复方地克珠利可溶性粉剂抗鸡球虫病效果试验

分别以0.5、1.0和1.5mg/L复方地克珠利可溶性粉(以地克珠利有效成分计)饮水,预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染。并用地克珠利可溶性粉(1.0mg/L)饮水、地克珠利(1.0mg/kg)混饲和硫酸新霉素(50.0mg/L,以效价计)饮水为对照。结果发现,复方地克珠利可溶性粉3种浓度饮水均能有效预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染,抗球虫指数均在176.46以上,优于地克珠利混饲给药组。     

纳川珠利溶液剂对鸡球虫病的药效学研究

对两种不同配方的0.3%纳川珠利溶液剂,分别以6、3、1mg/L三种剂量饮水预防人工感染的鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫,并用地克珠利预混剂以1mg/kg剂量作为对照。结果显示,0.3%纳川珠利溶液剂的两种配方以上述3种剂量饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的抗球虫效果,抗球虫指数在180以上,属高效范围。表明0.3%纳川珠利溶液剂是纳川珠利的一种高效预防鸡球虫病的良好剂型。     

0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂预防鸡球虫病试验

对0.5%地克珠利(Diclazuril)可溶性粉剂,以0.2×10-6、0.5×10-6、1.0×10-6 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫(Eimeria)混合种人工感染,并用地克珠利预混剂(商品名球佳)以1.0×10-6浓度饲喂作对照,结果发现0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂以0.5×10-6、1.0×10-6两种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在176.6以上,与地克珠利预混剂以1.0×10-6浓度混饲效果相当,证实0.5%地克珠利可溶性粉剂是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

地克珠利可溶性粉对人工诱发鸡球虫病的疗效试验

比较了地克利珠、百球清和常山酮治疗人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的效果.结果显示.地克珠利可溶性粉剂高、中、低3种浓度饮水治疗鸡球虫病效果良好,抗球虫指数均存180以上,与百球清、常山酮的效果相当.试验证实,包合技术解决了地克珠利的溶解性问题,同时保持了高防治效能,2.5～5.0 mg/L适宜在临床上应用.     

四种复合抗球虫制剂对鸡盲肠球虫病的疗效比较

应用三黄鸡雏鸡,研究了尼卡巴嗪、盐霉素、地克珠利“三种方式”配制的复合制剂和伏球预混剂及复合抗球虫制剂饮水剂(杀球录)等抗球虫药对鸡盲肠球虫病的治疗效果。结果表明,1g/L剂量杀球灵饮水剂饮水具高效,ACI达182;而尼卡巴嗪、盐霉素、地克珠利配制的复合制剂和1mg/kg混饲的伏球预混剂的抗球虫效力较差,ACI均低于160。地克珠利在我省部分地区已产生明显的抗药性。     

中草药微生态制剂对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫防控效果的研究

为探究中草药微生态制剂对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫预防效果,将200只1日龄白羽肉鸡随机分成5组,分别为中草药微生态制剂组、磺胺药组、地克珠利组、不感染不用药组、感染不用药组。将各种药物按照有效添加量与饲料混合,中草药微生态制剂组的有效添加量为2g/kg,地克珠利组的有效添加量为1g/5kg,持续添加20d后,用柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株孢子化卵囊感染鸡,再持续添加8d,磺胺药组的有效添加量为2g/kg,在感染球虫后持续使用3d,检测抗球虫指数、细胞因子水平、肠道病理变化等指标评价其抗球虫效果。结果显示:相较于磺胺、地克珠利,中草药微生态制剂能够降低鸡的死亡率,抗球虫指数能达到176.57,显著提高了IFN-γ、IL-2、IgG、SIgA表达水平,降低盲肠病变损伤程度,说明该中草药微生态制剂可有效防控鸡球虫病。     

地克珠利与中药联合应用对鸡球虫病的疗效试验

对中药与西药联合应用防治鸡球虫病的效果进行了试验研究，结果，地克珠利0.5mg/kg 中药5.0g/kg和地克珠利1.0mg/kg 中药5.0g/kg2个联合用药组的抗球虫数（ACI）分别为202．4和202．8，比单独使用地克珠利或中药分别提高了11．89％，12．11％和23．34％，23．58％，表明联合用药防治鸡球虫病是增强药物疗效，减少西药用量，延长药物效用期的有效方法。     

