柑桔溃疡病菌对杀菌剂拌种灵抗逆性生理研究

在离体条件下对柑桔溃疡病菌 Xanthomonas citri胞外产物的分泌量、胞外蛋白酶活性、拌种灵的作用动态进行了测定 ,并对病原菌细胞的超微结构进行了电镜观察。结果表明 ,在一定浓度拌种灵的选择压力下 ,柑桔溃疡病菌胞外产物及胞外多糖的分泌量增多 ,胞外蛋白酶的活性在拌种灵浓度低于 10 μg/m L时亦增高 ,但胞外蛋白的产量受到抑制。接触药剂的菌体细胞原生质浓缩。胞外产物对拌种灵具有拮抗作用 ,从而对菌体细胞产生保护功效。     

柑桔溃疡病菌抗药突变体的生理特性研究

 经药剂驯化和紫外光诱导双重作用可获得柑桔溃疡病菌抗拌种灵突变体(XcR),病原菌抗药突变频率低于10-6。Xc R的生长速率与敏感菌株基本一致,对萎锈灵和叶枯唑具有潜在的正交互抗性,与浸种灵没有交互抗性。XcR胞外产物和胞外水解酶活性一般多于或高于敏感菌株,其中以淀粉酶活性变化最为明显。Xc R琥珀酸脱氢酶活性显著降低,并对拌种灵的敏感性亦降低。XcR能够引起烟草的过敏性反应,但失去对寄主的致病性。Xc R的性质表明,柑桔溃疡病菌对拌种灵产生抗药性的风险较低,病原菌获得抗药性状的同时可能导致其在田间的适合度下降。琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性可作为柑桔溃疡病菌抗药性的标记。     

拌种灵、叶枯唑和萎锈灵对病菌的毒力机制比较

苯氨基甲酰类杀菌剂是最早开发的一类内吸性杀菌剂 [1 ] ,能有效地防治一些真菌病害 ,持效性长 ,抗药性风险低 [2 ] 。对叶枯唑产生抗药性的水稻白叶枯病菌 ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)对拌种灵同样具有抗药性 [3] 。近年来 ,拌种灵被有效地用于防治果园中柑桔溃疡病 ( X.citri) [4]。目前对噻唑类杀菌剂防治细菌病害的作用机制尚不清楚 ,初步认为这类药剂最初的作用靶点可能与致病性相关因子有关 [3] 。我们对 3种具有相似结构的杀菌剂拌种灵、叶枯唑和萎锈灵在离体条件下对病原菌的毒力机制进行了初步研究 ,同时也对拌种灵防治柑桔…     

内吸杀菌剂拌种灵防治棉苗立枯病、炭疽病的研究

本文是报道内吸杀菌剂拌种灵(2—氨基—4—甲基—5—甲酰苯胺基噻唑)及其复配剂拌种双(拌种灵+福美双)对棉苗立枯病、炭疽病的防治效果的研究。通过室内活性测定及田间试验,证明拌种灵对立枯病具有相当或略高于常用药剂五赛合剂(五氯硝基苯+赛力散)、稻脚青(甲基砷酸锌)的效果,而拌种双除保持了对立枯病与拌种灵相当的效果外,对炭疽病的防效与五赛合剂相近,略低于稻脚青。使用拌种灵或拌种双的棉籽发芽率近于未处理的对照,后期长势良好。拌种灵对立枯病效果优于拌种双,而拌种双对炭疽病效果优于拌种灵。     

药剂处理种子对花生茎腐病防治效果

对8种杀菌剂防治花生茎腐病效果进行了大田试验。结果表明,药剂处理种子在苗期的防治效果明显好于荚果期,各种药剂中以2.5%咯菌腈种衣剂1∶500(药∶种)包衣、21%咯菌腈.甲柳种衣剂1∶350包衣和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂0.5%拌种对病害的防治效果较好,而且具有明显促进生长和增产的作用,值得在生产上推广应用;20%五氯.拌.福可湿性粉剂1%拌种也有明显的防病增产作用,其余药剂处理效果相对较差。     

