长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响

通过8年淹水条件下一季中稻的田间定位试验,研究了长期稻草还田以及稻草与不同化肥配合施用对紫色水稻土生产力和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻草与N、P、K化肥配合施用能维持或提高紫色水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质和全氮含量提高,土壤磷的有效性增加,速效钾与试验前基本平衡。纯化肥处理尤其是N、NP、NK处理水稻产量、土壤氮和钾含量逐年降低,不能维持系统生产力和土壤肥力。稻草还田对翌年水稻具有显著的增产作用,8年平均稻草还田处理比对照增产39.5%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年升高。稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功效,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。     

稻草还田对水稻的增产效应及对土壤肥力的影响

５年不同肥料培肥定位试验表明：稻草和猪粪及化肥合理配施，对水稻具有一定增产作用，比稻草配合施化肥增产４．７４％；比单施化肥增产１０．１５％；比不施肥增产５６．７５％；其差异显著性达到极显著水平。改善土壤环境，提高土壤肥力，利于作物生长，增产效益为佳。     

水肥条件与稻草还田对土壤供氮及水稻产量的影响

通过2年田间裂区试验,研究了不同灌溉和施肥条件下,稻草还田对土壤供氮特征及产量的影响。结果表明：（1）上年晚稻稻草还田提高了来年早稻期间土壤NH4^＋-N浓度;配施氮肥后,新鲜早稻稻草还田也增加了晚稻期间土壤NH4＋-N浓度,但在不施氮肥情况下,淹水灌溉稻草还田处理的土壤NH4^＋-N浓度要低于移走稻草处理,间歇灌溉下稻草还田处理的土壤NH4^＋-N浓度仍高于移走稻草处理。（2）稻草还田能促进水稻中后期植株对氮素的吸收及生物量的累积。（3）稻草还田能增加水稻产量,早稻增产幅度为6.85%,晚稻为8.17%;施用氮肥后稻草的增产效应要显著高于不施氮肥,早、晚稻增产分别为9.18%和5.83%。稻草还田主要通过影响有效穗数来影响产量。水稻生长季节、灌溉模式和施肥条件对稻草还田的增产效应存在交互作用,早稻的最佳处理组合为“连续淹灌＋稻草还田＋配施氮肥”,晚稻的最佳处理组合为“间歇灌溉＋稻草还田＋配施氮肥”。     

不同秸秆还田方式下黑土玉米田肥料氮素去向

探究不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮在连续两季作物系统中的去向，为黑土地保护下的氮肥管理提供重要依据。于2020—2021年在吉林梨树开展大田微区试验，设置无秸秆还田 (CK)、深翻还田 (DTS)、免耕覆盖还田 (NTS) 3种秸秆还田方式，每种方式下设置2个施氮水平：180 kg?hm-2(N1)和270 kg?hm-2(N2)。结果表明：当季和第二季玉米成熟期植株氮分别有38.0%~46.8%和12.9%~18.6%来源于15N标记氮肥。肥料氮当季平均利用、残留和损失率分别为32.4%~43.9%、32.8%~51.4%和13.2%~32.7%，秸秆覆盖配施适量氮肥 （180 kg?hm-2）处理下肥料氮当季利用率显著提高29.5%，而秸秆深翻还田则使肥料氮在土壤中的残留率显著增加18.2%。当季施用肥料氮仍有8.5%~14.9%被第二季玉米吸收利用，两季累积利用率达40.9%~58.8%，在高氮（270 kg?hm-2）下秸秆深翻还田显著提高肥料氮的第二季利用率及累积利用效率。综上，秸秆覆盖还田配施适量氮肥有利于提高肥料利用效率，而秸秆深翻还田更有利于高施氮量下土壤对肥料氮的保持，增加其被下季作物利用的机会，两者均能显著减少氮的损失。     