亚麻油日粮对地克珠利抗球虫效力的影响

研究采取单因子试验设计法。人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫6×104/鸡,分别在4%亚麻油日粮中添加0mg/kg、0.6mg/kg和0.8mg/kg抗球虫新药地克珠利,以抗球虫新药地克珠利的推荐量1mg/kg为对照。结果获得:在日粮中添加4%亚麻油后,可减少地克珠利的使用量。抗球虫指数对照组为190,4%亚麻油+0.6mg/kg组为199,4%亚麻油+0.8mg/kg为197。亚麻油对地克珠利抗球虫效力有增效作用。     

新法生产地克珠利可溶性粉

选用适当的助剂与辅料,通过直接的简单混合法,即可制得0.05%～0.5%、甚至2%的地克珠利可溶性粉.该法制得的地克珠利可溶性粉性质稳定,溶解性良好.以0.5～1 mg/L剂量地克珠利饮水给药,可有效地防治禽球虫病.     

4种抗球虫药物预防兔球虫病的效果比较

为比较4种抗球虫药物对兔球虫病的预防效果,选用200只45日龄、体重相近、未感染球虫的健康生长獭兔随机分成4组,每组50只.将氯苯胍(120 mg/kg)、球净(2 500 mg/kg)、癸氧喹酯(30 mg/kg)和地克珠利(3 mg/kg),分别添加于各组饲料中,连续喂饲40d。通过记录增重,观察临床症状,分析每克粪便卵囊数的变化,检测血清生化指标,并对每只死亡兔作剖检观察,判定药物的抗球虫活性。结果表明,4种药物对预防兔球虫病均有效果,其中,球净的预防效果最好。     

地克珠利在雏鸡体内的药动学研究

目的应用高效液相色谱测定单次给药后雏鸡体内地克珠利的血药浓度,研究其药动学规律。方法44羽雏鸡按10mg／kg．BW经口单次灌服地克珠利预混剂,采用高效液相色谱系统的流动相为乙腈：0．1％三氟乙酸：水,流速1．0mL／min,分流比57：20：23,固定相为TC-C18柱,检测波长280nm,测定地克珠利血浆浓度,计算其药动学参数。结果在0．3125～20μg／mL范围内,地克珠利血药浓度呈线性关系,最低检测浓度为0．16μg／mL,回收率在79．75％以上,日内RSD小于5．68％。单剂量给药后地克珠利的主要药动学参数为：血药浓度峰值（Cmax）32．97μg／mL,达峰时间（Tpeak）1．64h,消除半衰期（T1／2β）24．29h,药时曲线下面积（AUC）349．47（mg／L）·h,血浆清除率（CL）0．03mg／kg·h。结论地克珠利在雏鸡体内代谢符合一级吸收的二室模型,药物吸收比较快和消除缓慢。     

重铬酸钾对雏鸡的毒性试验

为探讨鸡球虫疫苗保存液重铬酸钾对雏鸡的安全性,采用灌胃途径,分别进行急性毒性试验和低剂量毒性试验,观察攻毒雏鸡的临床症状、剖检病变和病理组织学变化,判断重铬酸钾对雏鸡的损害程度。结果表明,重铬酸钾对雏鸡的半数致死量（LD50）为0.501 g/kg体重,是临床推荐用量（约3.125 mg/kg体重）的160倍以上;0.464 g/kg体重以上的重铬酸钾对雏鸡的心脏、肝脏、肺脏、腺胃和肾脏均有不同程度的损伤;常规免疫用量的5、20倍时对雏鸡无害。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫氯嗪苯乙氰抗性株与氯羟吡啶抗性株的实验室诱导

在药物浓度递增的情况下，经过10次传代，诱导出对1．25mg/kg氯嗪苯乙氰产生抗花药性的E.tenella虫株，初始诱导浓度为0．07mg/kg；经过6次传代，诱导出对150mg/kg氯羟吡啶产生抗药性的E.tenella虫株，初始诱导浓度为75mg/kg，低浓度（0．125mg/kg)氯嗪苯乙氰即具有高效抗球虫作用，在诱导过程中，E.tenella一旦对浓度（0．07mg/kg,0.125mg/kg)氯嗪苯乙氰产生了较为稳定的抗药性，诱导过程便进行得很快，一步一个台阶，即于虫的抗药性突破某一阈值后容易对高一级浓度的药物产生抗药性。     

Dose-response effects of diclazuril against pathogenic species of ovine coccidia and the development of protective immunity

