变温以及酸、碱处理对打破3种苔草种子休眠的作用

以3种野生苔草植物种子为材料,研究打破其休眠的最佳处理方法和发芽温度。采用预冷、硝酸钾预冷、NaOH溶液浸种和浓硫酸浸种对种子进行预处理,在15℃~30℃之间设置3个变温梯度,进行两因素完全随机发芽试验。结果表明:圆囊苔草的最适发芽温度为25/15℃,最佳处理为10%NaOH溶液处理10min,发芽率达91%;膨囊苔草的最适发芽温度为30/15℃,最佳处理为10%NaOH溶液处理120min,发芽率达54%,继续增加处理时间可能会进一步提高膨囊苔草的发芽率;异穗苔草的最适发芽温度为30/20℃变温,最佳处理为20%NaOH浸种120min,发芽率达93%。     

冬季层积处理对5种高寒草甸植物种子萌发特性的影响

为明晰冬季层积对高寒草甸植物种子萌发的影响,以同期收获的室内贮藏种子为对照,对甘肃天祝高寒草甸土中、藏羊粪和牦牛粪中冬季层积的5种高寒草甸植物种子萌发特性进行了研究。结果表明,层积对矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、华扁穗草(Blysmus sinocompressus)、细叶鸢尾(Iris tenuifolia)、无脉苔草(Carex enervis)和线叶嵩草(K.capillifolia)种子发芽率、初始发芽天数和发芽指数的影响因种皮的完整性、层积基质和草种不同而异。和对照相比,冬季层积提高了破皮的矮生嵩草、华扁穗草、细叶鸢尾和无脉苔草种子的发芽率和发芽指数,降低了其初始发芽天数。冬季层积对完整种子萌发的影响小于破皮种子。牦牛粪中层积的破皮华扁穗草种子发芽率显著高于在绵羊粪和土中层积的种子(P0.05),而破皮的矮生嵩草、细叶鸢尾、无脉苔草种子在各层积基质处理间无显著差异(P0.05)。冬季层积对完整及破皮线叶嵩草种子的萌发无显著影响。     

苔草种子休眠和萌发特性的研究

苔草种子具有很强的休眠特性，萌发率极低，故长期以来限制了苔草的大面积利用。本试验选择两种苔草种子，研究光照，温度，种（果）皮及激素等因素与种子休眠和萌发的关系。测试种子休眠解除前后几种化学及结构物质的变化情况。结果表明，苔草种子的休眠虽与多种因素相关，但种子中的ＡＢＡ是抑制萌发的主要物质。     

低温层积处理对4种苔草种子休眠与萌发的影响

以北京地区4种苔草(矮苔草、披针苔草、青绿苔草和涝峪苔草)的种子为材料,通过低温层积处理,测定了层积不同时间种子发芽率、发芽指数及内源激素含量、可溶性糖和淀粉含量等指标,对苔草种子休眠的原因进行了探讨。结果表明,层积处理能够增加苔草的发芽率和发芽指数,使矮苔草和披针苔草种子的发芽率分别从34%和40%提高到84%和81%,青绿苔草和涝峪苔草种子发芽指数分别从7.88和2.86提高到18.15和5.20;内源ABA含量较高是导致苔草种子休眠的重要原因;可溶性糖含量与种子发芽指数存在正相关关系。     

砾苔草生长发育及种子生产特性的研究

砾苔草是北方干旱地区很有开发利用价值的一种植物，其种子产量低是阻碍对其开发利用的主要因子之一。本文从砾苔草的生殖生物学特性着手，观察了砾苔草的开花结实特性、测定了该植物在不同条件下的生长特性及种子产量构成因子变化情况。指出：砾苔草种子产量低的原因主要是败育所致，而造成败育率高的原因则主要是对生殖生长的营养供应不足。北方地区春季干旱是影响砾苔草种子生产的主要原因之一。     

