低温木聚糖酶及产酶菌株的研究方法

木聚糖酶的底物木聚糖是自然界中继纤维素之后含量第二丰富的可再生资源—半纤维素的主要组成部分,因此木聚糖酶在纸浆、造纸工业、食品和饲料等各行业中都有广泛应用。广义的木聚糖酶是指能够降解半纤维素木聚糖的一组酶的总称,包括多种内切酶和外切酶。但通常所说的木聚糖酶仅限     

木聚糖酶对不同能量饲料的体外酶解效果研究

本试验测定了不同来源的玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖含量,并通过体外酶解试验考察木聚糖酶对玉米、小麦、麦麸、米糠中的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解效果,旨在建立木聚糖酶添加水平与原料之间的定量关系。结果表明:不同来源的能量饲料的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖含量不同。玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的总木聚糖含量分别为3.87%、7.11%、20.24%和9.90%,水溶性木聚糖含量分别为0.11%、0.85%、0.92%和0.15%。木聚糖酶对不同能量饲料的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解程度不同。木聚糖酶对小麦、麦麸的总木聚糖的降解程度最大,其次为玉米,对米糠总木聚糖降解程度最小;木聚糖酶对小麦和麦麸的水溶性木聚糖降解程度最大,对玉米和米糠的水溶性木聚糖降解程度小。以总木聚糖含量变化为指标,每千克玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的适宜木聚糖酶添加水平为1 380、1 987、2 887和1 000 IU;以水溶性木聚糖含量变化为指标,每千克玉米、小麦、麦麸和米糠的适宜木聚糖酶添加水平为500、2 108、6 958和1 000 IU。     

蛋白质饲料木聚糖含量及其体外酶解效果研究

本文通过体外酶解试验,考察木聚糖酶对豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解效果,试图建立木聚糖酶与不同蛋白质饲料种类的定量关系.试验结果表明:①不同蛋白质饲料的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的含量不同,豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕的总木聚糖含量分别为5.62%、6.56%和8.20%;水溶性木聚糖含量分别为0.35%、0.97%和0.84%;②不同来源的3种蛋白质饲料的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖含量变异较小.在适宜的水环境中,菜籽粕的水溶性木聚糖含量显著增加,豆粕和棉籽粕的水溶性木聚糖变化不大;③木聚糖酶对3种蛋白质饲料的总木聚糖均有显著降解作用,对水溶性木聚糖有一定的降解作用,其中对菜籽粕的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解作用均较大;以总木聚糖酶为标识,结合考虑成本,豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕的适宜添加木聚糖酶水平分别为1 000、1 000和1 500 U/kg.     

木聚糖酶和β—葡聚糖酶对畜禽生产性能的影响

目前,国内外尤其是北美、欧洲等国家对木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶用作畜禽饲料添加剂作了大量研究,证实酶制剂在一定条件下确实能促进动物的生长。 木聚糖酶:水解木糖苷键,可分为β-1,4木聚糖酶与β-1,3木聚糖酶两类。陆上植物的木聚糖均属β-1,4键木聚糖,海藻木聚糖为β-1,3木聚糖。β-1,3木聚糖酶大都存在于海藻及海洋生物中。木聚糖酶还有内切与外切之别,一般以内切型为主。 β-葡聚糖酶:β-葡聚糖酶可能是饲料工业中首次广泛使用的一种酶。虽然β-葡聚糖降解酶多由真菌合成,但许多其它微生物也可以合成此类酶。已经证实,β-葡聚糖酶,尤其是内环形式酶的部分水解,不仅     

木聚糖酶对豆粕和菜籽粕中木聚糖的降解效果

通过体外酶解试验,研究木聚糖酶对豆粕和菜籽粕的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖的降解效果,初步确定木聚糖酶的适宜添加水平。每种原料设4个木聚糖酶水平,每处理3个重复。结果表明:木聚糖酶对豆粕和菜籽粕中的总木聚糖和水溶性木聚糖含量有一定程度的影响,与对照组相比,差异显著;但各处理水平之间差异不显著。     

木聚糖酶的生物学功能及其在断奶仔猪中的应用研究进展

木聚糖酶是一类降解木聚糖的复合酶系,在降解木聚糖的抗营养作用、提高营养物质的消化率等方面效果显著,被认为是抗生素的有效替代产品的成分之一.同时,木聚糖酶对仔猪的生长性能、免疫功能以及肠道健康等方面发挥着积极作用.本文主要综述了木聚糖酶的酶学性质、提高断奶仔猪生长性能的作用机理以及在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用进展,为木聚糖酶在...     