Twin lambs at pasture with their ewes, were divided into seven groups of 10 lambs. One group of 10 lambs served as a non-infected, untreated control. Five groups of 10 lambs were infected with 10,000 oocysts of Eimeria crandallis and 10,000 oocysts of Eimeria ovinoidalis when they were 3 weeks old (day 21 of the study). This produced a good level of infection with high oocysts production and diarrhoea in the lambs. Fourteen days after the primary, artificial challenge (day 35) four of these groups were treated with oral diclazuril at 0.25, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0mg/kg. Diclazuril treatment was highly effective, dramatically reducing symptoms of diarrhoea and reducing faecal oocyst output by 79.7%, 97.3%, 99.4% and 99.5% respectively in the treated groups within four days. Two weeks post-treatment, and 28 days after the primary coccidial challenge (day 49 of the study), five groups of lambs were re-challenged with 100,000 oocysts of E. crandallis and 100,000 oocysts of E. ovinoidalis (secondary challenge). A group of lambs which had received neither the primary coccidia infection, nor drug treatment (susceptible controls) were also given the secondary challenge. All lambs given the secondary challenge produced high numbers of coccidia and exhibited varying degrees of diarrhoeic faeces. The lambs, which had previously received the higher doses of diclazuril at 2.0 and 4.0mg/kg, developed clinical signs of coccidiosis. These lambs were completely susceptible despite having received the early primary immunising infection of coccidia on day 21. The effects of the secondary challenge were more severe in the groups dosed with the two highest levels of diclazuril than in the susceptible control lambs, which had presumably been exposed to continued low levels of pasture contamination and had acquired a limited degree of immunity from this exposure. It would appear that treatment at the higher dose levels not only eliminated most of the oocysts from the primary challenge but also adventitious infection derived from the grazing paddocks. In contrast, lambs which had received the two lower drug levels of diclazuril (0.25 and 1.0mg/kg) whilst producing large numbers of oocysts, had only transient diarrhoea following secondary challenge. It was concluded that when used as a metaphylactic treatment, diclazuril works rapidly and is effective within four days of administration. Overall, a single dose of diclazuril at either 0.25-1.0mg/kg appears to be highly effective in the control of coccidiosis in young lambs at pasture whilst allowing the development of protective immunity against subsequent heavy coccidia challenge.     

复方马杜霉素防治鸡球虫病的试验观察

用马杜霉素与氯苯胍配合制成复方制剂对人工诱发鸡球虫病进行了药效研究。结果表明复方制剂中剂量组（马杜２．５５ｍｇ／ｋｇ＋氯苯胍３３ｍｇ／ｋｇ）的抗球虫指数（ＡＣＩ）、卵囊值、病变值、血便计分、相对增重率（％）分别为１９５．５１，０，１，０，９６．５１。显著优于其他各试验组，是本试验中临床效果最好的抗球虫药     

Economic benefits of prophylaxis with diclazuril against subclinical coccidiosis in lambs reared indoors.

One hundred and twenty weaned male lambs, naturally infected with Eimeria species, were used to assess the economic benefits of the prophylactic administration of diclazuril. They were randomly divided into four groups of 30 lambs on the basis of their bodyweight and output of oocysts. The groups were either left untreated (group 1), treated orally with a simple dose of diclazuril at 1 mg/kg (group 2), with two doses two weeks apart (group 3), or with sulphadimethoxine at 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days (group 4). No clinical signs of coccidiosis were observed in any of the groups. The output of oocysts was significantly reduced on day 7 after treatment in group 2, on days 7, 14 and 28 in group 3 and on days 7 and 14 in group 4. No significant differences were found between the treated and untreated groups for bodyweight, carcase weight and carcase classification. The mean fattening period was shorter for the treated lambs (52 and 55 days) than for the untreated controls (60 days). The average growth rate of the lambs treated twice with diclazuril and with sulphadimethoxine was improved and the feed conversion rates of the lambs treated once or twice with diclazuril were 7 per cent and 16 per cent better than that of the untreated lambs.     

