Comparison of volatiles of cultured and wild sea bream (Sparus aurata) during storage in ice by dynamic headspace analysis/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cultured and wild sea bream were compared for differences in their volatile components over a 23 day storage period in ice. A total of 60 compounds in cultured and 78 compounds in wild sea bream were tentatively identified (in addition to this, there were 23 unknowns in cultured and 29 unknowns in wild sea bream volatiles). These included aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, aromatics, terpenes, furans, sulfur-containing compounds, an acid, and miscellaneous compounds. Although selection of best fish is a subjective matter, more aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, and terpenes were found in wild sea bream as compared to that of its cultured counterpart. Both sea bream samples exhibited complex volatile profiles over the entire storage period. The combination of several classes of volatile compounds, dependent upon their concentrations and odor thresholds, is responsible for the distinctive and unique flavor of fresh cultured and wild sea bream. Relative concentrations of several compounds (trimethylamine, piperidine, methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and acetic acid) increased continually throughout the storage period, and these may have the potential to be used as indicators of sea bream quality.     

生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼冰藏保鲜效果的影响

为延长冰藏海鲈鱼肉的保鲜期,以新鲜海鲈鱼为材料,研究冰藏条件下竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)、茶多酚(TP)、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)对海鲈鱼肉的保鲜效果;通过单因素和正交试验,以感官评分结合海鲈鱼肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、pH值和菌落总数(TBC)等指标表征其新鲜度,确定复合保鲜剂的最佳配比。结果表明,单一竹叶抗氧化物、茶多酚和Nisin的最佳保鲜浓度分别为0.3、0.4、0.7 g·L~(-1);海鲈鱼复合生物保鲜剂的最佳复配比为竹叶抗氧化物0.3 g·L~(-1)、茶多酚0.4 g·L~(-1)、Nisin 0.7 g·L~(-1),经此复合生物保鲜剂处理,海鲈鱼肉分别在冰藏第13、第19和第23天超出TVB-N一级、二级和三级鲜度范围,比未进行保鲜处理的空白组分别延长了6、4和6 d。该复合生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼肉有较好的保鲜效果,为海鲈鱼肉的生物保鲜提供了一定的科学依据。     

Multiple forms of xylose reductase in Candida intermedia: comparison of their functional properties using quantitative structure-activity relationships, steady-state kinetic analysis, and pH studies

The xylose-fermenting yeast Candida intermedia produces two isoforms of xylose reductase: one is NADPH-dependent (monospecific xylose reductase; msXR), and another is shown here to prefer NADH approximately 4-fold over NADPH (dual specific xylose reductase; dsXR). To compare the functional properties of the isozymes, a steady-state kinetic analysis for the reaction d-xylose + NAD(P)H + H(+) <--> xylitol + NAD(P)(+) was carried out and specificity constants (k(cat)/K(aldehyde)) were measured for the reduction of a series of aldehydes differing in side-chain size as well as hydrogen-bonding capabilities with the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme. dsXR binds NAD(P)(+) (K(iNAD+) = 70 microM; K(iNADP+) = 55 microM) weakly and NADH (K(i) = 8 microM) about as tightly as NADPH (K(i) = 14 microM). msXR shows uniform binding of NADPH and NADP(+) (K(iNADP+) approximately K(iNADPH) = 20 microM). A quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis was carried out by correlating logarithmic k(cat)/K(aldehyde) values for dsXR with corresponding logarithmic k(cat)/K(aldehyde) values for msXR. This correlation is linear with a slope of approximately 1 (r (2) = 0.912), indicating that no isozyme-related pattern of substrate specificity prevails and aldehyde-binding modes are identical in both XR forms. Binary complexes of dsXR-NADH and msXR-NADPH show the same macroscopic pK of approximately 9.0-9.5, above which the activity is lost in both enzymes. A lower pK of 7.4 is seen for dsXR-NADPH. Specificity for NADH and greater binding affinity for NAD(P)H than NAD(P)(+) are thus the main features of enzymic function that distinguish dsXR from msXR.     

