喀斯特环境移民迁出区植物多样性研究

本文运用“空间代替时间”的方法,对移民迁出区的植物多样性进行了调查研究,结果表明：不同植物群落演替阶段草本层物种多样性指数相对较为稳定,而均匀度指数与丰富度指数相对变化较大;各样地灌木层物种多样性指数总体上有缓慢递增趋势;乔木样地乔木层的物种多样性指数基本无变化,但是物种丰富度呈现递增趋势,而均匀度先缓慢上升转而迅速下降;同一群落内物种多样性比较基本上是灌木层〉草本层;乔木林的分层多样性比较表现出灌木层〉乔木层〉草本层的规律。从整个群落总变化趋势看,随着恢复年限的增加和演替阶段的提高,整个群落的物种多样性指数呈明显的阶段跳跃性增长,出现多样性指数乔木林〉灌丛〉草丛的规律。实施环境移民工程10年来,植被群落各演替阶段的物种丰富度与多样性稳步增加,封育后植被恢复效果明显,生态环境得到了极大改善。     

太行山片麻岩区植被恢复过程中物种多样性与土壤水分效益分析

植被恢复是退化生态系统重建的重要途径，植被恢复过程中物种多样性的变化反映了植被的恢复程度，通过群落调查，研究了太行山片麻岩区植被恢复过程中群落物种多样性特征及其与土壤含水量之间的关系，结果表明：物种多样性指数天然灌木群落〉人工乔木群落。乔木和灌木群落各指数大小为封禁20年〉封禁10年〉封禁5年。6种群落其土壤含水量均偏低，随着封禁时间的加长，含水量略为增加，但天然灌木群落平均含水量稍大于人工群落。不同封禁时间群落土壤含水贯与均匀度指数成正相关，多样性指数与含水量先呈正相关，在封禁20年时，呈负相关。采取封禁措施，减少人为干扰、进行合理抚育措施，是太行山片麻岩区植被群落恢复的有效途径。     

子午岭地区近150年演替序列下植被群落组成与结构变化

[目的] 研究自然恢复条件下植物群落组成与垂直结构变化,为黄土高原的植被建设与高质量发展提供理论依据。 [方法] 以空间代时间的方法,调查分析子午岭地区从弃耕到顶级群落植被的物种组成、多样性特征;并构建反映群落垂直结构特征的指数,研究其变化趋势。 [结果] ①该地区共观察到植被种类42科98属115种,其中8个演替序列中有32科77属88种。 ②演替中群落总体的物种多样性和丰富度均呈显著增加趋势,演替初期两指数值分别为0.901与1.702,演替末期则为1.998与2.665,且在中期均表现出单峰突增态势,而均匀度变化不明显。 ③演替中,乔木各指标有增加趋势;乔木胸径初期为12.13 cm,末期增加至22.19 cm,冠幅由11.64 m²增加至41.54 m²,乔木生物量由54.07 t/hm²增加至175.13 t/hm²;而灌木各指标变化不显著,灌木生物量在演替中期呈现显著峰值,最高为9.56 t/hm²,但在随后的演替过程中呈迅速波动下降态势,演替末期生物量仅为1.82 t/hm²。由灌木群落演替至乔木群落时,枯落物层的厚度显著增加,而盖度在各演替阶段间无显著性差异。 ④演替初期的综合垂直结构指数较低且相近,为0.086～0.104,演替中期迅速增加至0.349,在演替接近末期时达到最大值0.477。林下植被垂直结构指数在演替中期最高(0.342),演替末期降低并趋于稳定(0.195～0.246)。 [结论] 随着自然演替,群落物种多样性和丰富度均得到显著提升,群落总体垂直结构向复杂化发展,林下垂直结构则在演替后期呈现退化。     

山西庞泉沟针叶林群落植物多样性研究

用数量分析的方法研究了关帝山庞泉沟主要森林群落华北落叶松林和云杉林及其交错区的植物多样性.结果表明,随海拔高度的变化,群落的植物多样性指数呈降低趋势;Pielou均匀度指数乔木层呈降低趋势,而灌木层和草本层的变化不太明显.群落交错区的植物多样性明显增加.不同的生长型其多样性的变化表现出不同的特征.群落的β多样性表现出比较复杂的变化趋势.随海拔高度的变化其基本可以分为3个区段,在每个区段表现出的不同特征显示了群落及其交错区物种多样性的变化特征.     