温度、冷层积和化学试剂处理对3种莎草科植物种子萌发的影响

为明晰莎草科植物种子萌发特性,提高莎草科牧草种子的萌发率。本文以3种莎草科种子为研究对象,采用8种温度条件、3种化学试剂和冷层积处理法,结合扫描电子显微镜技术研究莎草科种子对各种处理的萌发响应过程。结果表明：变温下种子的萌发率显著高于恒温下的萌发率,华扁穗草(Blysmus sinocompressus)和帕米尔薹草(Carex pamirensis)种子最适萌发温度分别为15℃/25℃和15℃/30℃;华扁穗草为萌发喜光性种子、帕米尔薹草为萌发光不敏感性种子;冷层积处理和化学试剂+冷层积综合处理能显著提高华扁穗草种子的萌发率,并显著降低萌发时滞;化学试剂+冷层积综合处理能使帕米尔薹草种子的萌发率达到70%以上;青藏薹草(Carex moorcroftii)种子在化学试剂+冷层积下萌发率最高达到10%;一定浓度的硫酸(H₂SO₄)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、次氯酸钠(NaHClO)溶液均能破坏种皮,更易于水分和氧气进入种子,从而促进种子萌发。     

几种苔草种子生活力测定方法及测定结果研究报告

通过四唑法测定苔草属几种种子生活力的试验研究，确定了测定苔草种子生活力的方法是：取净种子，磨擦除去小坚果的外壳，将种子预湿后纵切胚和３／４胚乳，在３５℃下用０．１％的四唑染色４￣２４小时或用０．５％的四唑染色体３￣２４小时，冲掉溶液后在保持种子湿润的条件下鉴定其有无生活力。采用以上方法对不同产地和不同收获、贮藏期的几种苔草种子生活力变化情况进行了初步研究，确定了产于呼市、锡盟、承德地区的苔草种子，     

青海鹅观草和无芒鹅观草种子萌发条件及特性的研究

对产地，收获时间，贮藏条件相同的青海鹅观草和无芒鹅观草种子进行了１５、２０、２５、３０℃四种恒温及１０－２５、１５－２５、１５－３０、２０－３０℃四种变温处理，测定其萌发适宜温度；相继以适宜萌发温度，分别结合预冷，光照和０．２％硝酸钾三种预处理及低温、变温等措施测定两种子适宜的破除休眠技术。结果表明；鹅观草种子适宜萌发为１５－２５℃、１５－３０℃变温及２０℃恒温，青海鹅观草还适宜１０－２５℃的低变     

不同引发方法对青绿苔草种子发芽的影响

青绿苔草(Carex leucochlora)作为一种优良的草坪地被植物,在园林绿化建设中具有广泛的应用前景,但由于其种子发芽时间长,限制了其大规模开发利用.本文研究了不同引发剂和引发方法对青绿苔草种子发芽的影响.结果表明:单一引发中,5％KNO3以及480 mg·L?1赤霉素(GA3)对青绿苔草种子的引发效果较佳,经处理后,与未经任何处理的青绿苔草种子(CK)相比,其发芽势分别提高11％和32％,发芽率均提高4％,发芽指数分别提高2.06和2.69,平均发芽时间分别缩短2.11和2.72 d;混合处理中,效果最佳的处理为先将种子用5％KNO3引发,后经10％NaOH溶液浸种20 min,再通过480 mg·L?1 GA3进行引发,与CK相比,其发芽势和发芽率分别提高92％和5％,发芽指数提高5.92,平均发芽时间由9.01 d缩短至4.46 d.本研究解决了青绿苔草种子发芽慢的问题,为青绿苔草在园林绿地中规模化应用提供了依据.     

苔草属植物种子休眠与萌发研究现状

苔草属（Carex）植物种类多,分布范围极广,适应性强,观赏价值高,是优良草坪及地被植物的新资源。可是,苔草属种子普遍具有很强的休眠特性,萌发率低,发芽起始晚,以及夏季次生休眠的诱导,故长期以来限制了苔草植物在草坪中的应用。总结了国内外苔草种子休眠和萌发的研究成果,对苔草种子的特性、休眠类型、休眠机制、破除休眠的方法、发芽需要的条件等方面进行了综述。同时,提出了今后苔草属种子休眠和萌发方面的研究方向。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -