高油玉米杂交种品质及其花粉直感效应的稳定性分析

为探讨环境对高油玉米品质的影响,以100个高油玉米杂交种和200个高油花粉直感的当代组合为材料,对品质性状的稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,高油玉米杂交种组合在不同年份和不同地点间的含油量差异平均为1.00%,最小为0.17%,最大相差可达1.91%,不同组合间油分变化有一定差异,即不同品种在油分性状表现的稳定性上存在差异。年份和地点效应对蛋白质含量影响的程度接近,不同年份和地点间的最大差异在1.00%左右;年份间的淀粉差异在0.4%左右,地点间的差异在1.7%左右,而单个组合在不同年份和不同地点间籽粒淀粉含量的最大差异则达到5.81%。普通玉米籽粒高油花粉直感后,在地点和年份间油分变化最大的组合其油分变化达到1.88%,最小的组合为0.37%,总体平均为1.00%;单个组合的蛋白质含量在不同年份和不同地点间的最大差异达到3.37%,最小为0.61%,总体平均为1.78%;单个组合的淀粉含量在不同年份和地点间最大相差6.21%,变化最小的组合相差0.71%,所有组合平均为2.95%。     

Genetic variation for sinapate ester content in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and development of NIRS calibration equations

Increasing the meal and protein quality of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for food and feed purposes is gaining importance in rapeseed breeding programmes. Rapeseed meal has a high content of phenolic acid esters, mainly sinapate esters, which have been shown to cause a dark colour and a bitter taste in rapeseed meal and derived protein products. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic variation for individual and total sinapate ester content, to develop Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic (NIRS) calibrations, and to identify genotypes with a low sinapate ester content after testing in the field. The following sinapate esters were analysed by HPLC: sinapoylcholine (sinapine), sinapoylglucose, and a minor group of ‘other sinapate esters’ which includes free sinapate. A genotypically diverse set of seed samples of winter oilseed rape (old and new cultivars, breeding lines, resynthesized rapeseed) from different years and locations was collected, their NIRS spectra recorded and the samples were further analysed by HPLC. The complete NIRS calibration seed sample set (n = 575) showed a large variation in total sinapate ester content, ranging from 3.2 to 12.7 mg sinapate equivalents per g seeds. The NIRS calibration equations showed high fractions of explained variances in cross validation () ranging from 0.75 (other sinapate esters) to 0.85 (sinapoylglucose). The standard errors of cross validation (SECV) ranged from 0.38 (other sinapate esters) to 0.70 mg/g seed (total sinapate esters). In validation and in independent validations the predicted results were not always acceptable, indicating that the NIRS calibrations need to be extended by analysing samples from new populations. Following replicated field experiments, a doubled haploid line obtained from the old Dutch cultivar Mansholts’ Hamburger Raps, and related DH lines from the cross DH Mansholts’ × Express were confirmed to have a 30–40% lower sinapate ester content compared to check cultivars.     

玉米籽粒赖氨酸含量的遗传及其与产量的关系分析

用5个不同基础群体的15个自选系作母本, 5个不同优势群的测验系作父本, 采用NCII交配设计配成75个杂交组合, 经1年2点田间试验, 用近红外光谱仪测定了亲本及其杂交种F₁和F₂籽粒的赖氨酸含量, 并用三倍体种子胚乳-细胞质-母体效应模型对赖氨酸含量进行遗传分析。结果表明, 玉米籽粒赖氨酸含量除受种子、母体效应和细胞质3套遗传体系共同控制之外, 还不同程度受环境因素的影响, 遗传主效应方差V_G (V_G=V_A+V_D+V_C+V_Am+V_Dm)占总遗传方差(V_G+V_GE)的76.3%, 其中, 种子效应方差(V_A+V_D)、细胞质效应方差(V_C)和母体效应方差(V_Am+V_Dm)分别占24.6%、19.7%和55.7%;赖氨酸含量以母体遗传力为主(h²_m=40.98%), 其次为种子遗传力(h²_o=17.86%), 而细胞质遗传力较低(h²_c=14.29%)。同时发现籽粒赖氨酸含量与产量之间不存在明显相关(r = –0.027)。因此, 在高赖氨酸育种中, 必须重视高值亲本尤其是母本的选择以及不同优势类群间的广泛组配, 从变异广泛的基础材料中对赖氨酸含量和籽粒产量同时进行选择和改良是可能的。     