图里河白桦群落结构及其物种多样性研究

对大兴安岭中部图里河育林林场白桦群落的树种组成、胸径、树高、白桦种群的分布格局及其物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)图里河白桦群落的树种组成简单,群落Ⅰ有白桦和山杨两种乔木树种,群落Ⅱ为白桦纯林,群落Ⅲ有白桦、山杨、兴安落叶松和朝鲜柳四种乔木树种.群落Ⅱ的林分密度最大,为1 760株/hm2.群落Ⅲ的林分密度最小,为1 660株/hm2.(2)白桦群落的胸径和树高分布清晰她反映了群落的水平和垂直结构.胸径呈载尾正态分布、偏正态分布及双峰山状分布;树高呈负偏态分布和单峰山状分布.(3)白桦群落的种群分布格局均为聚集分布,聚集程度大小顺序为群落Ⅱ＞群落Ⅲ＞群落Ⅰ.(4)白桦群落物种数分布范围为15～18种.白桦群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数即Simpson指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H')均表现为群落Ⅲ＞群落Ⅰ＞群落Ⅱ,由群落的垂直结构可知,物种丰富度和多样性指数均为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,群落Ⅲ表现为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层.     

茂兰喀斯特植被恢复过程物种多样性变化研究

通过采用"空间代替时间"的方法,利用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和生态优势度指数等指标,对茂兰喀斯特地区植被恢复过程的物种多样性变化进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在演替的初期和中期,物种多样性逐渐增加,中期阶段达到最高,在演替后期,即乔林和顶极群落阶段又逐渐降低,并趋向相对稳定;(2)植被恢复过程中群落均匀度先增加,后降低,达顶极群落阶段又增加;(3)群落在各个演替阶段主要表现为建群层之间的相互替代,其它层次亦随着建群层的变化发生相应变化,总体替代规律表现为先锋种-次先锋种-过渡种-次顶极种-顶极种。随着演替进展,草本多样性逐渐降低,木本植物多样性先增加后降低,再增加并趋于稳定。     

六盘山森林土壤种子库与植被演替过程

以六盘山森林植被为研究对象,通过20多年的森林土壤种子库变化与植被演替过程的试验研究,分析了8种森林群落类型的不同生长年限、生长坡位、枯枝落叶层和土壤深度对土壤种子库形成过程的影响。结果表明:六盘山森林群落不同生长坡位,土壤种子库的储量坡中部>坡下部>坡上部;不同层次土壤种子库,枯枝落叶层远高于0-15 cm深土层,8种森林群落类型排序为华北落叶松林>油松林>华山松林>辽东栎林>山杨林>白桦林>灌丛>草地;土壤种子库储量高峰期,不同群落有显著差异,华山松林和油松林在林龄的30~40年,华北落叶松林在20年,辽东栎林、山杨林、白桦林在15~20年,灌丛和草地在10~20年,其森林群落生长年限与土壤种子库储量变化趋势呈拟合曲线,符合指数方程,相关性极为显著;土壤种子库物种组成丰富,草本和灌木植物远高于乔木树种,乔木树种仅有3~5种,但多数为外来入侵种,而在每一类型中出现频率最高的草地植物多为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎树种。因此,在六盘山林区植被自然更新与合理演替的驱动种和先锋种草地植物为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎,其次是华北落叶松、油松和华山松。     

黄土丘陵区人工与自然植物群落物种多样性研究--以安塞县为例

选取4个物种多样性指数对黄土丘陵区(安塞)主要的天然及人工群落物种多样性进行了研究,试图讨论植被恢复重建途径与物种多样性的关系。结果表明：处于植被自然恢复阶段的群落其物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数均在演替的第三阶段较高;人工灌木群落的多样性指数和丰富度指数都要大于人工草本群落,但是人工草本群落的均匀度指数要比人工灌木群落大;同样．天然植物群落比人工植物群落的均匀度指数小,但其物种丰富度、多样性指数均高于人为干预的人工植物群落。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡向及坡位草本群落生物量及多样性研究

