“心灵化”的思维方式——中国古代思维方式浅析

中国古代“心灵化”的思维方式主要体现在直觉与妙悟、借类达情、象征见意境三个方面。“心灵化”的思维方式是一种置身于物中去自然感应的方式,它是非逻辑的、体验的方式。     

批判性思维及其培养

批判性思维是面对认知对象,做出肯定什么或否定的思考过程,它是以问题为起点,认知能力与情感的结合体,既是一种思维技能,又是一种人格或气质。     

大力开展农业科普活动 促进农村经济持续发展——基于安徽省农村科普活动的调查分析

农业科技推广和科普工作已为农业发展作出了重要贡献。新形势下,如何继续开展这项工作,农民在想些什么,有哪些要求,政府如何改进这项工作等,都需要深入了解。为此,笔者通过问卷调查,了解了农业科普工作的现状和农民的需求,提出了积极探索和开展农村科普工作新形式,建立健全农业科普工作运行机制,推进农业科普事业市场化运作等现时期推进农业科普工作的思路和对策。     

刍议科学发展观之确立

建设社会主义和谐社会,必须树立科学发展观。科学发展观坚持“以人为本”,人与自然要协调发展。本文认为,科学发展观之确立,应首先从改善思维习惯和行事原则入手,需要反思、审视我们以前之所想、所做和所行。并由此提出换位思考、效率优先、巧用时间、智用空间、效用资源以及爱用人才等6条原则。     

The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret

Facing the consequence of a decision we made can trigger emotions like satisfaction, relief, or regret, which reflect our assessment of what was gained as compared to what would have been gained by making a different decision. These emotions are mediated by a cognitive process known as counterfactual thinking. By manipulating a simple gambling task, we characterized a subject's choices in terms of their anticipated and actual emotional impact. Normal subjects reported emotional responses consistent with counterfactual thinking; they chose to minimize future regret and learned from their emotional experience. Patients with orbitofrontal cortical lesions, however, did not report regret or anticipate negative consequences of their choices. The orbitofrontal cortex has a fundamental role in mediating the experience of regret.     

Standardized ability tests and testing. Major issues and the validity of current criticisms of tests are discussed

At the outset a distinction was made between criticisms directed at the validity of tests and criticisms not affected by the validity of the tests. It was noted further that all criticisms of tests must take into consideration the type of test and the use to which the test is put. Criticisms of the validity of tests involved the following issues: (i) tests may be unfair to certain groups and individuals, including the extremely gifted, the culturally disadvantaged, and those who lack experience in taking tests; (ii) tests are not perfect predictors of subsequent performance; (iii) tests may be used in overly rigid ways; (iv) tests may not measure inherent qualities of individuals; and (v) tests may contribute to their own predictive validity by serving as self-fulfilling prophecies. Criticisms that are more or less independent of test validity included the effects of tests on (i) thinking patterns of those tested frequently; (ii) school curricula; (iii) self-image, motivation, and aspirations; (iv) groups using tests as a criterion for selection or allocation, or both; and (v) privacy. Several concluding remarks are in order: 1) This paper has focused almost entirely on criticisms of tests. However, the positive value of standardized tests should not be ignored. Here we must keep in mind what possible alternative measures would be used if standardized tests were abandoned. 2) We must begin thinking about tests in a much broader perspective- one that includes consideration of the social effects of tests as well as their validity and reliability. 3) Finally, an effort should be made to develop rational and systematic policies on the use of tests with the culturally disadvantaged, the dissemination of test results, and the problem of invasion of privacy. Such policies can be formulated only if we are willing to take a long hard look at the role we want testing to play in the society. Standardized tests currently are a cornerstone in the edifice of stratification in American society. It is up to the social scientist to conduct research that will enable policy makers in education, business and industry, and government to determine in a consistent and rational way the ultimate shape of this edifice.     

