恒河猴血液细胞、生化和凝血功能正常参考指标的测定

测定分析人工饲养及在非麻醉(清醒)状态下108只健康成年恒河猴的血常规、血液生化及血小板和凝血功能正常值,并分析各项检测数据的性别差异。血常规测定值17项,其中,雌猴较雄猴极显著高(P<0·01)的项目为红细胞分布宽度(RDW)。血液生化测定值17项,其中,雌猴比雄猴显著低(P<0·05)的项目有丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT),显著高(P<0·05)的项目有碱性磷酸酶(ALP)。血小板和凝血功能测定值9项,其中,雌猴比雄猴明显高(P<0·05)的项目为活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),极显著高(P<0.01)的项目为凝血酶时间(TT)。建立了人工饲养条件下健康成年恒河猴的血常规、血液生化、血小板和凝血功能正常参考值指标,丰富和完善了恒河猴动物实验和疾病诊断中血液分析的基础知识。     

Hematologic and plasma biochemical values of healthy hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica) maintained in a recirculating system.

Tilapia are cultured worldwide and are increasing in popularity among aquaculturalists in the United States; however, data regarding normal health parameters are limited. Few hematologic and plasma biochemical values of clinically normal tilapia have been reported, but these data may be key for identifying and managing disease issues in recirculating systems. Therefore, blood was collected from clinically normal hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica) housed in recirculating systems for the purpose of establishing normal hematologic and plasma biochemical reference ranges. Using standard clinical techniques the following hematologic values were determined: packed cell volume, plasma protein, leukocyte counts, leukocyte differentials, and thrombocyte counts. Additionally, the following plasma biochemical values were determined: albumin, total protein, globulins, albumin/globulin ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. The condition of the sample was also noted (lipemic, hemolysis, and icterus). The reference ranges reported in this study can be used in the management of cultured tilapia in recirculating systems.     

Stability of selected hematology variables in canine blood kept at room temperature in EDTA for 24 and 48 hours

BACKGROUND: Most hematologic analyses are performed within a short time of blood sampling, but samples collected at the end of a week may have to be stored for up to 2 days. The stability of hematologic constituents is poorly documented. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the results of RBC, WBC and platelet counts, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and MCV before and after storage of canine blood at room temperature for 24 and 48 hours. METHODS: One hundred fifty-two K3-EDTA canine blood specimens from 2 veterinary hospitals were analyzed within 4 hours of collection, then 24 and 48 hours later with a Coulter T540 hematology analyzer. Results were compared by Passing-Bablock agreement, difference plots, and according to their classification as normal or abnormal based on reference intervals. RESULTS: RBC count and Hgb concentration were stable for the duration of the study. Differences in WBC and platelet counts varied with the specimen, independently of the initial value. MCV increased consistently over the 2 days. However, only a few results were misclassified. CONCLUSION: Whole blood specimens stored for up to 2 days at room temperature are suitable for cell counts and Hgb measurement. However, potential variations have to be known to avoid misinterpretations, especially near the decision limits.     

Normal hematology and hematologic disorders in potbellied pigs

Potbellied pigs have become a notable portion of small animal and farm animal practitioners' caseload. Relatively little information is readily accessible for the veterinary practitioner in regard to normal hematologic values or alterations of the hemogram in response to disease, however. This article is a review of blood collection techniques in swine adaptable to potbellied pigs in addition to collection artifacts observed in the swine hemogram. Alterations of the hemogram in disease states that may be encountered in potbellied pig medicine are reviewed.     

Association of maximum voluntary dietary intake of freeze-dried garlic with Heinz body anemia in horses

OBJECTIVE: To characterize hematologic and clinical consequences of chronic dietary consumption of freeze-dried garlic at maximum voluntary intake in horses. ANIMALS: 4 healthy sex- and age-matched horses. PROCEDURE: An initial garlic dose (0.05 g/kg, twice daily) was fed to 2 horses in a molasses carrier as part of their normal ration and was gradually increased to maximum voluntary intake (0.25 g/kg, twice daily) over 41 days. Dietary supplementation then continued for a total of 71 days. Two control horses were fed molasses with no garlic with their ration. Blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed for hematologic and biochemical changes, including the presence of Heinz bodies. Recovery of affected blood values was followed for 5 weeks after termination of dietary supplementation with garlic. RESULTS: At a daily dose of > 0.2 g/kg, horses fed garlic developed hematologic and biochemical indications of Heinz body anemia, as characterized by increases in Heinz body score (HBS), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelet count, and serum unconjugated and total bilirubin concentrations and decreases in RBC count, blood hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and serum haptoglobin concentration. Recovery from anemia was largely complete within 5 weeks after termination of dietary supplementation with garlic. Heinz body score and MCV remained high at the end of the 5-week recovery period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses will voluntarily consume sufficient quantities of garlic to cause Heinz body anemia. The potential for garlic toxicosis exists when horses are chronically fed garlic. Further study is required to determine the safe dietary dose of garlic in horses.     