以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域内的大范家沟阴阳坡和拐沟阴坡坡面主要草本群落为研究对象,分析不同坡向及坡位的草本群落盖度、地上生物量及物种多样性关系。结果表明,阴坡草本群落的物种20多种,较阳坡高30%。阴阳坡面上草本群落生物量和盖度从坡下至坡上逐渐减小。在水分和养分条件好的地段均有灌木入侵。阳坡Margalef和Menhinick丰富度指数均随坡位升高而降低;而阴坡Mafgalef指数随坡位升高而降低,Menhinick指数却随坡位升高而增大;3个均匀度指数和多样性指数在阴阳坡均随坡位的升高而减小。不同坡位引起的植被盖度、Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。坡位与Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈显著相关（P〈0.05）,与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈极显著相关（P〈0.01）。描述或评价群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度时,应多选几个指标参数,避免单一指标带来的片面性。掌握草本群落自身喜阴阳特性、生境特征、植被组成及多样性特征,充分认识植被演替条件和演替规律,对指导该区植被和生态系统恢复与重建具有重要意义。     

金沙江干热河谷人工赤桉林群落结构

 为干热河谷地区的生态林建设提供理论依据,从反映群落稳定性的群落结构、物种多样性以及生长量和生物量等常用指标分析,金沙江干热河谷地区人工赤桉(Eucalyptuscamaldulensis)林密度普遍偏高,结构比较简单,群落稳定性较差。3种密度的赤桉林群落,随着林分密度的增大,林下植被层的群落分异性越大,林分中主要分布优势种(乔木为赤桉,林下植物为扭黄茅),其他种群的数量极少,林下植被层的结构比较简单,随着林分密度的增大,物种的丰富度、ShannonWiener指数、物种均匀度和生态优势度等4个指标不断减小,群落物种多样性在不断降低,结构合理性越差;群落生长量和生物量的变化,基本随赤桉林的密度增加而减小,密度最小的林分F1的生物量是其他2种高密度林分生物量的2倍以上。各林分林木生长缓慢,即使密度最小的林分F1的年平均胸径和树高生长量,分别只有0.72cm和0.78m。为了增加干热河谷地区人工乔木林群落的稳定性,使其逐步实现正向演替,发挥其应有的生态防护功能,应该考虑降低乔木层群落密度。     

武夷山风景名胜区不同森林景观物种多样性特征研究

以武夷山风景名胜区植物群落调查样地资料为基础,运用物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数对构成该区森林景观的6类森林类型(马尾松林、杉木林、经济林、竹林、阔叶林和茶园)的物种多样性进行测定与分析。结果表明:6类森林景观不同生长型的物种丰富度存在差异,表现为灌木层物种丰富度较高,而乔木层与草本层物种丰富度较低,除个别森林类型外,各森林类型物种丰富度的垂直结构为灌木层>乔木层>草木层;不同森林景观类型的物种多样性亦存在较大差异,总体趋势为阔叶林>马尾松林>杉木林>竹林>茶园>经济林,符合物种多样性的一般性规律,即天然林景观>半人工林景观>人工林景观;基质景观天然马尾松林不同演替阶段的物种多样性随演替进展而逐渐增加。不同研究区物种多样性比较结果表明,武夷山风景名胜区具有较高的物种多样性。     

福建三明不同更新方式的米槠林群落结构特征

 为了解采伐迹地米槠林群落的演替恢复过程,通过野外标准地群落调查和重要值计算,分析了福建三明不同更新方式的米槠林群落结构特征。主要结果如下:1)3个标准地共调查到乔木有天然更新13科16属20种;人促更新5科6属6种;人工造林1科1属1种。2)不同更新方式的米槠林落群中米槠种群径级分布呈天然更新:低径级的个体占的比重较大,随径级增大,立木株减少;人促更新:低径级个体占的比重极小,而中、高径级个体占的比重极大;人工造林:呈正态分布。3)不同更新方式的米槠林群落中米槠种群的垂直结构呈天然更新:自上而下的递增趋势;人促更新趋于正态分布;人工造林服从正态分布。3种更新方式的米槠林群落中的物种丰富度为天然更新>人促更新>人工造林。     