微生物发酵木聚糖酶的研究进展

木聚糖酶（xylanase）是指可将木聚糖降解成低聚糖和木糖的一组酶的总称,主要包括外切／3—1,4-木聚糖酶、内切口-1,4-木聚糖酶和／3-木聚糖酶。木聚糖酶在饲料、食品、造纸、纺织、医药及能源等领域有着广泛的应用。作为饲用酶制剂,木聚糖酶可以有效解除木聚糖的抗营养作用,促进畜禽对粗饲料的消化吸收;作为新型的纸浆漂...     

木聚糖酶在养鸡生产中的应用及存在的问题

木聚糖是植物细胞中主要的半纤维素成分,具有抗营养作用。木聚糖酶是木聚糖的专一降解酶,可将木聚糖分解为木寡糖。在鸡饲料中添加木聚糖酶可以促进畜禽的生长,提高内源性消化酶活性和饲料转化率,破坏植物细胞壁从而促进养分消化吸收,改善肠道形态结构,减少肠道微生物数量,降低畜禽发病率。     

米糠碱溶性非淀粉多糖的酶解研究

研究了多糖主链降解酶(纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶)与多糖侧链降解酶(阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、β半乳糖苷酶、乙酰木聚糖酯酶)在降解米糠碱溶性非淀粉多糖过程中的协同作用。用DNS法测定酶解生成的还原性当量作为评价降解效果的指标。研究表明,多糖主链酶分别与α-L阿拉伯木聚糖酶、β-半乳糖苷酶存在协同作用,而与乙酰木聚糖酯酶协同作用不明显。     

木聚糖酶基因的分子生物学与基因工程

广义的木聚糖酶是指能够降解半纤维素木聚糖的一组酶的总称 ,主要包括三类 :( 1 )内切 - β -1 ,4-木聚糖酶 ( 1 ,4- β -Ｄ -木聚糖木聚糖水解酶 ,ＥＣ 3,2 ,1 ,8) ,优先在不同位点上作用于木聚糖和长链木寡糖 ,从 β - 1 ,4-木聚糖主链的内部切割木糖苷链 ,从而使木聚糖降解为木寡糖 ,其水解产物主要为木二糖与木二糖以上的寡聚木糖 ,也有少量的木糖和阿拉伯糖。 ( 2 )外切 - β -ｌ,4-木聚糖酶 ( 1 ,4- β -Ｄ -木聚糖木聚糖水解酶 ,ＥＣ 3,2 ,1 ,92 ) ,作用于木聚糖和木寡糖的非还原端 ,产物为木糖。 ( 3) β -木糖苷酶 ( 1 ,4- β -Ｄ …     

仔猪饲粮木聚糖水平与添加木聚糖酶对养分消化率的影响

本研究包括2个消化试验,分别研究仔猪对饲粮木聚糖的耐受能力和添加木聚糖酶的效果。试验1:设计5个饲粮木聚糖水平。试验2:以含7.25%木聚糖饲粮为基础,分别添加0、720、1 440、1 880、5 760 U/kg木聚糖酶。结果表明:随着饲粮木聚糖含量的增加,能量、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、有机物、钙和磷的消化率下降;当木聚糖含量为8.44%时,养分消化率的降低达到了显著或极显著水平。回归分析表明,养分消化率与饲粮木聚糖含量之间呈较强的负相关,木聚糖酶的添加可以提高饲粮的养分消化率。由此得出:约15 kg体重的仔猪对饲粮木聚糖具有较强的耐受力,随着木聚糖含量的增加,饲粮养分的消化率呈不同幅度的下降;当木聚糖含量达到或高于7.25%时,添加木聚糖酶对养分消化率有一定的改进效果。     

