湿沉降氮对2种禾本科植物中氮含量的影响(英文)

[Objective] It was to study nitrogen use efficiency under the condition of deposition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), further revealing the difference in gene variation.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted under 3 treatments of rainwater, ammonium-N (aN) and nitrate-N (nN).[Result] In the treatments of aN and nN, the biomass and N contents in plants were obviously higher than those in rainwater treatment, while the largest biomass(36.116 g) was observed in nN treatment. The absorption to aN was best to perennial ryegrass while nN to barley. According to the differential analysis of N content, treatments of both aN and nN was nitrogen superfluous, which led to release excessive N to the atmosphere, and the rainwater treatment and the control were N deficient, the largest N absorption from atmosphere was 0.698 g in rainwater treatment.[Conclusion] Average N use efficiency contributed by atmosphere N deposition ranged from 1.321%-6.116%, while the control of barley had the highest of 6.116%.     

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.     

The Production of Organic-Inorganic Compound Film-Coated Urea and the Characteristics of Its Nutrient Release

The effect of different concentrations of natural macromolecular compound on the characteristics of nutrient release in the membrane materials of organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea was discussed, and the optimal concentrations for better nutrient release was proposed. The characteristics of nutrient release of film-coated urea were evaluated by soil column leaching experiment. Organic-inorganic compound film-coated urea showed good characteristics of nutrient release, which could be well simulated by Logistic curve. The two parameters in this curve, a and r, can be used to present nutrient release of film-coated urea, and followed the order of B 〉 C 〉 A and C 〈 B 〈 A, respectively, indicating that the release was stronger with the increasing concentration of natural macromolecular compound in the membrane, which implied better controllability of nutrient release. The concentration of 5% of natural macromolecular compound showed better characteristic of nutrient release and can be utilized as a membrane material combined with inorganic mineral powders to develop film-coated slow-release fertilizer.     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用的差异(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.     

紫鸭跖草细胞中铜的分配和化学形态特征研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism of Cu2+ hyper-accumulator in Setcreasea purpurea Boom from the angle of distribution characteristics and binding form of Cu2+ in tissue cells.[Method]The distribution characteristics of Cu2+ in subcells of Setcreasea purpurea Boom was studied by the technique of differential centrifugation,and the binding form of Cu2+ in roots and leaves of Setcreasea purpurea Boom was also investigated by the sequential chemical extraction method and the enzymolysis method.[Result]Cu2+ in roots mainly distributed in the cell wall which is accounting for one third of the Total Cu2+ in roots,while Cu2+ in leaves mainly distributed in the chloroplast which is accounting for a quarter to the Total Cu2+ in leaves.Under the high concentration of Cu2+ or the extended treatment duration,the translocation of Cu2+ in root cells into the cell wall increased but the translocation of Cu2+ in root cells into the plastid decreased,while the translocation of Cu2+ in leaf cells into the chloroplast increased but the translocation of Cu2+ in leaf cells into the cell wall decreased.Cu2+ in leaves was mainly combined with amino acid,small molecular polymeric pigments,protein and polysaccharide,while Cu2+ in roots was mainly combined with cell wall substances such as cellulose and membrane-bound protein.[Conclusion]The distribution characteristics and binding form of Cu2+ in cells is possibly one of the dominant mechanisms for Cu2+ hyper-accumulator in Setcreasea purpurea Boom.     

Evaluation of Soil Fertility Suitability of Yiliang Fobacco-growing Areas in Yunnan Province

[Objective]This study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility in Yiliantobacco-growing areas of Hunan Province.[Method]The soil nutrient contents iseven tobacco-growing towns of Yiliang County,Yunnan Province were surveyefrom 2010 to 2013 and integrated soil fertility index（SFI value）was calculated tanalyze the soil fertility suitability in theses areas.[Result]The soil p H,contents oorganic matter,hydrolytic N,rapidly available K and available B were all at an appropriate level,while the contents of rapidly available P,available Mg,available Zand water-soluble Cl-were high.Among them,the contents of available P and water-soluble Cl-had great variation.Finally,the soil fertility suitability of Yiliang tobacco-growing areas was graded based on their SFI values.As a result,20%of thestobacco-growing areas were in Grade I,47.7%in Grade II,29.3%in Grade III1.5%in Grade IV and 1.5%in Grade V.The average SFI was 0.61.From 2010 t2013,the p H value and available Mg content reduced year by year,while the contents of organic matter,hydrolytic N,rapidly available P,rapidly available K,available Zn,available B and water-soluble Cl-were increased.     