微生物菌剂拌种对花生土传病害的防治效果及产量影响

为探索微生物菌剂拌种防治花生根部病害的防治效果及对产量的影响,以鲁花8号为试验材料,选择3个微生物菌制剂和1个化学药剂,设置1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌、200亿CFU/mL多粘类芽胞杆菌、1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）、1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）、200亿CFU/mL多粘类芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）和25%咯菌腈拌种处理进行田间药效试验。结果表明： 6种供试药剂拌种处理均对花生有一定的增产作用,且对根腐病和白绢病均有一定的控制效果,其中1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）种子处理的出苗率、增产率和综合防效最高,其出苗率和增产率分别为94.35%和23.15%;出苗30 d后根腐病防效为76.95%,出苗60 d后根腐病和白绢病防效分别为83.54%和83.88%,在绿色防控技术推广应用中具有良好的应用前景。     

枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05与申嗪霉素复配防治小麦茎基腐病

由假禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium pseudograminearum引起的小麦茎基腐病是一种重要的土传病害,生产上亟需一种安全有效的防控方法。本研究利用枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05与申嗪霉素复配,并评价该复配制剂对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果。结果显示当申嗪霉素浓度低于500 μg/mL时,对YB-05的菌落生长无显著影响;室内盆栽及田间试验表明枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05菌液和1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂按照19：1（vt/vt）复配生物制剂20 mL/kg拌种处理发病最轻,均超过了高剂量的单剂处理（枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05 30 mL/kg拌种处理和1%申嗪霉素2 mL/kg拌种处理）和4.8%适麦丹水悬浮剂2 mL/kg拌种处理,并且具有一定的促生和增产作用。其中,复配制剂室内防治效果为69.8%,在两次的田间调查中防治效果分别为57.8%和45.7%。由此可见,枯草芽胞杆菌与申嗪霉素复配具有协同增效的作用,可以减少化学农药的使用,具有较好的开发利用潜力。     

利用微生物杀菌剂防治马铃薯黄萎病

马铃薯黄萎病是一种重要的世界性土传兼种传维管束病害,危害大且防治困难。利用活体微生物杀菌剂是防治作物土传病害的有效措施之一。本研究通过盆栽试验评价了微生物杀菌剂枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯出苗和生长的安全性,在河北省马铃薯主产区开展田间小区试验,研究了该制剂有效防治马铃薯黄萎病的使用方法和适宜施用剂量,并在河北省涞源县、围场县和永年区3县区分别开展了田间示范应用。盆栽试验和田间试验结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂15、30和45 kg/hm²拌种处理对马铃薯出苗安全,对马铃薯生长没有不良影响;田间小区试验表明,在围场县试验田中,该制剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理单独使用或30 kg/hm²拌种加15 kg/hm²初花期滴灌使用均能显著减轻马铃薯黄萎病的发生,分别增产15.53%和17.10%;在新乐市试验田,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理显著增加马铃薯产量16.38%。田间示范应用结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理在涞源县和围场县防治马铃薯黄萎病效果显著,防效分别为84.22%和72.93%,两地分别显著增产24.30%和9.27%;在邯郸市永年区,相比化学药剂对照处理,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理显著增加马铃薯产量19.73%。本研究表明,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯黄萎病具有显著的防治效果和显著的增产效果,为该制剂在马铃薯生产中高效应用提供了科学依据。     

木霉胞外蛋白酶的研究进展

木霉菌Trichoderma spp.是重要的农业微生物资源,在植物病原菌和根结线虫的生物防治中发挥重要的作用。木霉菌具有复杂的胞外蛋白水解系统,可以分泌大量多种胞外蛋白酶,是细胞壁降解酶的重要组分。胞外蛋白酶通过参与营养竞争,协同降解植物病原菌细胞壁和根结线虫体壁等多种途径参与木霉的生物防治。本文就国内外木霉胞外蛋白酶的研究现状及其在木霉菌防治植物病原菌和根结线虫中所起的作用进行了论述。     