Hematology in the regressive phase of bovine psoroptic scabies

Hereford calves were infested with Psoroptes ovis. Hemograms were evaluated weekly for 7 weeks during progressively extensive dermatitis and compared to uninfested control calves. Calves were treated with ivermectin and weekly hemograms were compared for 4 weeks during regression of clinical disease. They developed extensive dermatitis and marked decreases in total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Infested calves also had moderate anemia, increased plasma proteins, and increased plasma fibrinogen. Some calves developed marked eosinophilia. Within 1 week after ivermectin treatment, nearly all hematologic parameters returned or began to return to normal values, even though scabs remained on the calves at 4 weeks. Peak eosinophilia in calves which responded occurred 1 to 2 weeks after treatment. The findings indicate that most of the hematologic changes occurring with psoroptic scabies in cattle are associated with living mites and not with toxic substances in the scab on the skin surface.     

Hematologic changes after total body irradiation and autologous transplantation of hematopoietic peripheral blood progenitor cells in dogs with lymphoma

Dogs with and without lymphoma have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation in a research setting for decades. North Carolina State University is currently treating dogs with B- and T-cell lymphoma in a clinical setting with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplants, using peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells harvested using an apheresis machine. Complete blood counts were performed daily for 15 to 19 days posttransplantation to monitor peripheral blood cell nadirs and subsequent CD34+ cell engraftment. This study documents the hematologic toxicities of total body irradiation in 10 dogs and the subsequent recovery of the affected cell lines after peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant, indicating successful CD34+ engraftment. All peripheral blood cell lines, excluding red blood cells, experienced grade 4 toxicities. All dogs had ≥ 500 neutrophils/μl by day 12, while thrombocytopenia persisted for many weeks. All dogs were clinically normal at discharge.     

Evaluation of pancreatic forceps biopsy by laparoscopy in healthy beagles

The effects of laparoscopic biopsies were determined in four healthy laboratory beagles. Biopsies were taken from the pancreas of three dogs and from the peripancreatic fat of one dog. Clinical examinations and blood sampling for hematologic and biochemical tests were performed before laparoscopy and weekly throughout each dog's participation in the study (7 or 21 days). No clinical signs of pancreatitis were observed, and hematologic and biochemical parameters remained within normal limits in three dogs. One dog exhibited a transient increase in trypsinlike immunoreactivity, amylase, and lipase. Minor adhesions between the pancreas, small intestine, and peritoneum were observed macroscopically in this dog. Histologically, granulation tissue and a mild nonsuppurative inflammation in the pancreas were present. No abnormal changes were seen macroscopically or histologically in the other two dogs for which pancreatic biopsies were performed. Thus, laparoscopy appears to be safe, with neither permanent abnormalities in blood parameters nor changes in clinical health occurring during or after the procedure in healthy beagles.     

Recognition and classification of dysmyelopoiesis in the dog: a review

Dysmyelopoiesis is defined as a hematologic disorder characterized by the presence of cytopenias in the blood and dysplastic cells in one or more hematologic cell lines in the blood or bone marrow. The causes of dysmyelopoiesis include acquired mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (i.e., myelodysplastic syndromes [MDSs]), congenital defects in hematopoiesis, and dysmyelopoietic conditions associated with various disease processes, drug treatments, or toxin exposure. Two major subtypes of MDSs (i.e., MDS with refractory cytopenias and MDS with excess myeloblasts) have been described that differ in clinical presentation, response to treatment, and survival time. The most frequently occurring causes of secondary dysmyelopoiesis include immune-mediated hematologic diseases, lymphoid malignancies, and exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs. Differentiation of the various causes of dysmyelopoiesis is essential for establishing an appropriate therapeutic plan and for determining prognosis.     

