi, north-western Tanzania (Kagera and Kigoma regions) and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (South Kivu province), to investigate the distribution and incidence of banana Fusarium wilt as related to cropping systems, edapho-climatic and socio-economic factors. Banana Fusarium wilt incidence was found generally high in the region, 54.1% of all farms had disease incidence higher than 40%, with Tanzania having the highest number of farms with high disease incidence (63.6%). Statistical analysis (chi-squared test of association) and GIS mapping, by layering Fusarium wilt incidence over selected predictor maps, showed that disease incidence was lower in farms growing cultivar mixtures (p < 0.01) and at higher altitudes (>1600masl) (p < 0.05), and a significant association of Fusarium wilt and farm age was observed whereby disease incidence was highest in farms aged between 10 and 30 years (p < 0.05). Additionally, this study reports for the first time the occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 2 in Rwanda and Burundi, and suggests that strategies for banana Fusarium wilt management in east and central Africa should include raising farmers’ awareness on pathogen spread mechanisms and enhancing their access to disease-free planting materials.     

香蕉内在拮抗细菌研究Ⅰ——菌株B215的分离及分子鉴定

在香蕉枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,FOC)重病园区,从生长正常的香蕉假茎内分离获得1株细菌,编号为B215.经对峙培养和孢子萌发抑制测定,B215对FOC和香焦其他几种主要病原菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有良好抑制效果.对峙培养明显抑制香蕉枯萎病菌菌丝生长,抑菌带宽度0.5-0.6 cm.菌株B215培养液滤液使香蕉枯萎病菌孢子和菌丝生长点膨大成球状畸形,原生质外泄,细胞崩溃十瘪,其EC50为4.12%.形态学、生理生化试验显示B215为芽抱杆菌(Bacillus);进一步对该菌株做16srDNA序列测定与分析,表明其与已报道的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis Strain KL-073)具有100%的同源性,二者所构建的系统发育树上处于同一个分支.将B215鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis).     

油菜菌核病拮抗细菌的筛选和高效菌株的鉴定

从油菜根际和叶围分离得到320个细菌分离物,在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上的拮抗实验中,18个分离细菌表现对油菜菌核病菌不同程度的拮抗作用,其中Y1菌株对油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长具有明显的抑制作用.对Y1进行油菜离体叶片、温室盆栽和田间小区接种实验,该菌均表现对油菜菌核病明显的防病效果;在温室盆栽试验和田间小区试验中,防病效果达到92%.经过鉴定,Y1菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌.     

阿扎霉素F5a抗南方根结线虫和香蕉枯萎病菌活性研究

为寻找抗线虫和香蕉枯萎病菌的天然产物。从链霉菌211726的发酵液中分离纯化出阿扎霉素F5a,以南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)为供试线虫,采用击倒实验,测定阿扎霉素F5a高(1.0%)、中(0.1%)、低(0.01%)3个浓度的抗线虫活性;同时以尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense)为供试菌株,采用牛津杯琼脂平板法,对阿扎霉素F5a的抗香蕉枯萎病活性进行研究。结果表明：1.0%的阿扎霉素F5a溶液在24 h内对供试线虫2龄幼虫的平均校正     

徐闻县香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病的发生及其防治对策

香蕉枯萎病在徐闻县呈逐年扩展的趋势,现结合我县当地农业生产实际情况,分析该病原菌发生的流行条件,提出可行的防治措施,其中对隔离检疫、选育抗病品种和水旱轮作等有效措施作了重点阐述。     

一株抗香蕉枯萎病DSE菌株的筛选鉴定及抗病机理初探

通过平皿和盆栽共生对抗法,筛选到1株对香蕉枯萎病具有防治作用的深色有隔内生真菌L-14,2种方法的防效分别达到72.4%和56.5%,接种该菌株可显著提高香蕉幼苗的鲜重。形态观察和28S r DNA序列比对分析结果表明,该菌株为裂壳菌(Schizothecium sp.)。使用该菌株浸根处理接种香蕉苗后,植株系列抗氧化保护酶如苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性均显著高于对照,而菌株L-14与香蕉枯萎病菌混合接种处理样品的PPO和SOD活性显著高于单独接种处理,表明接种该生防菌能增强香蕉的抗氧化防护系统,提高其对香蕉枯萎病的抗性。