ZJUF0986活性代谢产物对稻瘟病菌致病性的影响

通过菌丝生长速率法和悬滴法测定ZJUF0986活性代谢产物对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和附着胞形成的影响。结果表明,ZJUF0986活性代谢产物对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长的有效中浓度EC50为18.55mg/L,与对照药剂三环唑的EC50(17.30mg/L)相比无显著性差异。活性代谢产物不仅影响孢子萌发,也显著降低附着胞的形成。浓度为10mg/L的活性代谢物可完全抑制孢子萌发及附着胞的形成;浓度为1.25mg/L时则明显延缓孢子萌发及附着胞的形成,处理48h后的孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率分别为62.17%和38.46%。以浓度为1.25mg/L活性代谢产物处理的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液接种离体大麦叶片,病原菌孢子在大麦叶片表面能部分萌发形成附着胞,但侵染栓形成延迟,致病性明显降低。     

噻枯唑对水稻白叶枯病菌作用机制研究初报

 透射电镜观察,噻枯唑在离体条件下能使水稻白叶枯病菌菌体内形成许多颗粒状物质,并出现大的空泡结构。噻枯唑在浓度较低时能刺激菌体的呼吸作用,对菌体胞外多糖的产生有抑制作用,但对菌体胞外水解酶的活性没有影响。噻枯唑能和金属Cu⁺⁺形成螯合物,但这种螯合作用没有改变噻枯唑的抑菌活性。     

Autoregulator-dependent Control of Extracellular Polysaccharide Production in Phytopathogenic Bacteria

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) likely provide phytopathogenic bacteria a selective advantage both inside and outside plants. Despite the relatively scant knowledge about EPS biosynthesis in phytopathogenic bacteria, it clearly is a well controlled, complex, energy-intensive process. Unexpectedly, three phytopathogenic bacteria have been found to autoregulate EPS production in response to extracellular signal compounds (pheromones) that they produce. Like many bacteria, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii produces a N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer. However, unlike most AHL-dependent autoinduction systems, that in P. stewartii subsp. stewartii somehow represses EPS production in the absence of autoinducer. Instead of an AHL-dependent system (which it also has), Ralstonia solanacearum uses a novel autoregulator identified as 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester to regulate EPS biosynthesis. A lack of this autoregulator in R. solanacearum results in repression of EPS biosynthesis by a complex two-component sensor/response regulator signal cascade. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris has two partially overlapping autoregulatory systems. The autoregulators are incompletely characterized, but one diffusible signal factor (DSF) is thought to be a fatty acid derivative and the other diffusible factor (DF) may be a butyrolactone. The autoregulation pathways in X. campestris pv. campestris are essentially unknown, but EPS production is controlled by both the DSF and DF systems, whereas production of extracellular enzymes and pigment production are regulated independently. In a confined micro-environment, population density and intercellular concentrations of an autoregulator will increase in parallel, so autoregulation is one way that bacteria can coordinate gene expression to synthesize EPS only at high cell density. However, because there is often limited evidence that it is actually cell density that is being detected, researchers should not assume a priori that autoregulation must function for quorum sensing. Some possible reasons for why phytopathogenic bacteria would benefit from delaying EPS production are discussed.     

细菌凝集素与菌体脂多糖在大白菜与软腐欧氏杆菌接触识别中的作用

 用3种试验方法测定了大白菜细菌凝集素(Agin-SD60)和软腐欧氏杆菌脂多精(LPS),在双方接触识别中的作用。在吸附抑制试验中,来自大白菜和马铃曾的Agin-SD60显示约98%的吸附抑制效应,另3种植物的Agin-SD60及大白菜外源凝集素(lectin)和细咆壁蛋白质(CWP)无明显作用;同时用不同种类的7个菌侏的LPS作测定,只有病菌的LPS吸附抑制作用明显(93.37%),其胞外多糖(EPS)也无作用。在菌体凝集试验中,也只有大白菜和马铃薯的Agin-SD60表现50%~100%的凝集活性。在琼脂双扩散试验中,寄主Agin-SD60可与病菌菌体及其LPS发生免疫沉淀。这些结果说明,Agin-SD60和菌体LPS在大白菜与软幅欧氏杆菌接触识别中分别作为植物识别子(cognor)和细菌识别子(cognon)起作用。     