Classification of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) from 1H NMR lipid profiling combined with principal component and linear discriminant analysis

The combination of (1)H NMR fingerprinting of lipids from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) with nonsupervised and supervised multivariate analysis was applied to differentiate wild and farmed fish and to classify farmed specimen according to their areas of production belonging to the Mediterranean basin. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied on processed (1)H NMR profiles made a clear distinction between wild and farmed samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) allowed classification of samples according to the geographic origin, as well as for the wild and farmed status using both PCA scores and NMR data as variables. Variable selection for LDA was achieved with forward selection (stepwise) with a predefined 5% error level. The methods allowed the classification of 100% of the samples according to their wild and farmed status and 85-97% to geographic origin. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) analyses provided complementary means for the successful discrimination among classes investigated.     

Leucine aminopeptidase from red sea bream (Pagrus major) skeletal muscle: purification, characterization, cellular location, and tissue distribution

A leucine aminopeptidase was purified for the first time from marine fish red sea bream ( Pagrus major) skeletal muscle to homogeneity with 4850-fold and a yield of 7.4%. The purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatographies including DEAE-Sephacel, Sephacryl S-200, hydroxyapatite, and phenyl-Sepharose. The enzyme was approximately 96 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration and preferentially hydrolyzed substrate Leu-MCA. The enzymatic activity was optimal at 45 degrees C and pH 7.5. The K m and k cat values of the enzyme for Leu-MCA were 1.55 microM and 26.4 S (-1) at 37 degrees C, respectively. Activation energy ( E a) of the enzyme was 59.6 kJ M (-1). The enzyme was specifically inhibited by metal-chelating agents, and Zn (2+) and (or) Mn (2+) seemed to be its metal cofactor(s). In addition, bestatin strongly inhibited its activity, and K i was 1.44 microM. Using a highly specific polyclonal antibody, the location of enzyme was demonstrated intracellularly and distributed in different tissues.     

Freshness assessments of Moroccan sardine (Sardina pilchardus): comparison of overall sensory changes to instrumentally determined volatiles

Freshness of ice-stored sardine was assessed by two sensory methods, the quality index method (QIM) and the European Union freshness grading system, and by instrumental means using the method of aroma extract dilution analysis. Screening of sardine potent volatiles was carried out at three freshness stages. In the very fresh state, the plant-like fresh volatiles dominated the odor pattern, with the exception of methional. Overall odor changes in sardine throughout storage correlated with changes in the concentration of some potent volatiles: after 2 days of ice storage, (Z)-4-heptenal, (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, and methional imparted an overall "fishy" odor character to sardine, whereas at a lower sensory grade (B), the compounds (E)-2-nonenal and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal could be, in part, associated with the slightly rancid aroma top notes. Trimethylamine was detected as a highly volatile odorant using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) headspace analysis of refrigerator-stored sardine. Intensity and sensory characteristics of some SPME determined volatiles, for example, 3-methylnonane-2,4-dione, were closely related to overall odor changes. SPME headspace analysis may be useful in the characterization of off-flavors in fish.     

Discrimination of storage conditions and freshness in virgin olive oil

Virgin olive oil samples stored in the light at ambient temperature, in the dark at ambient temperature, and at low temperature in the dark for 12 months both with and without headspace were separated into recognizable patterns with stepwise linear discriminant analysis. The discrimination with variables volatile and phenolic compounds, free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide values, K232, and K270 revealed a departure of stored oil from freshness and showed significant (p < 0.01) differences between storage conditions. Virgin olive oil stored at low temperature had characteristics closest to fresh oil while oil stored in the light showed the largest departure from freshness. Parameters that exclusively and significantly (p < 0.01) discriminated storage conditions were identified as potential markers of the storage condition. In the presence of oxygen, hexanal was a marker of storage in the light, FFA was a marker for dark storage, and markers of low-temperature storage were acetic acid and pentanal. In the absence of oxygen, octane was the marker for storage in the light whereas tyrosol and hexanol were markers of virgin olive oil stored in the dark, with no marker indicative of low-temperature storage. E-2-Hexenal, K232, and K270 were identified as markers of virgin olive oil freshness.     

Quality indicators of cultured Newfoundland blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) during storage on ice: microbial growth, pH, lipid oxidation, chemical composition characteristics, and microbial fatty acid contents

To devise proper strategies to evaluate and maintain the quality of cultured blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) during storage on ice, this study examined the potential use of microbial growth, pH, lipid oxidation, and composition characteristics as quality indicators. It also evaluated the use of individual (i15:0, ai15:0, i16:0, ai16:0, i17:0, ai17:0, 17:0) and total bacterial fatty acid contents as a rapid method to examine the microbial quality of stored mussels. Linear regression analyses of the storage period of mussels vs various quality indicators indicated that the strongest correlation was between the storage period and microbial growth (r = 0.973, p < 0.0001) followed by the microbial fatty acid ai15:0 content (r = 0.903, p < 0.0001) and ash content (r = 0.819, p = 0.0002). All other correlations between the storage period and quality indicators were moderate (r = 0.500-0.700 and p < 0.05), poor (r < 0.500 and p > 0.05), or negative (r = -0.657 and p = 0.027).     

