山区小流域灌溉水利用系数研究

分析了山区小流域灌溉排水系统的特点,基于水量平衡原理界定了山区小流域灌溉水利用系数概念,提出了山区小流域灌溉水利用系数的确定方法,以温州市永嘉县小楠溪流域为实例,其灌溉利用系数为0.90.结果表明:从不同的角度界定灌溉水利用系数,其计算方法和结果差异显著.     

基于区域回归水重复利用的理论灌溉水利用系数研究

灌溉水有效利用系数作为国民经济发展的一项重要的资源利用效率指标,也是实行最严格的水资源管理制度中用水效率控制红线的三项主要指标之一,国家提出了明确的阶段目标。通过以水量平衡法为主线,采用根据年度区域作物结构变化修正的"浮动定额"法计算了广东省1997-2011年间理论灌溉水利用系数,并以全省6个地理分区为单元,采用彭曼公式计算了历年灌溉需水量,并计算得到各年度灌溉回归水量。结果表明,期间广东省多年平均灌溉回归水利用系数为0.27,考虑灌溉回归水基础上的年度理论灌溉水利用系数值多年均值为0.56,年际间变化总体表现出灌溉水利用系数上升而回归水利用系数下降的趋势。比2005-2011年度的实测值年均高0.16,说明灌溉回归水的影响客观存在。研究对于计算区域理论灌溉水利用系数和灌溉回归水利用系数提供了新的途径。     

江苏省大型灌区灌溉水有效利用系数测定方法——以东台市堤东灌区为例

灌溉水利用系数是衡量灌区建设水平、管理水平、用水效率的重要指标,目前地方政府对这项指标非常重视,江苏省已把这项指标列为水利现代化和农业现代化建设考核的重要指标。如何准确测定灌溉水利用系数,是当前许多水利科技工作者研究的热点课题,从测算实践看,小型灌区测算相对简单,大型灌区因其面积大、种植品种繁杂、用水结构复杂,测算结果的准确率难以把控。以东台市堤东灌区为例,采用改进型首尾法测定该灌区灌溉水利用系数。在细化分析其他水源和用水的基础上,测算出东台堤东灌区2012年农业毛灌溉水量为48 029万m3,农业净灌溉水量27 321.9万m3,灌溉水利用系数0.569。该测定方法在计算毛灌溉水量时分析了灌区其他水源量和用水量,提高了测定结果的准确度;在计算净灌溉水量时引用了作物标准灌溉定额,简化了工作量。     

不同尺度首尾法及动水法测算灌溉水利用系数对比研究

根据2008年在湖北漳河灌区基于首尾法及动水法开展的不同尺度灌溉水利用系数的测算数据,分析了灌溉水利用系数随空间尺度的变化规律以及2种方法之间不同尺度灌溉水利用系数存在的差异及其原因。结果表明,灌溉水利用系数随空间尺度的扩大呈显明显的降低趋势;各尺度上首尾法获得的灌溉水利用系数值均略大于动水法,原因在于首尾法反应年用水的总体情况,并考虑了回归水的重复利用;不同尺度之间灌溉水利用系数降低幅度比较表明,漳河灌区从干渠到支渠、支渠到斗渠环节的损失最大,是节水改造的主要对象。     

灌区灌溉水有效利用系数内涵及测定方法研究

分析了灌溉水有效利用系数的内涵,根据内涵提出首尾测算法和分段测算法来测定灌溉水有效利用系数,对首尾测算法和分段测算法中的各方法进行了总结和比较分析,并分析了首尾法和分段法的优缺点.首尾法工作量小,但只能反映整个灌区的灌溉水有效利用系数;分段法工作量大,但可以反映灌区渠系用水情况、灌溉工程质量及灌溉用水管理水平等,可用于评估灌区的节水改造工作.分段法没有考虑回归水的重复利用,所测得的灌溉水有效利用系数比实际值小.     

国内外灌溉水利用系数研究进展

灌溉水利用系数是定量评价灌溉水利用程度的一项指标。正确确定灌溉水利用系数,并利用灌溉水利用系数对灌区用水进行管理,对于农业节水及水资源的可持续利用都至关重要。对国内外灌溉水利用系数方面的研究进行了综述和评价,对本领域的研究前沿进行了展望。     

河网区不同尺度灌区节水潜力分析

针对河网地区回归水的存在及其重复利用加大了节水潜力的尺度效应,也导致了关于真实节水潜力的诸多争论的问题,采用首尾法对比研究了河网区不同尺度灌区灌溉水利用系数,并对不同尺度灌区灌溉水利用系数提高阈值与真实节水潜力进行了综合评价.结果表明,大中型灌区灌溉水利用系数显著低于小型灌区的,且各小型灌区之间的灌溉水利用系数变异系数大.影响灌溉水利用系数的各因素中,节水灌溉因子所占的比重较大,可通过实施节水灌溉工程以提高灌溉水利用系数.大中型灌区单位面积的真实节水潜力显著低于小型灌区的.但同时,由于试验区灌区大中型灌区面积大,节水潜力主要依赖于大中型灌区,特别是大型灌区,试验区各大型样点灌区的近期真实节水潜力为(0.800~6.372)×10~7m~3;远期真实节水潜力为(1.095~8.201)×10~7m~3.不同尺度灌区应采取不同的相应节水措施,以提高灌溉水利用系数.     