Role of Extracellular Polysaccharide and Endoglucanase in Root Invasion and Colonization of Tomato Plants by Ralstonia solanacearum

ABSTRACT Ralstonia solanacearum is a soilborne plant pathogen that normally invades hosts through their roots and then systemically colonizes aerial tissues. Previous research using wounded stem infection found that the major factor in causing wilt symptoms was the high-molecular-mass acidic extracellular polysaccharide (EPS I), but the beta-1,4-endoglucanase (EG) also contributes to virulence. We investigated the importance of EPS I and EG for invasion and colonization of tomato by infesting soil of 4-week-old potted plants with either a wild-type derivative or genetically well-defined mutants lacking EPS I, EG, or EPS I and EG. Bacteria of all strains were recovered from surface-disinfested roots and hypocotyls as soon as 4 h after inoculation; that bacteria were present internally was confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy. However, the EPS-minus mutants did not colonize stems as rapidly as the wild type and the EG-minus mutant. Inoculations of wounded petioles also showed that, even though the mutants multiplied as well as the wild type in planta, EPS-minus strains did not spread as well throughout the plant stem. We conclude that poor colonization of stems by EPS-minus strains after petiole inoculation or soil infestation is due to reduced bacterial movement within plant stem tissues.     

植物青枯病原细菌胞外蛋白相关基因的克隆

 用含有转座子Tn5的铜绿假单胞杆菌PAO1826(pMO75∷Tn5,Km^r)诱变我国马铃薯青枯菌小种3号菌株PO41,获得6000多个胞外多糖正常产生的接合子。经SDS-PAGE电泳,筛选出2个胞外蛋白减少9种的突变株PM2644和PM239,其可以引起烟草叶片典型的过敏性反应,致病力比野生型菌株显著降低,皆为原养型菌株。Southern杂交的结果表明,突变株染色体上只有1个转座子插入位点。标记交换证明,9种胞外蛋白缺失与转座子插入相偶联的频率为100%。以聚半乳糖醛酸酶和内葡聚糖酶2种胞外酶为指示蛋白进行定量测定的结果表明,在突变株上清液中和菌体细胞内都没有这2种胞外酶的存在。以突变株PM2644为受体菌,通过基因功能互补的方法,从野生型青枯菌基因文库筛选到2个阳性克隆pPSP1和pPSP2,它们既能恢复2个突变株产生胞外蛋白的能力,也能将2个突变株的致病力恢复到接近野生型菌株的水平。     

Bacterial induction of the accumulation of phaseollin,pisatin and rishitin and their antibacterial activity

Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge.     

Virulence factors analysis of native isolates of Xanthomonas albilineans and Xanthomonas sacchari from Tucumán,Argentina, reveals differences in pathogenic strategies

Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) and X. sacchari (Xs) are both sugarcane pathogens. Xa is the causal agent of leaf scald disease, but there is limited information about the pathogenicity of Xs. The aim of this work was to study virulence factors of native strains of Xa (Xa32, Xa33, and XaM6) and Xs (Xs14 and Xs15) previously isolated from sugarcane with leaf scald symptoms, to gain insight into the biology of each microorganism. We analysed epiphytic survival, sensitivity to oxidative stress, extracellular degradative enzymes, cell motilities, exopolysaccharide (EPS) characteristics, cell adhesion, biofilm development, and control of stomatal regulation of the five strains. We observed that each species presented similar phenotypes for every factor analysed. Xa strains appeared to be more sensitive to oxidative stress and presented lower epiphytic survival than Xs. All strains presented endoglucanase activity; however, we could only detect protease and amylase activities in Xs strains. Swimming and sliding were higher in Xs, but twitching was variable among species. We also observed that only Xs strains produced a xanthan-like EPS, presented a strong cell adhesion, and structured biofilm. We detected some intraspecific variations showing that higher amounts of EPS produced by Xs14 correlated with its higher sliding motility and its homogenous and more adhesive biofilm. In addition, EPSs of Xs14 and Xs15 presented differences in strand height and acetyl percentage. Finally, we found that strains of both species were able to interfere with stomatal aperture mechanism. All these differences could influence the colonization strategies and/or disease progression in each species.