Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Evaluation of Decomposition Procedure to Determine Ba,Co, Cr,Cu, Ni,Mn, V,and Zn Total Content in Soil Samples

Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Die Bindungsformen von Si,Mg, Fe,Al, Mn,Cr, Ni und Co in Saprolit und Laterit über Serpentinit,Insel Gebe,Indonesien

Fixation of Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in saprolite and laterite above serpentinite - Gebe Island, Indonesia The fixation of various major and trace elements has been studied in a saprolite/laterite profile above serpentinized peridotite. Sequential extraction of < 63 μm fraction shows different types of element fixation in soil: adsorption on mineral surfaces (1), fixation to Mn-oxides (2), bonding to poorly and better crystallized Fe-oxides (3). In the laterite, most of the extractable Si-, Al-, Cr- and Ni-contents are bound to goethitic Fe-hydroxide. The saprolite has considerable amounts of secondary quartz which has been formed during ageing of amorphous silica modifications. Their precipitation is favoured by high Si adsorption capacity of poorly crystallized Fe-hydroxide. In saprolite and laterite Co is bound to Mn-oxides. It can readily be extracted from pure Mn-oxides. In contrast, the intimate association of Mn-oxides to goethite reduces the rate of easily extractable Mn and Co in middle and upper zones of the laterite.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.     

Losses of Solids,Moisture, Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Carbon, and Sulfur from Laying-Hen Manure in Storage Facilities

The losses of total solids, moisture, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), carbon (C), and sulfur (S) were determined in two storage events of laying-hen manure immediately removed from three different housing systems in Iowa, USA. The three laying-hen houses were conventional cage (CC), enriched colony (EC), and aviary (AV). The houses held a nominal number of 200,000, 46,700, and 50,000 Lohmann LSL lite layers, respectively. The manure collected on belts in each house was cleaned out twice a week. A fraction of the cleaned out manure was transferred to designated storage rooms wherein losses of different components were determined in two storage events. Manure was loaded into the storage rooms over 171 days during the first storage event and over 185 days during the second storage event. The total storage periods were 202 and 245 days, respectively, for the first and second storage events. Manure was weighed, sampled, and analyzed before it was loaded into the storage rooms and at the end of each storage event. Mass balance calculations were used to determine the losses of different components. Statistical analyses show that the nutrient contents, on a wet basis, of manure loaded in CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were significantly different due to the differences in manure moisture contents. However, on a dry basis, they had no significant differences. The fresh manure cleaned out from the EC layer house was drier than that from the other two houses. Loaded-in nitrogen losses in the CC, AV, and EC storage rooms were 24.6, 12.9, and 20.8%, respectively. Nitrogen losses depended on house temperature, manure moisture, and pH. The average losses of loaded-in manure mass, moisture, and total solids during the two storage events were 27.6?±?1.9, 33.8?±?8.3, and 20.8?±?7.0%, respectively. The losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 19.4?±?13.4, 11.7?±?5.6, 10.2?±?6.8, 27.0?±?6.5, and 8.3?±?8.5% of their loaded-in amounts, respectively. The total loss of N, P, K, C, and S was 56% of the total loaded-in solids loss; thereof, the loss of N, P, and K was 7%, and C loss was 48%. The laying-hen-specific losses of N, P, K, C, and S were 0.34, 0.05, 0.08, 3.2 and 0.019 g day^?1 hen^?1, respectively. The results of this research are important for assessing impacts of stored manure on environment and nutrient losses. They can also be used to develop methodologies for the mitigation of the emissions from egg production facilities.     

Volatilization of trifluralin,atrazine, metolachlor,chlorpyrifos, alpha-endosulfan,and beta-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil

The volatile and soil loss profiles of six agricultural pesticides were measured for 20 days following treatment to freshly tilled soil at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The volatile fluxes were determined using the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS) method. Polyurethane foam plugs were used to collect the gas-phase levels of the pesticides at the TPS-defined critical height above a treated field. Surface-soil (0-8 cm) samples were collected on each day of air sampling. The order of the volatile flux losses was trifluralin > alpha-endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > metolachlor > atrazine > beta-endosulfan. The magnitude of the losses ranged from 14.1% of nominal applied amounts of trifluralin to 2.5% of beta-endosulfan. The daily loss profiles were typical of those observed by others for volatile flux of pesticides from moist soil. Even though heavy rains occurred from the first to third day after treatment, the majority of the losses took place within 4 days of treatment, that is, 59% of the total applied atrazine and metolachlor and >78% of the other pesticides. Soil losses generally followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, leaching due to heavy rainfall caused significant errors in these results. The portion of soil losses that were accounted for by the volatile fluxes was ordered as follows: alpha-endosulfan, 34.5%; trifluralin, 26.5%; chlorpyrifos, 23.3%; beta-endosulfan, 14.5%; metolachlor, 12.4%; and atrazine, 7.5%.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

熔融制样—X射线荧光光谱法快速测定复合肥中的磷、钾、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、钠、锌和铝

为实现复合肥样品中多元素的同时分析,采用熔融片法制样,有效地消除了试样的粒度效应,用X射线荧光光谱法测定复合肥样品中磷、钾、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、钠、锌和铝10个元素,对仪器工作条件进行了试验并选定最佳条件,使各元素测定所要求的灵敏度和准确度得到满足,以8个合成的样品作为校准样品,采用固定理论α影响系数进行回归及基体效应校正,方法精密度(RSD,n=8)≤1.36%,分析结果与化学法进行对照基本一致。     

Extractors for barium,cadmium, copper,nickel, and zinc in tropical soils

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the soil can pose risks to human health, and precise risk assessment dealing with the production and consumption of plants is required. The 0.43 M of nitric acid (HNO?) solution was suggested by the International Organization for Standardization for reactive fraction of PTEs in the soil. The efficiency of some extractors was evaluated in tropical soils. Contents of barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were extracted in accordance with the methods of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3051A, Aqua Regia, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, 0.43 M HNO? and 0.01 M of calcium chloride (CaCl?), and these contents correlated with the contents of PTEs in roots, shoots, and fruits of vegetables. Mehlich-3 had the highest correlation with Ni and Zn contents extracted by the plants. Contents extracted with 0.43 M HNO? had high correlation with the amounts extracted by DTPA and Mehlich-3, as well as with the amounts of PTEs accumulated by plants.     

Degradation of 2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T,and picloram in two Philippine soils

The degradation of 2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T, and picloram in two Philippine soils was investigated under upland and flooded (submerged) conditions. These herbicides degraded in both upland and flooded Maahas clay and Luisiana clay soils. The rate of degradation of the herbicides was more rapid in the Maahas clay soil than in the Luisiana clay soil. Among the three herbicides, 2, 4-D was the least persistent and picloram was the most persistent in both soils under both submerged and upland conditions. 2, 4, 5-T degraded more actively in the two Philippine soils in this study than studies previously reported in the available literature. The fact that both the 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T did not degrade in sterilized soils during the incubation period suggests that the degradation is due to the microbial activity in the soils.