实验用猕猴某些生理生化指标的测定

应用全自动血液细胞分析仪、全自动血液生化分析仪和流式细胞仪等仪器测定和分析人工饲养条件下24只健康猕猴清醒状态下血液一般生理生化指标、CD3 、CD4 、CD8 、CD20 细胞阳性率。结果雌性猕猴平均动脉压、收缩压、舒张压极显著低于雄性猕猴(P<0.01),心电图QRS波、T波差异极显著(P<0.01),Q-T段差异显著(P<0.05)。血液常规指标中雄性猕猴白细胞计数极显著低于雌性猕猴(P<0.01)。猕猴碱性磷酸酶、总胆红素差异极显著(P<0.01)、总胆固醇、γ-谷氨酰转移酶差异显著(P<0.05)、甘油三酯显著低于雄性猕猴(P<0.01),而丙氨酸氨基转换酶,天门冬氨酸氨基转换酶差异极显著(P<0.01)、血清肌酐显著高于雄性猕猴(P<0.05)。CD3 、CD4 、CD8 、CD20 细胞阳性率无显著差别。文章为以猕猴作为实验动物的医学实验提供可靠的参考数据,同时证明一些指标受性别影响,在试验中应受到重视。     

Prospective Hematologic and Clinicopathologic Study of Asymptomatic Cats With Naturally Acquired Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Prospective studies were performed over a 28- to 77-month period (median, 66 months) on 5 cats with naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in an attempt to correlate hematologic and Clinicopathologic changes with the emergence of clinical disease. On presentation, all cats were asymptomatic; free of opportunistic infections; and had normal complete blood counts, bone marrow morphologies, marrow progenitor frequencies, and progenitor in vitro growth characteristics. During study, 2 cats remained healthy, 2 cats showed mild clinical signs, and 1 cat developed a malignant neoplasm (ie, bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma). Although persistent hematologic abnormalities were not observed, intermittent peripheral leukopenias were common. In 3 of 5 FlV-seropositive cats, lymphopenia (< 1,500 lymphs/μL; normal reference range, 1,500 to 7,000 lymphs/μL) was a frequent finding and the absolute lymphocyte counts had a tendency to progressively decline. One of the other 2 cats had consistently low to low-normal absolute neutrophil counts (1,300 to 4,800 segs/μL; mean, 2,730 segs/μL; normal reference range, 2,500 to 12,500 segs/μL), and the remaining cat had consistently normal leukograms, except for a transient period (ie, 11 months) of benign lymphocytosis (7,200 to 13,430 lymphs/μL) early in the study. Periodic examinations of bone marrow aspirates revealed normal to slightly depressed myeloid-to-erythroid ratios with normal cellular morphology and maturation. Bone marrow abnormalities observed late in the study included mild dysmor-phic changes (ie, megaloblastic features) in 2 cats, and a significant decrease (60% of controls, P < .001) in the frequencies of burst-forming units erythroid (BFU-E) in marrow cultures of FIV-seropositive cats compared with uninfected control cats. Serum biochemical profiles were unremarkable throughout the study, with the exception of hyperglobulinemia (ie, polyclonal gammopathy) in 2 of 5 cats. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings were of no apparent prognostic value. These results confirm the long latency between natural FIV infection and the development of life-threatening clinical disease. Chronic FIV infection, like infection with human immunodeficiency virus, can be associated with derangements in peripheral blood cell counts, as well as pertubations in marrow cell morphologies and hematopoietic progenitor frequencies before the terminal symptomatic stages of retroviral disease, when persistent cytopenias are prominent.     

Multiple cytopenias associated with monocytic proliferation in a dog

An unusual combination of blood cytopenias and monocytic proliferation was observed in a dog. Initial hematologic findings included severe thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, mild nonregenerative anemia and apparently normal bone marrow. Subsequently, a severe persistent monocytosis developed and the bone marrow became populated with monocytes and cytophagic macrophages. Splenomegaly was due to reticuloendothelial hyperplasia and extramedultary hematopoiesis. Treatment consisted of splenectomy and azathioprine but the response was poor and the dog was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a hypocellular bone marrow which contained moderate numbers of monocytes and plasma cells. Neoplastic proliferation was absent in visceral organs. No definite diagnosis was established; chronic blood cell consumption, perhaps immune-mediated, may have been responsible for the extensive reticuloendothelial hyperplasia and cytophagia.     