华北土石山区天然次生林枯立木数量特征与分布格局

枯立木广泛存在于森林生态系统中,对森林的发展与演替有着十分重要的影响。以河北省木兰围场国有林场北沟林场天然次生林(面积为4hm2)植被群落调查为基础,分析研究了华北土石山区天然次生林枯立木树种组成、径级结构、生物量和分布格局。研究结果显示,研究区天然次生林枯立木分属8个乔木种群,密度为79.25株/hm2,占全部乔木的10.13%;枯立木生物量为18.46t/hm2,占全部乔木生物量的6.88%;山杨枯立木数量和生物量分别占全部枯立木的83.60%和90.58%,是样地中枯立木数量和生物量最大的树种;枯立木胸径(DBH)分配以DBH<22cm为主;林分内所有枯立木的平均角尺度值为0.543,呈随机分布。     

Effects of grassland abandonment, restoration and management on butterflies and vascular plants

When semi-natural pastures are abandoned, specialized grassland species are lost as a consequence of succession. As a counter-measure, previously abandoned grasslands may be restored by clearing shrubs and trees and re-introducing grazing livestock. In order to examine the effects of this type of habitat restoration, we compared species richness of plants and of specialized plants thought to be dependent on continuous management and species richness and abundance of butterflies and red-listed butterflies in 12 sets of matched continuously managed, abandoned and restored grassland in southern Sweden. We found no differences in species richness or abundance between the three grassland types. There were, however, some negative effects of abandonment. The number of management-dependent plants decreased with increasing cover of trees and shrubs, and in restored sites species richness of all groups decreased with increasing cover of trees and shrubs before restoration. Also the present management significantly affected both butterflies and plants. Species richness of both groups increased with increasing vegetation height and differed between sites depending on the species of grazers, with negative effects of sheep compared to cattle or horses. Our study indicates that for grassland management to be efficient, the restoration actions should mainly be directed towards sites where the post-abandonment succession has not proceeded too far.     

Little effect of forest age on oribatid mites on the bark of trees

This study investigates the effect of forest age (20-, 50-, 160-year-old, and primeval forest) on oribatid mite communities on the bark of oak trees in the National Park Pusza Białowieża in eastern Poland. We hypothesized that oribatid mite diversity on bark peaks at forests of intermediate age and that the number of parthenogenetic species of oribatid mites is highest in young stands. In contrast to these hypotheses, the diversity, density, number of juveniles, community structure and the mode of reproduction of oribatid mite species were not significantly affected by forest age. None of the oribatid mite species occurred exclusively on trees of a specific age. The results suggest that oribatid mite communities on the bark of trees are minimally affected by tree harvesting regimes. In contrast to oribatid mites in soil, communities on bark appear to be less sensitive to disturbances.     

Actinomycetal complexes in drained peat soils of the taiga zone upon pyrogenic succession

The number and diversity of actinomycetes in peat soils vary in dependence on the stage of pyrogenic succession. In the cultivated peat soil, the number of actinomycetes after fires decreases by three-four times, mainly at the expense of acidophilic and neutrophilic groups. An increase in the number of mycelial prokaryotes (at the expense of alkaliphilic forms) is seen on the fifth year of functioning of the pyrogenic peat soil. The species diversity of streptomycetes in peat soils also decreases after fires. An increase in the range of streptomycetal species at the expense of neutrophilic and alkaliphilic forms takes place on the fifth year of the pyrogenic succession. Parameters of the actinomycetal complex—the population density, species composition, and ecological features—are the criteria whose changes allow us to judge the state of peat soils in the course of their pyrogenic succession.     