Stability of omega-3 fatty acids in fortified surimi seafoods during chilled storage

Physical, chemical, and sensory properties of cooked surimi seafood gels (crab analogue) fortified with omega-3 fatty acids (FA) were monitored during chilled storage. Three sources of stabilized omega-3 FA (fish oil concentrate, menhaden oil, and a purified marine oil) were each incorporated into gels to an omega-3 FA content of 1.5 or 2.5%, w/w. Omega-3 FA stability, development of off-flavors, and changes in color and texture were monitored during chilled storage for 2 months. Gels with fish oil concentrate developed fishy flavor and aroma within 30 days and were eliminated from the study. Gels containing menhaden oil and purified marine oil exhibited little change in sensory properties or oxidation products throughout 2 months of storage. Relative polyene index values (ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids) indicated that the omega-3 FA were stable at both levels of addition. Omega-3 fortified gels were whiter than control gels, and gel texture was modified when menhaden and purified oils were added but not significantly affected by the level of omega-3 addition.     

基于图像光谱信息融合的鱼不同冻藏时间及冻融次数鉴别

应用高光谱成像技术(380~1023 nm),基于信息融合实现鱼不同冻藏时间后冻融次数鉴别。首先,提取鱼样品感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)光谱并结合竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)得到57个变量作为光谱信息,同时对鱼样品做主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),提取第一主成分图像信息如中值、协方差、同质性、能量、对比度、相关、熵、逆差距、反差、差异性、二阶距和自相关12个灰度共生矩阵(gray level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)纹理特征参量,结合灰度共生矩阵纹理特征与光谱特征,作为模型偏小最二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machines,LS-SVM)的输入建立区分模型,预测集识别率达到98%。结果表明,高光谱成像技术可以用于鱼不同冷冻时间以及冻融次数的鉴别。     

Changes in volatile compounds and overall aroma profile during storage of coffee brews at 4 and 25 degrees C

In this work, the chemical changes occurring in the volatile fraction of Arabica coffee brews during storage at 4 and 25 degrees C for 30 days have been characterized for the first time by means of HS-GC-MS. A total of 47 compounds were identified and quantified: 2 sulfur compounds, 7 aldehydes, 3 esters, 15 furans, 5 ketones, 1 alcohol, 2 thiophenes, 4 pyrroles, 1 pyridine, 5 pyrazines, 1 alkene, and 1 acid. No new volatile compounds were detected at the end of the storage time. The changes observed are, in general, slower and less pronounced at refrigeration temperature. Storage also affects the sensory characteristics of the stored coffee brews, which lose part of their aroma intensity and freshness, acquiring some nondesirable notes such as rancid aroma, mainly during storage at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, seven aroma indices have been proposed as indicators of coffee brew staling, which show a good correlation with some sensory attributes, not only for aroma but also overall sensory quality. Consequently, they could be considered useful to monitor both the "age" and the sensory quality of stored coffee brews.     

马鲛鱼冷链流通过程中感官和鲜度变化的相关性分析

为研究4℃冷链马鲛鱼在流通和贮藏中感官与鲜度指标及各指标相关性随时间变化的情况,本试验采用理化指标(包括挥发性盐基氮、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸值、组胺的含量变化)、微生物指标(菌落总数)和感官评价相结合的综合评价方法对马鲛鱼冷链流通过程的品质进行分析,并进一步探讨马鲛鱼冷链贮藏期间感官和品质变化的相关性。结果表明,随着流通、贮藏时间的延长,冷链马鲛鱼各鲜度指标相关的各物质含量均呈递增趋势,感官品质下降,菌落总数增加,其货架期约168 h。此外,除硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)外,其余鲜度指标和微生物指标以及感官评价之间具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。本研究为马鲛鱼冷链条件的优化及选取合适的新鲜度评价指标提供了一定的参考依据和理论基础。     