稻草还田与施氮水平对土壤氮素供应和水稻产量的影响

比较研究了3年定位试验后稻草还田和施N水平对红壤双季稻作系统土壤供N能力、水稻吸N特征和水稻生产的影响。结果表明:头年晚稻草秋季还田对来年早稻土壤NH4+-N和作物吸N量的提高具有促进作用,而早稻新鲜稻草还田使晚稻土壤NH4+-N和作物吸N量均略低于移走稻草处理。稻草还田处理3年后,土壤可矿化N与移走稻草处理相比提高了35.4%~53.9%,且水稻各生育期干物质生产量均高于移走稻草处理,稻谷增产率达4.0%~4.7%。施用N肥可以显著增加土壤NH4+-N和可矿化N含量,且随着N肥用量的增加,水稻植株的累积吸N量和系统生产力(地上干物质量和产量)均显著的增加,建议N(全年施N量185 kg hm-2)和习惯N(全年施N量265 kg hm-2)处理相对于无N处理的增产率分别为35.2%和45.3%,而N肥的吸收利用效率分别为27%和25%,农学产量效益分别为每公斤纯N增产谷粒12.7 kg和11.4 kg。     

稻草全量还田下氮肥运筹对双季晚稻产量及其氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】稻草还田和合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以改良土壤和培肥地力,提高农作物产量和品质,还可以减少因过量施用氮肥带来的环境污染。随着水稻机械化收割的快速发展,稻草全量原位还田面积迅速扩大。因此,研究稻草全量还田后合理施用氮肥十分必要。本文通过早稻机收稻草切碎全量还田后晚稻氮肥运筹试验,探索该条件下晚稻氮肥的合理施用技术。【方法】以超级晚稻品种淦鑫688为试验材料,设计4个施氮（N）水平（0、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm2）基蘖穗肥比例为5∶2∶3,并在180 kg/hm2水平下增设稻草不还田对照处理和稻草全量还田下基蘖穗肥不同施氮比例处理（5∶0∶5、 5∶1∶4、 5∶2∶3、 5∶3∶2、 5∶4∶1、 5∶5∶0）。旨在分析不同处理间水稻产量、 产量构成和氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】稻草全量还田下,施氮量在180 kg/hm2以下时产量随施氮量的增加而增加,之后则下降,处理间差异极显著。随施氮量的增加,有效穗数显著增加,而结实率则显著下降,施氮处理每穗粒数和千粒重显著高于不施氮处理。在相同施氮水平下,因为有效穗数、 结实率和千粒重显著提高,所以稻草全量还田产量极显著高于不还田处理,增幅8.83%。稻草全量还田同一施氮水平下,施氮比例为 5∶2∶3 处理产量极显著高于其他处理,其每穗粒数和千粒重均为最高,有效穗数随分蘖肥比例的增加而减少,处理间结实率差异不显著。稻草全量还田后,随着施氮量增加,其氮素总积累量、 氮肥表观利用率、 氮素的吸收率和百公斤籽粒的需氮量也显著提高,且与施氮量呈极显著正相关。但氮素收获指数和氮肥生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低。同一施氮水平下,全量还田处理水稻氮肥农学利用率和生理利用率均显著高于不还田处理。相关分析表明, 氮素总积累量与产量呈二次抛物线极显著正相关,氮肥表观利用率、 氮素吸收率与产量呈极显著正相关。稻草全量还田相同施氮水平下,随着穗肥施氮比例降低,其氮素总积累量、 中期的积累量和比率下降,其氮肥的表观利用率、 收获指数和氮素的吸收率也随之降低,但前期的氮素积累量和比率则升高。氮素的农学利用率和生理利用率均表现为随着穗肥比例的减少呈先增加后降低趋势,均以施氮比例为5∶2∶3处理处理最高,不施穗肥处理最低。各施氮比例处理中,穗肥的施氮量与氮素的总积累量、 中期积累量、 氮肥的表观利用率、 收获指数和氮素吸收率呈极显著正相关,氮肥的农学利用率和生理利用率与产量显著正相关。【结论】稻草全量还田后配施适量的氮肥可以提高晚稻产量,本试验以配施N 180 kg/hm2产量最高;在施纯N 240 kg/hm2以内,施氮越多,氮素积累量越多,相应的氮肥表观利用率、 氮素的吸收率和百公斤籽粒的需氮量也越大。总施氮量相同条件下,以基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥为 5∶2∶3 的施氮比例水稻产量, 氮肥农学、 生理利用率均为最高,此结果可作为双季稻区稻草全量还田后的推荐施氮比例。     