Hematologic Studies of Rinderpest-Infected Swine

Complete hematologic studies on swine inoculated with virulent rinderpest virus are reported. There was a 67 per cent reduction in total leukocyte counts on the third day postinoculation; counts returned to normal by the eighth day. The remainder of the hematologic values showed no significant changes. There was a febrile response at 3 days postinoculation; by the eighth day, temperature had returned to normal. Other clinical signs were less conspicuous and consisted of anorexia, stiff gait, and arched back occurring only on the third and fourth days after inoculation. The immunity of previously inoculated swine was challenged with virulent rinderpest virus 23 days after initial infection and no abnormal change in hemograms or body temperature resulted. The rinderpest-inoculated groups developed antibodies as demonstrated by the virus neutralization tests in rabbits.     

Flow cytometric patterns in blood from dogs with non-neoplastic and neoplastic hematologic diseases using double labeling for CD18 and CD45

BACKGROUND: In dogs, flow cytometry is used in the phenotyping of immunologic cells and in the diagnosis of hemic neoplasia. However, the paucity of specific antibodies for myeloid cells and B lymphocytes and of labeled antibodies for multicolor techniques limits the ability to detect all leukocyte subpopulations. This is especially true for neoplastic and precursor cells. CD18 and CD45 are expressed on all leukocytes and are involved in cell activation, and together could be useful in helping determine cell lineage. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to double label canine blood for CD18 and CD45 and to use the differential expression of antigens to identify leukocyte populations in dogs with non-neoplastic and neoplastic hematologic diseases. METHODS: A template was developed using blood samples from 10 clinically healthy dogs and a back-gating technique. Differential leukocyte counts obtained with the template were compared with those obtained by manual and automated methods on blood samples from 17 additional healthy dogs. Blood samples obtained from 9 dogs with non-neoplastic (reactive) hematologic diseases and 27 dogs with hemic neoplasia were double stained for CD18 and CD45 using mouse anticanine CD18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus phycoerythrin-conjugated rat anticanine CD45 mAb and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit antimouse IgG. Hemic neoplasms were diagnosed by cell morphology, and immunophenotypic and cytochemical markers. RESULTS: With the double label, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and T- and B-lymphocytes were identified. In reactive disorders, a population of activated neutrophils with high CD45 and CD18 expression was detected. In hemic neoplasia, cell lineage was easily determined, even in acute leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: Double labeling for CD18/CD45 may be useful as a screening method to evaluate hematologic diseases and help determine cell lineage, and to aid in the selection of a panel of antibodies that would be useful for further analysis.     

Hematology of the keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii)

A healthy adult, intact female keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii) was found to have a marked heterophilic leukocytosis using normal hematologic parameters established for the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), a related chelonian species. This animal was monitored with serial complete blood counts (CBCs) over the next 15 years despite remaining asymptomatic for an infectious condition. Retrospective CBC data were compiled from 38 presumably healthy keeled box turtles to establish hematologic values for comparison in this species. Using this species-specific data, over the 15-year period, the female keeled box turtle had two times where the white blood cell (WBC) count was greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean, six times where the WBC count was greater than 1 SD above the mean, six times where the PCV was greater than 2 SD above the mean, and eight times where the PCV was greater than 1 SD above the mean. Infection and inflammation are the most common causes of leukocytosis in reptiles; however, given the clinical presentation of this patient, it was postulated that these clinicopathologic changes could be secondary to a stress response. Establishing reference intervals and understanding how stress impacts CBC parameters are important for evaluating the health status of keeled box turtles kept in captivity and for assessing the effects of environmental changes on the health status of wild populations of this endangered chelonian species.     

Stability of hematologic analytes in monkey, rabbit, rat, and mouse blood stored at 4°C in EDTA using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer

Background: The time from sampling to analysis can be delayed when blood samples are shipped to distant reference laboratories or when analysis cannot be readily performed. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of hematologic analytes in blood samples from monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice when samples were stored for up to 72 hours at 4°C. Methods: Blood samples from 30 monkeys, 15 rabbits, 20 rats, and 30 mice were collected into EDTA‐containing tubes and were initially analyzed within 1 hour of collection using the ADVIA 120 analyzer. The samples were then stored at 4°C and reanalyzed at 24, 48, and 72 hours after collection. Results: Significant (P<.0003) changes in hematologic analytes and calculations included increased HCT and MCV and decreased MCHC and cell hemoglobin concentration mean (CHCM) at 72 hours and increased MPV at 24 hours in monkeys; increased MCV at 72 hours and MPV at 48 hours and decreased monocyte count at 24 hours in rabbits; increased MCV and decreased MCHC, CHCM, and monocyte count at 24 hours in rats; increased MCV, red cell distribution width, and MPV and decreased MCHC, CHCM, and monocyte count at 24 hours in mice. Conclusions: Although most of the changes in the hematologic analytes in blood from monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice when samples were stored at 4°C were analytically acceptable and clinically negligible, the best practice in measuring hematologic analytes in these animals is timely processing of blood samples, preferably within 1 hour after collection.     