植物学教学方法和教学手段的改革与实践

本文通过讲授和讨论、艺术与趣味结合、课内外结合等教学方法的改进,及课件与板书相结合、充分利用多种教学资源等教学手段的改革,从根本上改善和提高了教学质量,激发了学生学习植物学的兴趣,使学生真正学会学习、思考和创新,以期为时代发展和现代化建设培养出高素质人才。     

A cultural economy model for studying food systems

In 1984, William Friedland proposed a Commodity Systems Analysis framework for describing the stages through which a commodity is transformed and how it acquires value. He challenged us to think of commodities as entities with a social as well as a physical presence. Friedland's argument enriched the concept of commodity production, but it remains essentially a supply side perspective.Since then, many commentators have argued that power is shifting from producers to consumers. Furthermore, some are claiming that, contrary to much traditional Marxist thinking about how individuals find meaning through their productive capacities, it is now through consumption that individuals are identifying themselves. Given the significance of this view, it seems timely to extend Friedland's framework to incorporate the consumption perspective.In light of other claims that the distance between production and consumption is increasing, it is equally important to acknowledge the processes that structure the relationship between the two spheres. This entails using new retail geographical and cultural studies to explore further what takes place in distribution and exchange.This article describes a new model for understanding power in commodity systems, one that acknowledges the input and interests of a range of actors beyond the agricultural sector. The proposed cultural economy model also emphasizes a range of value adding processes that are wider than those that apply to commodity production.     

Choice and voice: creating a community of practice in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

The development and utility of genetically modified (GM) crops for smallholders around the world is controversial. Critical questions include what traits and crops are to be developed; how they can be adapted to smallholders’ ecological, social and economic contexts; which dissemination channels should be used to reach smallholders; and which policy environments will enable the greatest benefits for smallholders and the rural poor. A key question is how the voices of smallholders who have experience with or desire to use GM technologies enter the larger debate. Africa has the greatest number of smallholders and poor with the least exposure to GM crops. Because of the well-established use of GM crops in South Africa by commercial farmers, we formed a community of practice (CoP) involving smallholders, extension, researchers, non-profits and agribusiness in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the conditions under which GM crops are used by smallholders, how smallholders interact with GM technologies and what insights smallholders and other stakeholders can provide regarding these questions. One of the advantages of the CoP approach is that it brings stakeholders together in a non-hierarchical way that encourages new ways of thinking and new partnerships. Such interaction around a specific project can enhance the voice of smallholders in a variety of ways. In our project, smallholder participants have increased their knowledge and can make better decisions about GM technologies, which had been barriers for them. Notably, they have also improved their knowledge of maize production practices, accessed new practice networks, and met new researchers and resource providers. They are now being integrated into these networks in a way that should improve their livelihoods and make the wants and needs of smallholders better known. Such knowledge and experience has improved their voice in agriculture and rural development discussions.     

Early results from the infrared astronomical satellite

For 10 months the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) provided astronomers with what might be termed their first view of the infrared sky on a clear, dark night. Without IRAS, atmospheric absorption and the thermal emission from both the atmosphere and Earthbound telescopes make the task of the infrared astronomer comparable to what an optical astronomer would face if required to work only on cloudy afternoons. IRAS observations are serving astronomers in the same manner as the photographic plates of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey; just as the optical survey has been used by all astronomers for over three decades, as a source of quantitative information about the sky and as a "roadmap" for future observations, the results of IRAS will be studied for years to come. IRAS has demonstrated the power of infrared astronomy from space. Already, from a brief look at a miniscule fraction of the data available, we have learned much about the solar system, about nearby stars, about the Galaxy as a whole and about distant extragalactic systems. Comets are much dustier than previously thought. Solid particles, presumably the remnants of the star-formation process, orbit around Vega and other stars and may provide the raw material for planetary systems. Emission from cool interstellar material has been traced throughout the Galaxy all the way to the galactic poles. Both the clumpiness and breadth of the distribution of this material were previously unsuspected. The far-infrared sky away from the galactic plane has been found to be dominated by spiral galaxies, some of which emit more than 50 percent and as much as 98 percent of their energy in the infrared-an exciting and surprising revelation. The IRAS mission is clearly the pathfinder for future missions that, to a large extent, will be devoted to the discoveries revealed by IRAS.     

Alternatives, traditions, and diversity in agriculture

This review essay examines several recentbooks about agriculture, including two books on thelinks between cultural and biological diversity intraditional agriculture, two books on the US farmcrisis, and a collected volume examining globalaspects of agricultural restructuring andsustainability. Finally, a history of ``alternative'agriculture provides a framework for thinking aboutthe ways the different cases shed light on the complexrelations between tradition and innovation inagriculture. A historical perspective highlights theextent to which ``alternative' is a relative term. Themonocrop, ``factory' mode that dominate US agriculturetoday certainly differs from what has characterizedfarming for most of history and in most of the world.Small-scale, more or less organic, diversified farms,which appear so ``alternative' in the present context,have until lately counted as the norm, here andelsewhere. These books also highlight both the dangersof the currently dominant industrial agriculture andthe potential for genuine alternatives.     

Galaxies and the Universe: Properties of the universe are revealed by the rotation of galaxies and their distribution in space

A brief review is given of what the study of galaxies has taught us about properties of the universe. It is assumed that the universe started from a general "explosion," and that the general expansion observed today, as well as the 3 degrees K blackbody radiation, are consequences of this explosion. The present average density in the universe is probably close to the critical value of 10(-29) g/cm(3). Only about 3 percent of this is contained in galaxies; the rest consists probably of intergalactic gas at a temperature between 10(5) and 10(6) degrees K. Observations in our own galaxy indicate that this intergalactic gas is still flowing into it.     

Introductory science and mathematics education for 21st-Century biologists

Galileo wrote that "the book of nature is written in the language of mathematics"; his quantitative approach to understanding the natural world arguably marks the beginning of modern science. Nearly 400 years later, the fragmented teaching of science in our universities still leaves biology outside the quantitative and mathematical culture that has come to define the physical sciences and engineering. This strikes us as particularly inopportune at a time when opportunities for quantitative thinking about biological systems are exploding. We propose that a way out of this dilemma is a unified introductory science curriculum that fully incorporates mathematics and quantitative thinking.     

银杏嫁接育苗试验

在相同立地条件下,分别采用不同方法、不同部位、不同时间及不同苗龄和龄级对银杏良种嫁接育苗效果进行对比试验。结果表明：芽接苗成活率和抽枝率均明显高于枝接苗;2年和3年实生苗砧木芽接苗成活率和抽枝率均达到81 %以上,从育苗周期及经济效益考虑,宜选用2年生实生苗为砧木;1年生接穗嫁接成活率和生长率明显提高;嫁接时间以早春 (4月)为宜;高位嫁接可明显缩短苗周期,适用于采穗圃育苗。     

The new synthesis in moral psychology

People are selfish, yet morally motivated. Morality is universal, yet culturally variable. Such apparent contradictions are dissolving as research from many disciplines converges on a few shared principles, including the importance of moral intuitions, the socially functional (rather than truth-seeking) nature of moral thinking, and the coevolution of moral minds with cultural practices and institutions that create diverse moral communities. I propose a fourth principle to guide future research: Morality is about more than harm and fairness. More research is needed on the collective and religious parts of the moral domain, such as loyalty, authority, and spiritual purity.     

ER tubules mark sites of mitochondrial division

Mitochondrial structure and distribution are regulated by division and fusion events. Mitochondrial division is regulated by Dnm1/Drp1, a dynamin-related protein that forms helices around mitochondria to mediate fission. Little is known about what determines sites of mitochondrial fission within the mitochondrial network. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria exhibit tightly coupled dynamics and have extensive contacts. We tested whether ER plays a role in mitochondrial division. We found that mitochondrial division occurred at positions where ER tubules contacted mitochondria and mediated constriction before Drp1 recruitment. Thus, ER tubules may play an active role in defining the position of mitochondrial division sites.     

对新形势下大学英语口语能力培养问题的再认识

我国大学英语教学经过多年改革,硕果累累,呈现出一派喜人景象。但是,在对待如何培养大学生英语口语交际能力问题上也存在一些片面的、不公正的看法。通过对此问题的分析,论述了英语词汇、阅读、写作及语法教学与提高口语交际能力的关系。     

探究式教学法在《森林调查技术》中的运用

探究式教学法不仅关注学生"知道什么",更注重学生"怎样才能知道",强调主动思考,积极探索。《森林调查技术》作为一门应用性极强的专业课,采用探究式教学法可以起到事半功倍的教学效果。     

英文写作中的英汉思维差异分析及对策研究

通过英汉思维模式差异的对比研究,分析了英汉两种思维差异对中国学生在英语写作中就选词造句、谋篇布局方面的影响,进而从构建词汇网络和作文的修改两个方面提出了培养中国学生英语思维并提高英语写作能力的有效途径。