基于 SPA-RBF神经网络的小麦蛋白质含量无损检测

传统半微量凯氏法测量小麦蛋白质含量繁琐费时,应用近红外光谱分析技术结合SPA-RBF神经网络对小麦蛋白质含量进行快速、无损检测.采用SPXY算法划分校正集和预测集样本,运用连续投影算法(SPA)对一阶微分和SNV预处理后的光谱数据提取敏感波点作为RBF神经网络的输入,建立小麦蛋白质含量的SPA-RBF神经网络校正模型.模型的预测均方根误差和预测相关系数可达到0.26576和0.975,预测效果较好,基本上可以完成粮食储备和食品加工行业对小麦及其制品品质的划分以及育种上的前期世代筛选.研究表明:近红外光谱技术结合SPA-RBF神经网络可实现对小麦蛋白质含量的检测,满足现代农业发展对小麦无损、实时、大量检测的需要.     

Selection for protein content in soybean from single F<Subscript>2</Subscript> seed by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Soybean seed averages about 40% protein and is a dominant source of protein in animals and human foods. Increasing protein in soybeans is a goal in soybean breeding programs. Initial selection for protein among progeny from breeding populations is often based on non-destructive Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy analysis of a 5 g or more seed sample in the F₃ or later generations. NIR spectroscopy analysis for protein on single F₂ seed would allow selection at the earliest possible time and improve selection efficiency for protein content; however this practice has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to test effectiveness of NIR spectroscopy analysis of single F₂ seeds to select for increased protein content from two populations developed from high and average protein content parents. F₂ seeds from a single F₁ plant of each population showed a normal distribution with transgressive segregation for protein concentration. In both populations, F₃ seeds produced from plants from single F₂ seeds with either low or high protein content were analyzed for protein by NIR spectroscopy. Protein means and ranges of F₃ seed selected from high protein F₂ seeds were higher in protein than F₃ seed from low protein F₂ seeds which produced low means and ranges in protein content. This shows that analysis of single F₂ seed for protein content using NIR spectroscopy was effective in selecting for increased protein in the F₃ generation. Analysis of single F₂ seeds from breeding populations will improve breeding efficiency for protein in soybean breeding programs.     

玉米籽粒蛋白质含量的遗传效应及其与产量的关系

用来自5个不同基础群体的14个自选系作母本,不同优势群的5个测验系作父本,采用NC II交配设计配成70个杂交组合,进行了2年3点的田间试验。利用近红外光谱,对亲本及其杂交种的籽粒蛋白质含量进行了分析,同时分析了籽粒产量与蛋白质含量的相关性。结果表明,父、母本及其70个杂交组合间的基因型方差均达到极显著水平;8822和M是蛋白质含量较高的两个基础群体,以之作母本对提高杂交种籽粒的蛋白质含量起主导作用。控制籽粒蛋白质含量的基因以加性效应为主,加性方差占基因型方差的94.29%,但广义遗传力和狭义遗传力相对较低,分别为35.83%和33.94%,说明环境因素对籽粒蛋白含量影响明显。籽粒产量与蛋白质含量相关不显著(r = 0.053),因此,扩大变异选择范围,实现优良基因聚合,产量和蛋白质含量性状可以同步得到改良。     

几个高油与普通玉米自交系子粒品质性状的配合力分析

高油玉米杂交种由高油玉米自交系和普通玉米自交系杂交组配而成,高油玉米育种的核心仍然是杂种优势的利用。为了高油玉米育种的亲本选择和组合配制提供理论依据,以3份高油玉米新种质为父本,自选的4份普通自交系为母本,采用不完全双列杂交设计组配12个F1组合为供试材料,对其子粒油分、蛋白质和淀粉含量进行配合力分析。结果表明:不同的自交系,不同品质性状的配合力表现不同。XGY003、YZ141B、H195-2具有油分含量一般配合力较高的自交系。C279、YZ141B、H195-2自交系的蛋白质一般配合力较高。XGY003、XGY020、C279、H78-3自交系的淀粉一般配合力较高。一般配合力高的亲本,容易产生特殊配合力高的组合,但双亲的一般配合力较高的也不一定组合的特殊配合力就高。本试验没有发现3个品质性状一般配合力效应值都高的自交系。综合看来,3份高油玉米种质中XGY003油分含量一般配合力效应值较高,4份普通自交系中YZ141B、H195-2油分含量一般配合力效应值较高,这3个自交系在长治地区玉米育种中可作为高油玉米自交系加大利用,以选出油分含量较高的优势组合。C279、YZ141B、H195-2自交系的蛋白质一般配合力较高,XGY003、XGY020、C279、H78-3自交系的淀粉一般配合力较高,在以后玉米育种中可作为特用玉米自交系作进一步的改良和应用。     