稻草和紫云英联合还田下施氮水平对水稻产量及土壤氮素形态的影响

  【目的】  紫云英和稻草联合还田时其有机成分的分解和释放具有互补性。研究紫云英和稻草联合还田条件下水稻的适宜施氮水平,为稻田绿肥和稻草联合还田后优化养分管理提供依据。  【方法】  两年定位试验位于江汉平原稻区,在稻草全量还田基础上,设置冬季种植并翻压紫云英和冬闲两种模式。水稻季氮肥处理设不施氮 (N0) 和常规施氮量 (N 165 kg/hm2) 的50% (N50)、100% (N100) 和150% (N150) 共4个水平,以不施氮、冬闲和稻草不还田作为空白对照,共9个处理。测定水稻籽粒产量、氮含量及累积量,分析耕层土壤无机氮及有机氮组分。  【结果】  在稻草和紫云英联合还田条件下,减少常规氮肥量的50% (SMN50) 获得的稻谷产量较稻草单独还田的SN50处理高21%～23%,与联合还田或稻草单独还田下的SMN100、SMN150、SN100、SN150处理之间没有显著差异。稻草和紫云英联合还田的SMN0、SMN50、SMN100处理的稻谷氮累积量均显著高于对应的稻草单独还田处理 (SN0、SN50、SN100),增幅分别为65%、27%和22%。水稻收获后各处理间土壤全氮、非酸解性氮含量差异不显著,酸解性氮含量有差异,在N150处理下,稻草单独还田处理 (SN150) 的土壤酸解性氮含量显著高于稻草和紫云英联合还田处理 (SMN150);在酸解性氮组分中,SN150处理的未知酸解态氮成分的含量显著高于稻草单独还田的其他处理及所有稻草和紫云英联合还田处理。  【结论】  减少常规施氮量的50%情况下,与稻草单独还田处理相比,稻草和紫云英联合还田可显著增加稻谷氮素累积量、提高水稻产量,而保持常规施氮量和提高施氮量不能增加水稻的氮素吸收和产量;紫云英与稻草联合还田可以改善土壤氮素的有效性,显著降低高施氮量下稻草单独还田带来的酸解性氮组分中未知态氮的残留量。     

玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦土壤氮素表观盈亏及产量的影响

【目的】以秸秆还田定位试验为平台,探讨玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素表观盈余和氮肥利用率的影响规律,明确砂姜黑土玉米秸秆全量还田条件下冬小麦生长季的最佳施氮量。【方法】试验以秸秆处理为主区,设秸秆还田和秸秆移除2个水平;施氮量为副区,设6个水平,分别为0、162.0、202.5、243.0、283.5、324.0 kg/hm2。测定了冬小麦播种前、拔节期、成熟期地上部植株含氮量,土壤0—20、20—40和40—60 cm硝态氮含量,小麦产量以及籽粒氮含量,计算了冬小麦生育期土壤的氮素表观盈余,小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率以及不同阶段的氮素盈余。【结果】玉米秸秆还田后小麦增产365 844 kg/hm2,增产率为4.2%9.3%,尤其以配施243.0 kg/hm2的增幅最高,产量达9858 kg/hm2。小麦整个生育期,秸秆还田显著增加了0—60 cm土层的土壤硝态氮累积量,而秸秆移除条件下,土壤硝态氮累积量与氮肥施用量相关,高量氮肥增加了硝态氮累积量,N施用量高于243.0 kg/hm2时,硝态氮累积量较小麦播种前增加19.8%28.6%。施氮均显著增加了植株氮素积累量;小麦播种到拔节期,植株的氮素积累量随基肥比例的增加而增加。小麦生育期不施氮处理表现为氮素亏缺,施氮处理显著增加了0—60 cm土层的土壤氮素盈余量,且随基肥、追肥量的增加而增加,盈余值每增加100.0kg/hm2,秸秆还田配施氮肥和单施氮肥的土壤剖面硝态氮积累量就会分别增加74.2和91.4 kg/hm2。秸秆还田配施氮肥提高了氮肥农学效率、植株地上部氮肥吸收利用率、籽粒氮肥吸收利用率,特别是在高氮肥时,基肥和拔节肥的利用率显著高于单施氮肥。在施氮处理间、相同氮肥施用下秸秆还田和移除处理间氮素收获指数均无显著差异。氮肥表观回收率随施氮量的增加而降低,基肥表观回收率显著高于拔节肥表观回收率。【结论】秸秆还田和施氮水平对小麦植株氮素的吸收转运没有显著影响,但可提高基施和追施氮肥的利用率,可增加土壤0—60 cm土层中硝态氮的含量。综合各项指标,冬小麦生长季玉米秸秆全量还田适宜的氮肥配施量为202.5 243.0 kg/hm2。     