聚乙烯醇空心微球的制备及其对尿素的缓释作用(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to discuss the optimizing preparation conditions of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)hollow microsphere and its application in the production of slow-release urea fertilizer.[Method]PVA hollow microsphere was prepared by the emulsion chemical cross-linking method,while its composition,morphology and particle size was analyzed by technologies of FT-IR,SEM and TEM respectively.Thus,factors such as rate of emulsified speed,crosslink temperature and linking agent amount with effects on morphology and particle size of hollow microsphere were also discussed in this study.Furthermore,based on the optimizing preparation conditions,PVA fertilizer carrier microsphere was prepared by coating urea to investigate its sustained release effect on urea.[Result]The optimizing preparation conditions of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)hollow microsphere were as follows:rate of emulsified speed 6 000 r/min,crosslink temperature 35 ℃ and linking agent amount 25 ml.PVA fertilizer carrier microsphere had significant sustained release effect on urea,and the optimal cross-linking time was 3 hours.[Conclusion]This study provides theoretical basis for the development of new slow-release fertilizer.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定怀牛膝中重金属元素含量(英文)

[Objective] The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)was constructed to determine the contents of lead,cadmium,mercury and arsenic in Archyranthes bidentata Blume.[Method]Under the optimum operation condition of ICP-MS,the samples were digested by microwave.The element 114In was taken as an internal standard element to compensate body effect and ICP-MS method was used to determine the contents of lead,cadmium,mercury and arsenic.[Result]For the determined elements,the correlation coefficient(r)of standard curve was over 0.9995 and recovery rate was from 96.7% to 106.4% while RSD was less than 11.2%.The result of determination showed that the heavy metal content in Archyranthes bidentata Blume.beyond standard was serious.[Conclusion]The constructed ICP-MS method with simple operation,rapid response,accuracy and high sensitivity in this experiment could be used for quality control of Chinese medicinal materials by detecting heavy metal contents in different Chinese medicinal materials from original places.     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH4+释放的影响（英文）

[Objective] The aim of the research was to reveal the influence mechanism of sediment-water exchange of nutrients in Chaohu Lake. [Method] The effects of environmental factors （overlying water, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration） on NH₄⁺ release in sediment from Chaohu Lake were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. [Results] With the rising of temperature and the decrease of NH₄⁺ concentration in overlying water, NH₄⁺ released from sediment increased significantly. pH had a great effect on NH₄⁺ release with a complicated mechanism. The largest release amount of NH₄⁺ under anaerobic condition was about 6 times as much as that under aerobic condition. [Conclusion] This research would provide theoretical support for environmental management of Chaohu Lake in the project of leading water from the Yangtze River to Chaohu Lake.     

3个杨桃品种茎次生木质部导管分子结构研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for variety identification of carambola and pomiculture.[Method] The molecular structure of vessels in stem secondary xylem from three carambola varieties of Malaysia 8,Misi and Malaysia B17 were studied by cell image analysis system and microphotography.[Result] The molecular structure of vessels in stem secondary xylem from carambola was as follows:the first type had tails in two ends,the second type had tail in one end,and the third type had no tails in two ends.The average length of vessel elements was from 328.88 to 366.09 μm,while its average width was from 44.61 to 52.43 μm.Most of the end wall was simple perforation plates,while the alternate-opposite pitting was the major forms of pitting.[Conclusion] Most characteristics of vessel elements from carambola were evolutionary characters of vessel elements in the process of phylogeny,but there were more primitive characters,for example,both two ends of vessel had tails or just one end had tail,and end wall was inclined.The molecular structure of vessel from carambola was in accordance with its ecological adaptability,and the growth characteristics of different varieties were also in accordance with the difference of molecular structure of vessel.     