演替梯度下土壤优先流特征及影响因素

为揭示植被恢复过程中土壤优先流特征及变化规律,以胡家山小流域内植被恢复过程中5个典型阶段(荒地、草地、灌木、针叶林、乔-灌混合林)为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,通过室内分析和染色示踪试验,分析了演替梯度下土壤优先流特征参数的变化规律,探讨了土壤基本理化性质和根长密度对土壤优先流和土壤水分运移的影响。结果表明:(1)随演替的进行,土壤中优先流数量和运移路径均呈增大趋势;5种演替梯度下针叶林土壤染色面积比最大,其次是乔-灌混合林、灌木、草地,荒地的土壤染色面积比最小;(2)土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、土壤有机质含量与土壤染色面积比之间的相关性较强,砂粒含量、黏粒含量对土壤中优先流染色面积影响不显著;(3)不同径级根系对土壤优先流路径影响不同,5种演替梯度下,D≤0.5 mm的根长密度与土壤染色面积比之间相关性最显著,其次是0.55 mm的根长密度与土壤染色面积比之间相关性最不显著。说明土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、D≤2 mm的根系主要影响土壤优先流的产生与发展。     

不同干扰方式对东北山地沼泽土壤肥力的影响

 通过样地法对小浪底水库库区山地生态系统不同群落间的Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(D1)、Margalef物种丰富度(D2)、种间相遇概率(P)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)等多样性指数进行研究,利用统计方法分析不同群落的物种多样性指数与其所处环境的关系。结果表明:1)物种多样性指数和丰富度指数与群落类型有密切关系,同一类型的群落中,多样性指数随演替时间表现出复杂的关系;2)土壤含水量对H′、P、Jsw、D1等呈极显著的正相关性,土壤厚度与H′、D1、P呈显著正相关性;多样性指数与坡度无相关性;土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷等养分指标与多样性指数H′、D1有显著的正相关;3)多样性指数H′与乔木、灌木群落生物量表现为正相关关系,草本群落与D1相关性不显著;4)乔木林群落的恢复时间与Jsw、H′呈正相关关系,其余多样性指数(P、D1、D2)与恢复时间关系不显著(P>0.05);恢复时间每增加10a,群落物种数平均增加约6种;5)物种多样性指数H′与灌木的盖度和高度呈极显著正相关性;有些单优群落随高度增加和盖度提高,多样性指数反而表现出降低;6)草本植物群落的高度和盖度与物种丰富度指数D2与呈显著的负相关关系,与H′相关性不显著。     

Local and landscape factors determine functional bird diversity in Indonesian cacao agroforestry

Large-scale intensification of smallholder cacao management is currently affecting the agroforestry landscapes of Sulawesi (Indonesia), the world’s third largest cacao producer. Little is known about how this shift from diverse plantations to full-sun cacao will affect functionally important biodiversity within the agroecosystem, and how this is related to landscape-wide patterns in land-use and natural ecosystems. We recorded birds in 43 cacao plots differing in woody and herbaceous vegetation as well as distance to forest in two valleys around the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi. Species richness of frugivores and nectarivores decreased with increasing distance to forest, whereas granivorous birds increased in richness. Forest specialists, but not habitat generalists, responded positively to forest edge proximity. Species richness of all functional groups except seed eaters increased at higher density of tall shade trees. Greater species richness of shade trees was associated with higher species richness of frugivores and nectarivores, while herbaceous vegetation did not have a strong impact on the avifauna. The positive effect of shade trees was independent of distance to forest. In conclusion, our study shows the relative importance of local and landscape effects on bird diversity with shade trees being critical for bird conservation in cacao agroforestry landscapes.     

Collembolan community dynamics during deciduous forests regeneration in Japan

The structure and feeding group composition of collembolan communities were studied in secondary deciduous forests of different ages to investigate the collembolan community response to environmental changes associated with forest cycles. The study was carried out at eight sites forming a chronosequence (1, 4, 12, 24, 51, 54, 71 and 128 years after clear cutting) of deciduous forest stands in northern Ibaraki (Japan). Total collembolan density and species richness was low at the 1-year-old site, and there was little difference in density among sites over 4 years of age. The density of sucking feeders was especially low at the 1-year-old site. Species richness of trees of a diameter at breast height (DBH)<5 cm positively correlated with the density of fungal feeders. Species richness of total Collembolans and of sucking feeders correlated positively with the water content of the organic layer. Ordination of the collembolan community with Canonical Correspondence Analysis suggested that species richness of larger trees (DBH 5 cm) contributed to the differences in species composition of fungal feeders and sucking feeders. We conclude that total abundance and species richness of collembolans recovered within 4 years after clear-cutting, but species composition of fungal feeders and sucking feeders took longer to recover.