等养分条件下稻草还田替代双季早稻氮钾肥比例的研究

【目的】研究等量氮磷钾养分投入条件下,长期稻草原位全量还田配施化肥对双季早稻氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 养分吸收累积、转运及养分利用的影响,为南方稻区稻草资源有效利用,维持并提高土壤肥力及水稻合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点长期定位试验为研究对象,陆两优 996 为供试材料,在不施化肥和施用化肥基础上设稻草还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田共 6 个处理,除空白对照外,所有处理养分投入量相等。于 2015 年在早稻移栽期、分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗期和成熟期取地上部植株样,分析水稻植株不同部位的 N、P、K 含量和累积量以及转运比例,并计算 N、P、K 养分利用效率。【结果】稻草还田提高了水稻产量,施肥条件下稻草还田处理比稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理平均增产 2.9%～ 6.4%,比不施肥区产量增幅高达 23.8%～ 26.0%,且差异达显著水平。无论是施肥区处理,还是无肥区处理,与稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理相比,稻草还田植株中 K 含量及 N、P、K 积累量在整个生育期均较高,而 N、P 含量在生育后期较高,N、P、K 积累量以施肥区处理大于相应的无肥区处理;稻草还田提高水稻 N、P、K 养分农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力,且 N、K 差异达显著水平,同时显著增加 K 的收获指数;稻草还田还提高了抽穗至成熟期茎鞘中 N、P、K 的转运量、转运率及转移养分对籽粒的贡献率,而叶片各处理间差异不显著。【结论】稻草还田配施化肥能提高水稻产量,同时还可以调节 N、P、K 养分的积累和转运,提高养分的吸收利用效率。本试验条件下,稻草还田可替代化肥氮肥 (N) 29.5%、磷肥 (P₂O₅) 4.0% 和钾肥 (K₂O) 50.0%。综合考虑,稻草还田相比稻草烧灰还田而言是南方稻区土壤养分管理实现高效利用的有效途径之一。     

连续施氮对玉米产量稳定性及其增产潜力的调控

通过7年的定位试验(2007~2013年),研究不同施氮水平对辽北地区玉米产量稳定性、可持续性及其增产潜力的影响。试验氮肥用量从低到高共设N0(不施氮)、N_1(138 kg hm~(-2))、N_2(241.5 kg hm~(-2))、N_3(345 kg hm~(-2))4个水平。结果表明,施氮可以显著增加玉米产量,在一定范围内产量和产量稳定性随施氮量的增加而增加,其中N2处理的产量(平均产量9598.1kg hm~(-2))和增产率(70.7%)最高,年际间变异系数最小,相应的稳定性最高;N_3处理虽然施氮量比N_2处理增加43%,然而产量和产量的稳定性并没有显著提高。根据7年的平均产量研究结果得出肥料-产量效应函数,曲线符合报酬递减率,可知玉米增产潜力为1279.3 kg hm~(-2),由此说明辽北地区的玉米单产还有很大的增产空间。     

Potato yield response to foliar application of phosphorus as affected by soil moisture and available soil phosphorus

Abstract

Foliar application of phosphorus (P) may be a supplementary treatment to sustain adequate P-status of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, the prediction of the potential benefits of foliar P supply is difficult, since several factors, such as weather conditions and plant P-status influence the effects. We determined the impact of soil moisture and soil P-supply on the responsiveness to foliar P-application under controlled environmental conditions. Plant dry matter yields, P-accumulation and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) with or without foliar application were determined at five soil P-levels in combination with two soil moisture levels. The results suggest that water status is of importance for the responsiveness to foliar P-application and may be related to diffusion of P through the leaf cells, which require a good water status. The PUE was significantly improved with irrigation while adding P to the soil decreased the PUE.     

滨海盐渍化土壤理化性质与小麦生产间的关系

为促进滨海区域粮食生产,以盐渍化麦田为研究对象,在测定土壤(0~20 cm)基本性质及小麦产量、生物量基础上,分析土壤肥力特征与小麦生产能力间的关系。结果表明,土壤含盐量与小麦产量、地上部生物量(生物量)呈极显著负相关(p0.01),其关系符合三次函数方程。若以4 500 kg hm-2作为最低目标产量,土壤含盐量应在3.1 g kg-1以下。土壤有机质含量与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关(p0.05),与小麦产量、生物量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。土壤有机质含量增加能够降低盐渍化程度,促进小麦生产。将直接相连的下层(10~20 cm)与上(表)层(0~10 cm)土壤含盐量比值作为抑盐效率(E),来评价有机质的抑盐作用,表层土壤有机质含量与E符合二次函数方程,有机质含量超过19.1 g kg-1时,抑盐效果显著,可以作为土壤肥力培育目标值。此外,提高土壤速效钾含量对小麦生产也具有显著促进作用。研究结果对研究区域及相似地区进行土壤肥力培育和粮食生产具有重要意义。     

土壤改良剂节水增产效应的田间试验研究

采用田间试验,探讨了施用土壤改良剂对冬小麦的产量及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明,施加土壤改良剂能降低作物生育期耗水量,提高冬小麦的产量,增加水肥利用效率.在不灌水条件下,施加土壤改良剂1 500 kg/hm~2,能够使冬小麦较对照增产15%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高了21.65%,磷肥利用效率(PUE)较单施磷肥增加2.92%.在灌水33.3 mm的条件下,施加土壤改良剂较对照可增产28.57%,将土壤改良剂与磷肥混施增产可达到42.86%.而且,PUE较单施磷肥增加了11.11%,WUE达到25.06kg/(hm~2·mm).     

Soil fauna and soil function in the fabric of the food web

Over the last four decades, spanning David Coleman's career, and in no small measure thanks to him, soil ecologists have made tremendous progress in describing and understanding the overwhelming complexity of biological, biophysical and biochemical interactions in soil. These interactions shape the soil as a habitat for the soil food web and the vegetation and, thereby, regulate the two main life-supporting processes on Planet Earth: production and decomposition. Changes in decomposition and production processes are governed by (human-induced) changes in vegetation composition/cover, the amounts and quality of organic residues and (in)organic fertilizers entering the soil. Such modifications alter the physical environment and the soil biota. Hence, decomposition and production processes cannot be understood and/or manipulated without explicitly addressing the composition and activity of the soil food web. Using a conceptual model, we argue that quantitative understanding of biophysical interactions, in particular those between soil fauna and soil structure, are paramount to understanding biological and biochemical processes in soil and the availability of water and nutrients to plants. The need to increase the efficiency of crop production worldwide, to reverse soil degradation and to increase soil resilience will set the agenda for soil ecologists in the near future.     