浅论灌区灌溉水利用系数

灌区灌溉水利用系数是衡量灌溉水利用程度的一个重要指标，对灌溉水利用系数的内涵和确定灌溉水利用系数的传统方法做了论述，分析了传统确定方法存在的问题和难点，提出了用作物净灌水定额、年度净灌溉用水总量以及灌区作物产量来推求灌溉水利用系数的简易方法，并对这些方法进行了讨论。     

省级灌溉水有效利用系数测算工作评估方法探讨

灌溉水有效利用系数是最严格考核管理制度的重要考核指标之一,从测算组织、样点灌区代表性、测算方法可靠性以及与影响因素相符性4个方面,建立了省级灌溉水有效利用系数测算工作评估评估指标体系,通过在某省的应用,提出了该省灌溉水有效利用系数测算需要重视和改进的地方,为加强灌溉水有效利用系数测算管理提供了方法。     

宝鸡市农田灌溉水利用系数测算分析

农田灌溉水利用系数是衡量农田灌溉水利用效率的重要指标,也是政府部门进行宏观决策的重要依据。综合考虑宝鸡市土壤类型、地形地貌、水源类型、灌区规模及作物种植结构等因素,从全市选取32处样点灌区,采用"首尾测算分析法",计算出宝鸡市2017年各类型灌区的灌溉水利用系数。计算结果为:宝鸡市2017年大型、中型、小型和纯井灌区的灌溉水利用系数分别为0.525 7、0.535 9、0.563 2和0.763 0。由不同规模灌区的年毛灌溉用水量与不同规模样点灌区的灌溉水利用系数加权平均,宝鸡市2017年农田灌溉水利用系数为0.578 0。计算成果对宝鸡市水资源规划利用具有指导意义。     

稻田回归水模拟及其评价

以V ens im为工具,建立了稻田田间及中等尺度水量转化的系统动力学模型;通过漳河灌区团林试区实测资料检验,证实了模型的适用性及其精度。将模型用于田间及中等尺度回归水的模拟,探讨了回归水评价指标随田间及中等尺度的变化规律,对影响稻田回归水变化的因素进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:地表回归水量随田埂有效高度的增加线性减少;田埂回归水量随田块长度的增加线性增加,随田埂宽度的增加而明显减少;田埂回归水和田间回归水均随水力传导度的增加而增加;地下回归水随坡度的变陡而增大;地表回归水、田间回归水及田埂回归水均随旱作比例的增加而减少。田块狭长组合方式的回归水重复利用系数比宽窄组合方式大。回归水评价指标计算表明,灌溉降雨回归系数比灌溉回归系数能更好的反映田间出流及回归水的利用;中等尺度的灌溉回归系数和灌溉降雨回归系数分别是田间尺度的1倍左右;中等尺度上的重复利用系数不大,说明可以提供给下游使用的回归水量大;干旱年份的回归水重复利用系数比平水年的大。     

内蒙河套灌区建立回归水灌溉系统可行性分析

通过详实可靠的资料及多种因素分析 ,对河套灌区建立回归水灌溉系统的可行性进行了论证     

Water management in an ancestral irrigation system in southern Spain: a simulation analysis

The snow pack of Sierra Nevada, southern Spain, melts during spring and early summer, feeding ancestral irrigation channels in the region known as the Alpujarra. This simulation study compares the traditional irrigation water supply, based on proportional division, with the actual supply, based on up-downstream priority, in one watershed in the Alpujarra. A combination of three models was used for the analysis. Water supply was simulated using the snowmelt-runoff model. The snow cover required by that model was determined using satellite images. A second model simulated the distribution of water based on proportional division and on up-downstream priority. Irrigation requirements and return flows were simulated using a soil–water balance. Proportional division is an inherently equitable mechanism for distributing water, but can lead to water deficits for different crops in a command area. The analysis demonstrated this premise not be true. The superiority of proportional division was magnified in dry years. Because of the internal reuse of return flows, irrigation consumptive use coefficient (the ratio of irrigation water that is evapotranspirated by the crops to the total amount of irrigation water that leaves the area of concern during the period of analysis) at the watershed scale was significantly greater than at the irrigation-channel scale. This result illustrated, based on tradition in ancestral irrigation community, the notion of integrated water resources management.     