木聚糖酶对不同木聚糖含量的仔猪饲粮养分消化率的影响

试验设计3个消化试验分别研究在3个饲粮木聚糖水平下添加不同剂量的木聚糖酶对养分表观消化率的影响。饲粮木聚糖水平分别为5.33%、6.47%和8.44%。每个消化试验(即每个木聚糖水平下)设5个处理,分别饲喂不添加酶的基础饲粮和添加4个木聚糖酶水平的饲粮。随着饲粮木聚糖含量的提高,木聚糖酶的添加量相应增加。结果表明:当饲粮木聚糖含量低于6.47%时,添加木聚糖酶对养分消化率没有改进作用,而当木聚糖含量高达8.44%时,木聚糖酶的添加对养分消化率有一定的改进效果。与不加酶组比,加酶组粗蛋白、有机物、钙、磷、酸性洗涤纤维和能量的平均消化率分别提高了2.92%、1.05%、5.80%、5.15%、2.36%和0.84%。     

不同来源木聚糖酶及其组合对木聚糖水解产物组成、细菌增殖与大肠杆菌黏附性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同来源木聚糖酶及其组合对木聚糖的水解效果,并研究不同木聚糖水解产物对细菌增殖及大肠杆菌对肠道上皮细胞黏附性的影响。试验用木聚糖酶A和木聚糖酶B分别来源于毕赤酵母和米曲霉。采用木聚糖酶A、木聚糖酶B、组合酶1(木聚糖酶A∶木聚糖酶B=3∶7)、组合酶2(木聚糖酶A∶木聚糖酶B=1∶1)、组合酶3(木聚糖酶A∶木聚糖酶B=7∶3)分别水解木聚糖,然后测定木聚糖水解产物对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌增殖和大肠杆菌对肠道上皮细胞黏附性的影响。结果表明:1)2种木聚糖酶有一定的组合效应,木聚糖酶A、木聚糖酶B、组合酶1、组合酶2、组合酶3组木二糖和木三糖的总含量分别为95.70%、86.79%、93.11%、94.55%和87.55%,其中木聚糖酶A组木二糖含量最高,组合酶2组木三糖含量最高。2)培养20 h时,5种木聚糖水解产物对大肠杆菌的增殖(以菌液吸光度值表示)没有产生显著影响(P0.05);培养20和30 h时,5种木聚糖水解产物显著促进枯草芽孢杆菌的增殖(P0.05);培养13和17 h时,5种木聚糖水解产物显著促进乳酸杆菌的增殖(P0.05)。3)5种木聚糖水解产物均可以显著降低大肠杆菌对肠道上皮细胞的黏附率(P0.05)。由此可见,通过不同来源木聚糖酶及其组合水解木聚糖,可以产生以木二糖和木三糖为主要组分的水解产物,从而起到促进枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌增殖、减少大肠杆菌对肠道上皮细胞黏附的作用。     

功能性添加剂木寡糖的制备研究

提供1种以玉米芯为原料,采用高温蒸煮溶出玉米芯木聚糖,再利用内切型木聚糖酶酶解制备木寡糖的方法.所得终产物为以木二糖为主的木寡糖,总糖得率达到17%(按含36%木聚糖玉米芯计),可作为功能性饲料添加剂使用.     

木聚糖酶的研究及其在动物饲料中的应用

在自然界中 ,有多种微生物可产生不同来源的木聚糖酶。它们具有非常广泛的使用价值和巨大的应用前景。本文主要就木聚糖酶的研究进展及其在动物饲料中的应用作一综述。     

Influence of fibrolytic enzymes on the hydrolysis and fermentation of pure cellulose and xylan by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro

A series of in vitro studies was conducted to determine the effects of adding a commercial enzyme product on the hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulose, xylan, and a mixture (1:1 wt/wt) of both. The enzyme product (Liquicell 2500, Specialty Enzymes and Biochemicals, Fresno, CA) was derived from Trichoderma reesei and contained mainly xylanase and cellulase activities. Addition of enzyme (0.5, 2.55 and 5.1 microL/g of DM) in the absence of ruminal fluid increased (P < 0.001) the release of reducing sugars from xylan and the mixture after 20 h of incubation at 20 degrees C. Incubations with ruminal fluid showed that enzyme (0.5 and 2.55 microL/g of DM) increased (P < 0.05) the initial (up to 6 h) xylanase, endoglucanase, and beta-D-glucosidase activities in the liquid fraction by an average of 85%. Xylanase and endoglucanase activities in the solid fraction also were increased (P < 0.05) by enzyme addition, indicating an increase in fibrolytic activity due to ruminal microbes. Gas production over 96 h of incubation was determined using a gas pressure measurement technique. Incremental levels of enzyme increased (P < 0.05) the rate of gas production of all substrates, suggesting that fermentation of cellulose and xylan was enzyme-limited. However, adding the enzyme at levels higher than 2.55 microL/g of DM failed to further increase the rate of gas production, indicating that the maximal level of stimulation was already achieved at lower enzyme concentrations. It was concluded that enzymes enhanced the fermentation of cellulose and xylan by a combination of pre- and postincubation effects (i.e., an increase in the release of reducing sugars during the pretreatment phase and an increase in the hydrolytic activity of the liquid and solid fractions of the ruminal fluid), which was reflected in a higher rate of fermentation.     

Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch,arabinoxylan, and β-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs: A review

Dietary fibers (DF) contain an abundant amount of energy, although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them. However, a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes, which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF. Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that alter the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part, allowing protein fermentation in the distal part, resulting in colonic diseases. The structures of resistant starch (RS), arabinoxylan (AX), and β-glucan (βG) are complex; hence, makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells. Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates. The RS, AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community. The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different, which influences the penetration capacity of microbes. Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses, but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX. Fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine, whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine. Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, it is important to have information of different types of RS, AX and βG and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut. This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS, AX, and βG are fermented, and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs. These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can modulate specific SCFA production and promote beneficial microbiota in the GIT of swine.     

Fermentation of carbohydrates and yield of microbial protein in mixed cultures of rabbit caecal microorganisms.

Fermentation pattern and yields of microbial protein were investigated in cultures of the rabbit caecal contents supplied with glucose, xylose, starch, pectin and xylan. Rabbits at the age of 4 weeks (before weaning) and 3 months were slaughtered, their caecal contents added at 1.1% to growth media and incubated anaerobically at 39 degrees C for 18 h. Caecal microorganisms of 4-week-old rabbits produced no methane and caproate, less butyrate, but more propionate than microorganisms of 3-month-old rabbits. In both groups of rabbits, fermentation of xylose produced significantly more propionate and less butyrate than fermentation of glucose. More propionate and less acetate was formed from starch than from pectin. In caecal cultures from 4-week-old rabbits with pectin, the molar percentages of acetate was significantly higher and percentages of other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) lower than in cultures with starch or xylan. In cultures from 3-month-old rabbits, fermentation of pectin and xylan produced similar SCFA profiles, different from SCFA molar composition in cultures with starch. Average production of microbial protein was 129 mg per 1 g of carbohydrate digested (range 110 to 141 mg/g). Protein yields were the same on glucose and xylose, but nonsignificantly higher on starch than on pectin and xylan. It can be concluded that the characteristics of substrate affected fermentation pattern in mixed cultures of rabbit caecal microorganisms. Substrate effects on protein yields were not statistically significant, due to high variation.     

耐热木聚糖酶水解法制备木寡糖的研究

为探讨耐热木聚糖酶水解自制甘蔗渣木聚糖制备木寡糖的工艺条件和分析水解液的寡糖成分,试验以产耐热木聚糖酶的基因工程菌1020为原料,水解自制的甘蔗渣木聚糖,分别研究水解过程中酶的用量、木聚糖的浓度及酶解温度对酶解反应的影响,并采用高压液相色谱和质谱联用技术对水解液成分进行分析。试验结果表明,2%的木聚糖浓度,水解温度95℃,酶液用量100U/g,酶解3h后DP值可降至2.94,满足生产木寡糖对聚合度的要求;并且水解液的成分主要为木糖、木二糖和木三糖,没能检测到木四糖。耐热木聚糖酶在高温下酶解木聚糖对酶法制备木寡糖具有重要的应用价值。     

木聚糖酶的酶学性质研究

采用DNS法对木聚糖酶的一些性质进行了研究。结果表明:该酶的最适反应pH为6.0,在pH5～10之间保温不同时间后可保持较高的活性;最适反应温度50℃,液态下低于60℃热稳定性较好。在50℃、pH6.0下,以燕麦木聚糖为底物时,该木聚糖酶的米氏常数Km=6.49mg/mL,最大反应速度Vmax=21.05μg/(mL·min)。用不同底物测定酶活,以燕麦木聚糖为底物的酶活最高。酶在动物胃中活性较低,而在肠道中活性较高。