Recovery of phosphorus fertilizer in potato as affected by application strategy and soil type

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are usually supplied prior to or at planting of potato even though most P is taken up 40 to 80 d after emergence. This may lead to inefficient P use as a result of P leaching or fixation in the soil. This study evaluates the effects of split P application at multiple times during the growth period according to the plant's need for P. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ditta) was grown in pots in climate chambers, and radioactive ³²P isotope was used to distinguish between the fertilizer and soil‐derived P sources. Two soils were tested in combination with five application rates of P, and the plants were harvested at four dates. The results show that the recovery of P fertilizer can be significantly enhanced if the P supply is split. The result also showed that the proportion of soil‐derived P, accumulated in the plant, was significantly reduced both when more fertilizer P was applied to the soil and when P supply was split into several applications. The positive effects of multiple P applications on the P recovery were greatest in the soil with low P status and low buffer capacity.     

Numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in a soil column with an artificial capillary barrier growing leaf vegetables

An artificial capillary barrier (CB ), which consists of two layers of gravel and coarse sand, was used to improve the soil water retention capacity of the root zone of sandy soil for the cultivation of Japanese spinach (Brassica rapa var. perviridis ). The performance of a CB under specific conditions can be evaluated using numerical simulations. However, there have been relatively few numerical studies analyzing soil water dynamics in CB systems during crop growth. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the performance of a CB during the cultivation of Japanese spinach irrigated at different rates and (ii) to investigate the effect of the irrigation schedule on root water uptake. Numerical analysis was performed using HYDRUS ‐1D after the soil hydraulic properties of the CB materials were determined. In most cases, the HYDRUS ‐1D results agreed well with the experimental soil water content data without any calibration when the dual‐porosity model describing soil hydraulic properties was used for gravel and coarse sand. We found that the dual‐porosity model was able to attenuate the unrealistically steep reduction in the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity predicted by the single‐porosity model. The numerical simulations also showed that the CB played an important role in maintaining plant‐available water in the root zone while maximizing the water use efficiency. The numerical simulations revealed that the irrigation frequency could be reduced by half during the early growth stage, and the water use efficiency could be greatly improved with the CB layer installed.     

黄土旱塬黑垆土长期肥料试验土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征

依托甘肃平凉定位试验(1979年—),分析长期不同施肥下土壤磷素和磷肥效率的演变特征,为黄土旱塬雨养农田合理施用磷肥提供参考。试验包括6个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配合(NP)、秸秆还田加氮和隔年施磷(SNP)、单施农家肥(M)和农家肥加氮磷(MNP),种植制度为4年冬小麦-2年春玉米的一年1熟轮作制。结果表明,试验进行38年后,长期无磷投入(CK、N)处理耕层土壤全磷和Olsen-P含量及磷活化系数比试验开始时下降,而施磷处理(NP、SNP、M和MNP)土壤全磷分别增加22.8%、14.0%、38.6%和56.1%,Olsen-P相应提高99.1%、48.4%、206.4%和375.6%,磷活化系数分别是开始时的1.7倍、1.3倍、2.2倍和3.1倍。随试验年限延长,CK处理耕层土壤全磷基本不变;N和SNP耕层土壤全磷呈下降趋势,每年下降速率为1.9 mg·kg~(-1)和2.6 mg·kg~(-1);NP、M和MNP处理呈增加趋势,每年增加速率分别为1.2 mg·kg~(-1)、1.9 mg·kg~(-1)和2.8 mg·kg~(-1)。CK和N处理Olsen-P呈下降趋势,年下降速率分别为0.03 mg·kg~(-1)和0.09 mg·kg~(-1);NP、SNP、M和MNP处理土壤Olsen-P呈增加趋势,年增量分别为0.29 mg·kg~(-1)、0.24 mg·kg~(-1)、0.46 mg·kg~(-1)和0.89 mg·kg~(-1)。作物产量与耕层土壤Olsen-P含量呈极显著正相关(小麦R~2=0.116 9,n=132;玉米R~2=0.332 4,n=54)。施磷处理(NP、SNP、M和MNP)玉米的磷肥回收率、利用率和农学效率大于小麦,而生理效率小麦大于玉米;各处理磷肥效率4个指标的大小顺序均为SNPNPMNPM,玉米磷肥效率的4个指标都随试验年限延长而提高。M较MNP处理P投入减少了14.2%,小麦、玉米磷素效率降低14.3%~69.5%、0.8%~75.5%。总之,有机无机结合是黄土旱塬区培肥地力、提高作物产量和资源利用效率的施肥措施。     