牛肉低温储藏期间质构参数分析及新鲜度指标的确定

为了寻求低温储藏期间牛肉新鲜度的快速检测指标,将牛肉置于5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏2种条件下,用挥发性盐基氮检测(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、恒温干燥法与质构多面分析方法(texture profile analysis,TPA)对牛肉样品(储藏时间0、3、6、9、12、15 d)进行检测。发现-5℃冷冻条件下储藏的牛肉比5℃冷藏条件下储藏的牛肉保鲜时间更长,且随着储藏时间的增加2种储藏条件下牛肉的含水率都降低。得到0~15 d内5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏牛肉质地参数(硬度1、硬度2、回复性)的变化规律。用二因素方差分析得知储藏时间、储藏温度对回复性均有显著影响(P0.05),用相关性分析得知硬度1、硬度2、回复性与新鲜度指标显著相关(P0.05)。选取2℃条件下冷鲜密封储藏牛肉进行试验验证,测定挥发性盐基氮与回复性,对试验数据进行统计分析并线性拟合,挥发性盐基氮与回复性两者的线性函数关系具有较好拟合优度(R2=0.85311),挥发性盐基氮值与回复性呈显著相关(P0.05)。因此回复性可作为牛肉低温储藏期间新鲜度的检测指标。研究结果可为生产储运过程与日常生活中牛肉保鲜和保持质地口感提供依据。     

Free polyunsaturated fatty acids cause taste deterioration of salmon during frozen storage

Increased intensity of train oil taste, bitterness, and metal taste are the most pronounced sensory changes during frozen storage of salmon (Refsgaard, H. H. F.; Brockhoff, P. B.; Jensen, B. Sensory and Chemical Changes in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) during Frozen Storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998a, 46, 3473-3479). Addition of each of the unsaturated fatty acids: palmitoleic acid (16:1, n - 7), linoleic acid (C18:2, n - 6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5, n - 3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6, n - 3) to fresh minced salmon changed the sensory perception and increased the intensity of train oil taste, bitterness, and metal taste. The added level of each fatty acid ( approximately 1 mg/g salmon meat) was equivalent to the concentration of the fatty acids determined in salmon stored as fillet at -10 degrees C for 6 months. The effect of addition of the fatty acids on the intensity of train oil taste, bitterness and metal taste was in the order: DHA > palmitoleic acid > linoleic acid > EPA. Formation of free fatty acids was inhibited by cooking the salmon meat before storage. Furthermore, no changes in phospholipid level were observed during frozen storage. The results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis of neutral lipids plays a major role in the sensory deterioration of salmon during frozen storage.     

Rheological and Sensory Evaluation of Wheat Flour Tortillas During Storage

Texture of wheat flour tortillas over 15 days at room temperature was evaluated using an expert sensory panel, consumer panels, subjective rollability test, large deformation rheological methods (i.e., bending, extensibility [1‐D and 2‐D], and puncture tests), and stress relaxation method. Most of the changes in texture occurred during the initial 8 days of storage, while texture of tortillas changed slowly thereafter. Differences in texture between fresh and 1‐day‐old tortillas were detected by many objective rheological methods but not by either sensory panel. The expert sensory panel observed a rapid decrease in tortilla extensibility and an increase in staleness between 1 and 8 days of storage and smaller changes in sensory scores after 8 days of storage. Most objective rheological parameters changed rapidly between 0 and 5 days, and slowly after 5 days of storage. Significant correlations and factor analysis reveal that changes occurring in flour tortillas during staling are estimated better by subjective rollability, sensory evaluation (expert and consumer panels), and 2‐dimensional extensibility test than by other methods. Hence, some rheological methods are useful to estimate sensory properties of flour tortillas.     

花青素纳米纤维智能标签对羊肉新鲜度的无损检测

为实现羊肉新鲜度的无损、实时、可视化检测,及建立可靠的预测模型,将花青素纳米纤维智能标签应用于市售温度(10±2)℃储藏下的羊肉,并测定了智能标签的微观结构和胺敏感性,以及羊肉储藏过程中的新鲜度指标(感官品质、挥发性盐基总氮含量(Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N)、pH值、菌落总数...     