Genetic variation in digestibility of forage maize (Zea mays L.) and its estimation by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). An analysis

Summary Genetic variation is a major source of differences in digestibility of forage maize. Other sources are environmental conditions, location effects, and cultural practice. These factors initiate differences in cell-wall content and cell-wall digestibility. In vitro techniques with rumen microflora account efficiently for such differences. Cell-wall content can be determined easily and can also be predicted properly by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). However, no currently available chemical and physical laboratory techniques are able to discriminate between digestible and indigestible cell-wall fractions. Present NIRS functions do not predict cell-wall digestibility properly in maize. If further research on NIRS functioning overcomes this barrier, NIRS can become a useful breeding tool for digestibility in forage maize.     

玉米籽粒突变体smk7的表型分析和基因定位

利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对玉米自交系B73进行诱变,获得一个可以稳定遗传的小籽粒突变体smk7(small kernel 7)。smk7成熟籽粒表现为体积变小,胚和胚乳发育缺陷,百粒重显著降低。突变籽粒发芽率仅为10%,且幼苗黄化不能生长成正常植株。成熟smk7胚乳中淀粉、蛋白、油分含量与野生型籽粒相比无显著差异,但突变体胚乳淀粉粒体积明显变小且形状不规则。smk7突变籽粒在授粉后12 d即可观察到明显的小籽粒和空瘪表型,石蜡切片显微观察显示突变籽粒的胚和胚乳发育迟缓,胚乳基部转移层细胞(BETL)相对于野生型细胞壁向内生长减少,发育受阻。用杂合植株(+/smk7)与多个自交系分别杂交,构建不同背景的F2分离群体,遗传分析结果表明该性状受单隐性核基因控制。利用靶向测序基因型分型(genotyping by target sequencing,GBTS)技术将基因初定位于2号染色体短臂,进一步精细定位发现该基因位于RM1433917和RM1535316两个标记之间约120 kb的物理范围内,共有8个蛋白编码基因。本研究为进一步克隆和解析SMK7基因调控玉米籽粒发育的分子机制奠定了基础。     

近红外光谱法测定玉米品质指标的研究

应用近红外光谱法(Near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)和偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares,PLS)建立玉米粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗淀粉定量分析的近红外光谱数学模型,并对模型预测结果的准确性进行了评价。结果表明:近红外预测模型的内部交叉验证决定系数(R2cv)分别为:0.9778,0.9666和0.9927;交叉证实标准差(RMSECV)分别为:0.38,0.40和1.51;模型外部验证决定系数(Rv2al)分别为0.9391,0.9651和0.9875;外部验证标准差(RMSEP)为0.41,0.35和1.31。实际样品的常规分析结果得出玉米粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗淀粉的NIRS数学模型具有较高的预测准确性,可应用于玉米育种工作中的大批样品的品质分析。     

水稻胚胎和胚乳双缺陷突变体eed1的表型与遗传分析

从由化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethane sulfonate,EMS)处理的粳稻品种中花11突变体库中,筛选到一个可稳定遗传的胚胎和胚乳发育缺陷的突变体,命名为embryo and endosperm defective 1 (eed1)。eed1籽粒千粒重、颖果的粒长、粒宽、粒厚、萌发率、总淀粉、直链淀粉和贮藏蛋白系列指标较野生型均显著降低。eed1颖果严重皱缩,且胚乳呈粉质。利用扫描电镜观察发现,与中花11相比, eed1胚乳中淀粉粒排列疏松,多以单一、分散的淀粉粒存在,且呈近似球形。eed1胚胎结构异常,部分颖果未见有胚胎分化的痕迹。qRT-PCR发现, eed1胚乳中参与淀粉和贮藏蛋白合成的大部分基因表达下调。利用eed1与籼稻南京6号杂交得到的F2分离群体进行基因定位分析,将EED1定位于9号染色体长臂672kb的范围内,包含114个开放读码框。本研究为进一步解析EED1基因调控水稻胚胎和胚乳发育的机制奠定了基础。     