地表覆盖对温室黄瓜品质、水分利用效率及土壤环境的影响(英)

在日光温室条件下研究了不同地表覆盖对黄瓜品质、水分利用效率及土壤环境的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖不仅能明显增加黄可溶性糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白、干物质含量及游离氨基酸总量,而且能提高黄瓜的水分利用效率,其中覆盖秸秆＋地膜效果优于覆盖秸秆与覆盖地膜;同一处理下嫁接黄瓜处理优于非嫁接黄瓜.覆盖秸秆具有降低最高地温和提高最低地温的作用,使土壤温度保持相对稳定;覆盖地膜对最高地温的增幅最大,对最低地温的增幅最小,结果导致地温变幅最大;覆盖秸秆＋地膜既增温又保温.土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,与5～10 cm地温日变化趋势一致,峰值出现在14:30左右,土壤呼吸速率与5～10 cm地温达极显著相关;地表覆盖的土壤呼吸速率均显著高于对照,并以覆盖秸秆＋地膜的土壤呼吸速率最高,覆盖地膜与覆盖秸秆次之.覆盖秸秆与覆盖秸秆＋地膜处理使0～20 cm土层的土壤容重极显著小于覆盖地膜与对照,覆盖地膜的土壤容重略小于对照,随着土层的加深,各处理间土壤容重差异渐小.在覆盖秸秆与覆盖秸秆＋地膜处理小区,耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机质含量、全氮、全磷含量、速效氮磷钾含量显著高于对照和覆盖地膜处理,并以覆盖地膜处理最低.     

间歇入渗对土壤溶质淋洗效率的影响

针对间歇入渗条件下土壤溶质运动规律研究的不足,采用室内土柱试验的方法,研究了相同灌水总量、不同灌水频次条件下的水分和溶质运动规律。试验结果表明:在无蒸发的条件下,间歇入渗会显著提高入渗和排水的速率,但不会影响到排水总量;在一定灌水频次范围内,间歇入渗会在不影响溶质淋洗效率的条件下提高溶质淋出的速率,但过多的灌水频次会导致土壤中水分运动速率过快,不能有效地携溶质向下层土壤迁移,导致溶质淋洗效率降低。该研究结果可为制定合理的间歇灌水制度提供一些依据和参考。     

Bioavailability of DOC in leachates, soil matrix solutions and soil water extracts from beech forest floors

The biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in different fractions from the forest floor was studied. Soil leachate (SL, the soil solution in macropores which is freely drained from forest floor after rainfall), the soil matrix solution (SMS, the soil solution in meso-/micropores of the soil matrix), and soil water extracts (SWE) from two different beech forest floors were compared. Zero-tension and tension lysimeters were used to collect SL and SMS, respectively. Loss of DOC (during 21 days) and respiration of CO₂-C (during 7 days) were used as conventional measures of the availability of DOC. Bacterial production, measured using the leucine incorporation technique, and bacterial growth efficiency were also estimated. All methods were used to study differences in biodegradability between plots with and without ground flora (Deschampsia flexuosa or Anemone nemorosa) and different type of forest floor (with an organic (O) horizon or a mull (A) horizon). There were no differences in bioavailability of DOC from soil solutions extracted from plots with and without ground flora. The bioavailability of DOC in the different collected soil solutions varied, however. DOC in SWE was the most available, with a mean of 39% of DOC-loss in 21 days, and 18% of DOC being respired in 7 days. DOC in soil matrix solution was the least available of the soil solutions (7% respired), significantly less than DOC in soil leachate (11% respired). The methods measuring biodegradation of DOC, DOC-loss and CO₂-C respiration gave similar results and were comparable to bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency, with the exception of SWE from the O-horizon at the D. flexuosa site, which had low bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency, indicating a limitation of the bacterial growth. This study is one of the first to use bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency for measuring bioavailability in terrestrial environments, giving an extra dimension for the process of biodegradation of DOC.