Functional expression of geraniol 10-hydroxylase reveals its dual function in the biosynthesis of terpenoid and phenylpropanoid

Geraniol 10-hydroxylase (G10H), a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, has been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids. The gene for Catharanthus roseus G10H (CrG10H) was cloned and heterologously expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. A number of substrates were subjected to assay the enzyme activity of CrG10H. As reported in a previous study, CrG10H hydroxylated the monoterpenoid geraniol at the C-10 position to generate 10-hydroxygeraniol. Interestingly, CrG10H also catalyzed 3'-hydroxylation of naringenin to produce eriodictyol. Coexpression of an Arabidopsis NADPH P450 reductase substantially increased the ability of CrG10H to hydroxylate naringenin. The catalytic activity of CrG10H was approximately 10 times more efficient with geraniol than with naringenin, judged by the k(cat)/K(m) values. Thus, G10H also plays an important role in the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids, in addition to its previously described role in the metabolism of terpenoids.     

基于虚拟仪器的淡水鱼鲜度电子鼻测量系统

新鲜度是鱼类或鱼类制品质量的一个重要指标,可以通过测量鱼体气味来评价其新鲜度。该文分析了鱼体死亡后产生的特征挥发性气体,确定了TGS822乙醇类及有机溶剂型传感器、TGS825硫化氢型传感器、TGS826氨气及胺类型传感器以及TGS832 卤烃型气体传感器等4类传感器作为淡水鱼电子鼻的传感器阵列,并采用虚拟仪器平台开发了电子鼻测量系统,用该测量系统对不同新鲜度的鲢鱼鱼肉进行了气味检测。试验结果表明,电子鼻传感器阵列的响应随样品新鲜度的变化而变化,采用PCA（主成分分析）对试验数据进行聚类分析,可以将鱼体新鲜、次新鲜和腐败（包括半腐败）的样本正确区分,证实了自行研制电子鼻测量系统的可行性和适用性。     

不同天然保鲜液对气调包装冰温贮藏鲶鱼片品质的影响

为延长鲶鱼片货架期,提高其食用安全性,该试验将新鲜鲶鱼片分别用3种天然保鲜液以及无菌蒸馏水(对照组)处理后,气调包装(60%CO2+40%N2),贮藏于–0.7℃的冰温库中,考察3种天然保鲜液对鲶鱼片感官品质、微生物指标、常规理化指标以及鱼肉蛋白氧化程度的影响。结果表明:1#保鲜液(由壳聚糖、蜂胶、溶菌酶和茶多酚等复配而成)与3#保鲜液(纯乳酸菌发酵液)降低了鲶鱼片中的菌落总数、p H值、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)值和K值的上升;2#保鲜液(桂皮、丁香、生姜和大蒜)具有极好的抗氧化功能,使硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid resctive subastances,TBARS)值在整个贮藏期间维持在较低(0.09~0.14 mg/kg)水平;3种天然保鲜液均不同程度延缓了鲶鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白的氧化,抑制了羰基含量的增加和总巯基含量的减少。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果显示,经3种保鲜液处理,鲶鱼片肌原纤维蛋白发生交联聚合和小片化的程度降低。由此可见3种保鲜液在不同程度上均可抑制鲶鱼片微生物生长、蛋白降解、脂肪和蛋白氧化,较好地保持鲶鱼肉的新鲜度,延缓腐败变质的发生,3组保鲜效果排序为3#1#2#,1#,2#,3#保鲜液组货架期分别达到40、30和40 d,而无菌蒸馏水处理组为20 d。研究结果为天然保鲜液在鲶鱼肉贮藏中的应用提供参考。     

基于稳态空间分辨光谱的猪肉新鲜度检测方法

该文探索肉品光学参数与新鲜程度变化之间的关系,从而为无损、快速地评定猪肉新鲜度提供一种方法。基于生物光子学原理,应用近红外稳态空间分辨光谱技术,设计了可见-短波近红外多通道光学参数检测装置,在系统校准基础上获得猪肉在新鲜度变化过程中的有效衰减系数谱。研究了逐日获得的猪肉有效衰减系数与反映肉品新鲜程度的挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量之间的关系,并辅以菌落总数检测与感官指标评价等作为参考依据。研究结果表明,当肉品发生腐败,胞膜发生溶解破裂,其组织结构的改变导致散射变化;有效衰减系数在940、960 nm波长处与TVB-N含量变化呈显著相关。由此得出：在短波近红外范围内可以建立近红外光谱与TVB-N的相关关系,从而达到评价肉类新鲜度的目的。