玉米籽粒突变体smk7的表型分析和基因定位

In this study, a stable small kernel mutant, named small kernel 7 (smk7), was isolated from ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of maize inbred line B73. Compared with wild type, the smk7 mutants showed smaller kernel size, defective embryo and endosperm development and a significant decrease in 100-kernel weight. The smk7 kernels showed a low level of germination rate at 10% and cannot grow into normal plants. No significant changes were detected in protein, starch and oil content between mature wild type and smk7 kernels, but the starch grains became significantly smaller and irregular in smk7 kernels compared with wild type. The smk7 kernels could be clearly distinguished from the wild type as early as 12 days after pollination (DAP), on the basis of their smaller and emptier phenotype. Microscopic inspection of the paraffin sections revealed that the development of embryo and endosperm were delayed, and the cell wall in growth in basal endosperm transfer layers (BETL) were arrested in smk7 compared with wild type. The F₂ populations with multiple backgrounds were constructed by crossing heterozygous plants (+/smk7) with several other inbred lines. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Based on genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) strategy, the SMK7 was initially mapped on the short arm of chromosome 2. The fine mapping results suggested that SMK7 was located between markers RM1433917 and RM1535316, with a physical distance of 120 kb. There were eight protein-coding genes in this region. This study laid a foundation for further genes cloning and research of the SMK7 function in regulating maize kernel development.     

Nondestructive assessment of protein content in single seeds of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to detectwithin-plant differences for seed protein content was investigated. Fourhundred and fifty-one single seeds were scanned by NIRS using a specialadapter. After non-destructive NIRS scanning, the seeds were analysed forprotein content by the Dumas combustion method and a calibrationequation was developed. A validation set of 117 additional seeds fromthree individual plants from the cultivars Bristol, Lirajet and Maplus wasanalysed for protein content both by NIRS and combustion. The coefficientof determination between NIRS and combustion values in the validation setwas 0.94, with a standard error of performance (SEP) of 0.77% and aratio of the SEP to the standard deviation (SD) of the validation set of0.28. The coefficient of variation (CV) for seed protein content inindividual plants, as determined by the combustion method, was 11.7%for Bristol, 8.9% for Lirajet, and 9.5% for Maplus. The comparison ofsuch variation with the standard error (SE) of NIRS analysis, defined as thecombination of the SE of the combustion method and the SEP of NIRScalibration equation, revealed that the maximum explainable variance withinindividual plants that can be detected using NIRS analysis of proteincontent in single seeds was 0.86 for Bristol, 0.83 for Lirajet, and 0.85 forMaplus. These results demonstrated that NIRS is a powerful tool fornon-destructive assessment of within-plant variation for seed protein contentin rapeseed.     

高油、高淀粉玉米籽粒主要品质成分积累及其生理生化特性

以普通玉米为对照, 探讨了高油、高淀粉玉米籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分的分布、积累动态及与其相关的部分生理生化特性, 结果表明, 高油玉米胚/胚乳比较大, 含油率高, 淀粉含量低; 高淀粉玉米反之. 籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质和油分积累高峰的时间存在明显的差异, 积累强度为淀粉>蛋白质>油分. 高油玉米籽粒油分、蛋白质积累速率较高,     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状间的相关性分析

【研究目的】为探讨不同田间环境条件下,同一甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型各品质性状之间的相关关系,【方法】以甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型GH01为材料,研究了由播期与密度形成的9种田间环境条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状间的相关性。【结果】结果表明：黄籽度与胚含油量、种子含油量间呈明显的负相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.6617和r=-0.7458*）,胚含油量与胚蛋白质含量、种子含油量之间仍保持着极其显著的负相关和正相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.9071**和r=0.8973**）。【结论】甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度、种子含油量之间的相关关系随供试基因型的不同而发生变化,但另一些品质性状（含油量、蛋白质含量）间的相关关系并不因供试基因型间的差异而改变。     