Characteristics of water reuse and its effects on paddy irrigation system water balance and the riceland ecosystem

Rapid industrial development in the rice-growing regions has increased competition for the scarce water resources. Water reuse (surface and subsurface agriculture drainage water, storm runoff, sewerage effluent and industrial wastewater recycling) is in widespread use as a method of supplementing the paddy water supply, therefore, there is a need to clarify its effects on the paddy system water balance and riceland ecosystem. Field data and simulation results from a complex runoff model (created on a daily basis), were used to estimate the water balance and assess the effects on the irrigation system of a water shortage area in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. For three years (1991–1993), the average water reuse component was within the range 14∼ 15% of the total irrigation water supply. Apart from meeting the water needs at peak demand periods, water reuse is a quick-response water supply solution during dry spells, increasing both the water reliability and crop security. To understand the impact of water reuse on the riceland ecosystem, its effect on total phosphorus (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N), suspended solids (SS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was assessed. Blending of the drainage water was done to reduce the irrigation water concentrations, to approximate the traditional dual canal system and to increase farmer satisfaction with the water reuse system. Apart from the fact that the amount of return flow drained out of the irrigation system was reduced when drainage water was reused for irrigation, the effluent load reductions for SS and T-P owing to water reuse were consistently high. Hence, water reuse not only helps meet irrigation water needs, but also aids purification of the agricultural drainage water and preservation of the riceland ecosystem.     

大型灌区灌溉水利用系数的分析方法

在分析大型灌区灌溉水利用系数时，考虑越级现象、回归水利用、管理水平三方面的影响，通过严密的数学推导，定量计算反映影响因素的越级修正系数、回归水利用修正系数。并根据灌区管理达标情况确定管理修正系数。提出了改进传统的连乘计算公式的计算方法。     

Estimation of irrigation return flow from paddy fields considering the soil moisture

The objective of this study was to estimate irrigation return flow in irrigated paddy fields considering the soil moisture. The proposed model was applied to examine its feasibility with regard to the growing period of rice. Simulation results showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated values: root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.05-7.27 mm day⁻¹, coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.72-0.73, and coefficient of efficiency (E) of 0.54-0.55. The estimated average annual irrigation return flow during the period from 1998 to 2001 was 306.2 mm, which was approximately 25.7% of the annual irrigation amounts. Of this annual irrigation return flow, 14.1% was attributable to quick and 11.6% to delayed return flow. These results indicate that considerable amounts of irrigation water in the paddy fields were returned to streams and canals by surface runoff and groundwater discharge. The modeling assessment method proposed in this study can be used to manage agriculture water and estimate irrigation return flow under different hydrological and water management conditions.     

Water and salt balance in an irrigated area of the Ebro River Basin (Spain)

Summary Water balance components (effective precipitation, diverted water, actual evapotranspiration and irrigation return flow) and salt balance components (TDS of precipitation, diverted water and irrigation return flow, and sources/sinks in the soil profile) of the Violada irrigation district (3,913 ha) located in the Ebro river basin were measured for the 1982 and 1983 hydrological years. The irrigation district discharges annually 73,000 t of salt into its receiving river. The gypsiferous character of the soils gives a saturated gypsum character to the leachate resulting in a fairly constant TDS of the irrigation return flow (coefficient of variation of 12% for the 1982 hydrological year). The salt load of this area is 18.8 t/ha due to the gypsum content of the soils and improper water management. This results in a mean annual irrigation application efficiency (JAE), calculated as the average actual evapotranspiration/diverted irrigation water ratio, of 0.67 for the 2 years studied. On-farm irrigation system evaluation tests were performed in order to evaluate uniformity of water application and irrigation requirements of the main crops. The results indicate that JAE can be improved by means of better irrigation water management (especially irrigation scheduling) and proper land levelling of the fields.Formerly Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, CRIDA-03     

农业灌溉节水潜力及回归水利用研究进展

目前,对农业灌溉节水潜力尚未形成一个统一、公认的概念,相应的评价和计算体系也没有很好地建立起来.对农业灌溉节水潜力方面的研究成果进行了全面的回顾总结,提出了存在的问题和以后研究的重点.指出不同尺度回归水重复利用的量化是合理计算真实节水潜力的关键.最后,对回归水重复利用研究计算方法进行了归纳总结,提出了考虑回归水重复利用率的灌溉节水潜力评价思路.     

灌区排水再利用研究进展

灌区排水再利用研究及其应用不仅对保障未来我国粮食安全和水安全有积极作用,而且对提高农田水肥资源利用效率、保护水环境等都具有十分重要的意义。总结了国内外灌区排水再利用研究基础理论和关键技术,包括排水再利用基础理论研究、常见的排水再利用工程运行模式和减轻排水灌溉利用负面效应的管理措施。指出我国灌区排水再利用具有较大潜力,排水再利用的节水减污效果明显,目前关于排水中氮磷等营养成分的研究成果较多,对盐分及其他组分的研究相对较少,再利用的工程运行模式与灌溉管理措施是影响排水再利用效应的关键因素,排水水质和水量变化规律、最佳再利用模式和灌溉管理措施的选择、再利用的生态环境效应评价与风险分析等是今后排水再利用研究的重要内容。