Dyserythropoeisis, sideroblasts/siderocytes and hemoglobin crystallization in a dog

Dyserythropoiesis characterized by enhanced intramedullary destruction, pathologic sideroblasts and siderocytes, and hemoglobin crystallization was detected in a female Cocker Spaniel presented for poor exercise tolerance. Examination of peripheral blood revealed intraerythrocytic crystals, granulation of erythrocytes, nucleated erythroid cells, reticulocytosis and marked variation in erythrocyte morphology in the absence of anemia. Bone marrow examination revealed sideroblasts, a low M:E ratio and evidence of enhanced intramedullary destruction of erythroid cells. Electron microscopy of peripheral blood and bone marrow confirmed pathologic mitochondrial iron accumulation in erythroid cells and the presence of intraerythrocytic hemoglobin crystals. A cause for the hematologic changes was not identified. After the animal became clinically normal, siderocytes disappeared from peripheral blood but intraerythrocytic crystals and reticulocytosis persisted.     

Hematologic values in young pretraining healthy Greyhounds

BACKGROUND: Greyhound dogs have numerous clinicopathologic differences compared with other dog breeds, most notably in their hematologic profiles. The hematologic differences are likely related to breed; however, the influence of other factors, including age, sex, and training, has not been fully determined. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess hematologic values in young, healthy, pretraining Greyhounds and to determine the effects of age and sex on these findings. METHODS: Jugular venous EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples were collected from 43 healthy, pretraining Greyhounds between 5 and 13 months of age. Samples were analyzed within 24 hours of collection on an Abbott CELL-DYN 3500R hematology analyzer. Mean hematologic results for different age groups, and correlation with age and sex were determined for each analyte. Results were compared with adult canine, nonbreed-specific reference intervals. RESULTS: From the age of 9 to 10 months, Greyhounds had higher HCT, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC counts compared with adult canine reference intervals. Younger Greyhounds (5-6 months) had values comparable with reference intervals. Mean total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts tended to be toward the lower end or below the reference intervals. HCT, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC counts were correlated positively with age, and platelet count was correlated negatively with age. No differences were found based on sex. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that significant hematologic differences exist in pretraining Greyhounds by 9 to 10 months of age, when compared with adult canine, nonbreed-specific reference intervals; however, these differences are less marked in Greyhounds 5 to 6 months old. Given these findings, it is unlikely that factors such as training or racing are responsible for differences in hematologic values between adult Greyhounds and other breeds.     

Clinical and metabolic findings in dogs with chronic renal failure fed two diets.

Exogenous creatinine clearance, urinary electrolyte excretions, calcium and phosphorus balance, serum cholesterol concentration, arterial blood pressure, and body weight were evaluated in dogs with chronic renal failure that were fed 2 commercial diets. Nine dogs ranging in age from 1 to 15 years were identified as having mild to moderate chronic renal failure (CRF, exogenous creatinine clearance = 0.5 to 2.13 ml/kg of body weight/min). These dogs and a group of 10 clinically normal controls were fed a diet containing 31% protein for 8 weeks at which time hematologic and biochemical evaluations and clearance studies were performed. All dogs then were fed a phosphorus-restricted diet containing 16% protein and then reevaluated after 8 weeks. The dogs in this study had hematologic and biochemical abnormalities typical of CRF. Urine absolute and fractional excretion of electrolytes was higher in dogs with CRF than in controls and was affected by diet. Serum cholesterol concentration was higher in dogs with CRF and increased in those dogs after feeding the low protein diet. Changes in dietary sodium intake did not affect arterial blood pressure. The phosphorus-restricted diet did not affect serum amino terminal parathyroid hormone concentration in either group. Control dogs lost body weight, whereas dogs with CRF gained weight when fed the low protein diet. We concluded that dogs with mild to moderately severe CRF have the same biochemical abnormalities and response to dietary restriction of protein and phosphorus as has been previously reported in dogs with experimentally induced CRF. Restriction of dietary sodium may not decrease arterial blood pressure in some dogs with CRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)