花生自然风干种子油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量的近红外分析模型构建

利用不同来源、不同种皮颜色的大粒型和小粒型材料,构建了花生自然风干种子油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量的近红外定量分析模型。经优化,最佳光谱预处理方法均为“一阶导数+矢量归一化法”,油酸含量谱区范围为8717.1~5446.3cm-1（厘米波数）,维数为9,模型的决定系数（R2）为89.16,均方差（RMSECV）为2.62;花生种子亚油酸含量谱区范围为9,666~5,785.7cm-1,维数为9,模型R2为90.85,RMSECV为2.00;花生种子棕榈酸含量谱区范围为8,717.1~5,446.3cm-1,维数为8,模型R2为79.21,RMSECV为0.525。该模型可用于花生品质育种。     

若干玉米胚乳突变体基因效应的研究

对５个玉米单隐性胚乳突变体、３个双隐性胚乳突变体的可溶性糖（还原糖、蔗糖）、水溶性多糖、淀粉、粗蛋白、赖氨酸含量测定，并对突变体种子结构扫描电镜观察。分析了玉米胚乳突主体的基因效应及其互作效应。     

向日葵籽仁脂肪和脂肪酸含量近红外光谱模型的建立

为实现向日葵品质的快速无损检测,选取50份具有代表性的油用向日葵材料,采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）构建籽仁脂肪、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸含量的近红外光谱（NIRS）模型。结果表明,脂肪、亚油酸、油酸含量模型校正和验证相关系数均大于0.96,且预测值与化学值相对误差均在10%以下,能够达到样品成分含量的快速测定。硬脂酸和棕榈酸含量模型校正相关系数分别为0.92和0.82,验证相关系数分别为0.83和0.74,预测值与化学值相对误差在4.66%~17.99%之间,可用于样品成分含量的初步预测。本研究构建的NIRS模型,有助于油用向日葵种质资源品质鉴定和快速筛选。     

粳稻食味品质改良研究现状与展望

进入21世纪,我国北方特别是东北粳稻面积不断扩大,单产明显提高,品质稳定改善,改良食味品质是今后重要研究内容。本文主要从食味品质鉴定方法,稻米淀粉种类和含量及分子结构、蛋白质种类和含量、其他物质含量与食味品质的关系,饭粒表面和内部超微结构与食味品质的关系,食味品质相关性状遗传分析与育种应用等方面介绍了日本粳稻食味品质研究现状,认为结合东北粳稻实际深入开展食味品质育种、栽培和生物技术等应用基础研究,充分利用籼稻二次枝梗粒偏向穗轴上部分布、穗颈大维管束数和一次枝梗数多等有利基因,同时减少对食味品质的不良影响,是今后北方尤其是东北籼粳稻杂交优质高产育种的重要研究课题。     

Correlation Analysis of Seed Kernel Oil Content and Major Economic Traits in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

One of the new directions in cotton breeding is to develop varieties with high oil content. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between the oil content of cottonseed kernels and other selected major economic traits of cotton. We used the DPS V3.01 data processing system to calculate linear correlation coefficients using experimental data for cottonseed oil content and other agronomic characteristics obtained from 108 cotton lines. There were no significant correlations between oil content and lint yield, boll numbers per plant, boll weight, and lint percentage. There were significant positive correlations between oil content and fiber uniformity, and oil content and elongation. The positive correlation between oil content and the fiber upper half mean length was not statistically significant. There were no significant correlations between oil content and fiber strength or fiber fineness. Oil content was weakly negatively correlated with Fusarium wilt resistance, but showed no correlation with Verticillium wilt resistance. The results of this study indicated that improvement of the oil content of cottonseed kernels will not affect lint production, and only weakly affect disease resistance. The results further indicated that such improvement may improve the fiber quality to some extent. Cottonseed kernel protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated. The findings indicated that it will be feasible to produce new varieties with high oil contents combined with good disease resistance, high lint yield, and better fiber quality. However, it will be very difficult to breed new varieties with both high oil and high protein content.