The effect of a metaphylactic treatment with diclazuril (Vecoxan) on the oocyst excretion and growth performance of calves exposed to a natural Eimeria infection

A multicenter field efficacy study was performed in six farms located in Belgium, France and Germany with a history of suspected coccidiosis outbreaks and the proven presence of Eimeria bovis and/or Eimeria zuernii. At each of these trial sites the calves were randomly allocated to two groups (T, treated; C, control) of similar size. In total, 231 calves were included in the study. Group T calves (n=116) were drenched with a single dose of diclazuril (Vecoxan, 1mg/kg body weight) close to the time of expected outbreak of coccidiosis (day 1 of the study period), group C calves (n=115) served as placebo-treated controls. Although E. bovis and/or E. zuernii were identified at all trial sites, clinical coccidiosis was only noted in 16% of the group C calves. At day 5 of the study period (4 days after treatment), faecal oocyst counts (opg, oocysts per gram) were substantially lower in group T ("short-term effect") compared to group C. At four trial sites, the respective values of groups T and C were significantly different (P=0.0132 to P=0.0001) in favour of group T. For the pooled data of all trial sites, this effect was highly significant (P<0.0001). The overall faecal oocyst counts from day 3 until day 21 of the study period ("Area Under the Curve") was significantly reduced in group T by 87.2-99.5% ("long-term effect") at five trial sites (P=0.0139 to P<0.0001). The pooled data revealed a highly significant effect of treatment on oocyst excretion over the observation period (P<0.0001). On five of the six trial sites, the average weight gain was higher in group T than in group C. On those trial sites, the average weight gain of group T calves exceeded that of the controls by 95-268g/day and by 2.0-6.0kg over the study period. This effect was statistically significant (P<0.01) at one trial site. Altogether the calves of group T gained on average 129g more weight daily than the controls (+2.7kg over the study period). For these pooled data, statistical analysis confirmed the positive effect of treatment of calves exposed to coccidiosis on growth performance (P=0.003). In conclusion, metaphylactic treatment with diclazuril efficiently controls coccidiosis in calves thus reducing environmental contamination with oocysts and preventing negative effects of natural exposure to coccidiosis on growth performance of calves.     

不同剂型氟苯尼考对实验性鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效

以人工诱发鸡大肠杆菌病为模型,研究了不同剂型氟苯尼考的疗效。15日龄AA鸡随机分组,除健康对照组外,各组动物均肌肉注射大肠杆菌(O78)肉汤培养物诱发大肠杆菌病。氟苯尼考预混剂(100 mg/kg拌料)、可溶性粉(100 mg/L饮水)和注射剂(20mg/kg肌注)分别于攻毒前24 h、攻毒同时及攻毒后4 h给药。主要以各组动物存活数为标准评价疗效。结果表明,氟苯尼考预混剂、可溶性粉和注射剂对鸡大肠杆菌病的有效率分别为70%、90%和93.3%,而感染对照组的死亡率为73.3%,试验各组之间鸡的增重差异不显著。试验结果提示氟苯尼考饮水剂和注射剂可有效控制重症大肠杆菌病,预混剂可作为预防用药或用于治疗早期轻度感染。     

Efficacy of toltrazuril in the prevention of coccidiosis in naturally infected lambs on pasture

The efficacy of toltrazuril (Bay Vi 9142) in preventing ovine coccidiosis due to an infection acquired immediately after turnout on pasture was evaluated by comparing the faecal consistency, weight gain, and oocyst output of treated and untreated lambs in 3 trials. The lambs were either given a single treatment with toltrazuril at 15 or 20 mg/kg, or they were given a dose of 10 mg/kg on 2 separate days. A single treatment with toltrazuril at 20 mg/kg on day 10 after turnout on pasture almost completely prevented coccidiosis in 2 trials. In a third trial the acute phase of a severe Nematodirus battus infection coincided with the outbreak of coccidiosis, and thus partly masked the clinical effect of the anticoccidial treatment. In lambs treated with toltrazuril at 15 mg/kg on day 10 after turnout, the coccidial infection caused a softening of the faeces, but the lambs were not severely affected by the coccidia. In lambs given a dose of 10 mg/kg of toltrazuril twice, either on days 10 and 11 after turnout, or on days 10 and 20, the coccidial infection caused a softening af the faeces, including some cases of diarrhoea. Oocyst production due to the initial coccidial infection on pasture was markedly reduced by all treatments with toltrazuril. The reduction was most pronounced after a dose of 20 mg/kg. Lambs treated with single doses of 15 or 20 mg/kg of toltrazuril had a better weight gain than the untreated controls in 2 of the trials. Lambs treated with toltrazuril on day 10 after turnout were partially resistant to the coccidial reinfection acquired immediately after treatment, and they had a similar level of immunity as the untreated controls to the subsequent reinfection on pasture.