池塘底泥营养盐释放的室内模拟研究

[目的]研究池塘底泥营养盐的释放特点和影响因素。[方法]采集佛山市养殖池塘A（当年新塘）和B（5年老塘）的底泥样品,在实验室条件下封口避光静置培养,每2d取样分析1次N、P的释放情况。[结果]在试验前期B塘底泥的N释放明显大于A塘,而在试验后期A塘底泥的释放下降较为平缓。[结论]养殖池塘底泥中有机物的含量不会随养殖周期的延长而积累。NH4一N是池塘底泥N释放的主要形态;P的释放与N的释放呈现一定的相关性,PO4一P是底泥P释放的主要形态。     

池塘底泥营养盐释放的室内模拟研究

1材料与方法1．1材料1．1．1底泥和水样。采样点设在佛山市的某锦鲤养殖场,采集池塘A（当年新塘）和B（5年老塘）的底泥样品。泥样用参考专利CN2911645加以改动设计而成的池塘底泥柱状采样器采集。将采集的底泥密封、避光并在2h内送至实验室进行处理。运回的底泥样品分为2个部分：一部分送交广东省生态环境与土壤研究所检测底泥的理化性质,另一部分进行培养试验。同时采集A塘和B塘的水样,装入塑料桶内运回。     

文思湖底泥TP释放规律模拟研究

[目的]研究文思湖底泥TP的释放规律。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,研究环境因子(水土比、温度、pH、扰动强度、供气量)对文思湖底泥释放总磷(TP)的影响。[结果]水土比越大,底泥释放TP的量越小;水温升高能加速底泥中磷的释放;上覆水pH=6时底泥TP释放量最低;扰动上覆水体会加快磷的释放;溶解氧(DO)较低时,底泥TP释放量更大。[结论]该研究为文思湖的污染治理提供了科学依据。     

水库底泥中镉释放影响因素及释放规律试验研究

[目的]研究水库底泥中镉的释放影响因素和规律。[方法]通过模拟试验,研究水动力等物理因素及水环境化学条件对珠江某水库底泥中Cd释放量的影响,探讨底泥中Cd的释放规律。[结果]在相同水深处,底泥中Cd释放量随Cd污染浓度的增大而逐渐增加。随着水深的增加,不同Cd污染浓度底泥中Cd释放量增大。随着流速的增大,底泥中Cd释放量增加,且释放量较大。0.115 m/s流速下的Cd释放量几乎是0.105 m/s流速下的1倍。随着泥沙粒径的增大,底泥中Cd释放量增加。Elovich方程等6个方程可较好地描述该水库底泥中镉释放的动力学规律,且二级反应动力学方程的拟合效果最好。[结论]水库底泥中Cd释放量随Cd污染程度和流速的增大而增加。     

南淝河巢湖入湖区夏季底泥磷营养盐释放通量的估算

[目的]通过采集南淝河进入巢湖河口冲积区的原柱样底泥,实验室控温、动态模拟该区域底泥的磷释放情况,从而估算出夏季该区域底泥磷的释放通量。[方法]将新鲜泥样置于150 mm高的有机玻璃柱中,用不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾溶液作为上覆水,在不同的扰动速度使其循环,并用加热泵控制水箱温度。[结果]扰动对底泥中的磷释放影响较大,且符合动态条件下底泥中磷的释放量大于静态条件下释放量的规律;上覆水中的磷浓度对底泥磷的释放有很大的影响,存在一定的平衡关系。[结论]在夏季,南淝河巢湖入湖区磷释放量为1.07 t/km2。     

原位覆盖层厚度对污染底泥氮磷释放的影响

[目的]研究原位覆盖层厚度对污染底泥氮磷释放的影响。[方法]通过底泥氮磷释放控制模拟试验,研究了原位覆盖层厚度对富营养化水体底泥氮磷释放的影响。[结果]采用的天然覆土覆盖层可以有效地控制总氮和总磷的释放,覆土厚度对底泥氮磷释放的影响不大。模拟期间,覆盖系统对底泥氮磷释放的抑制率最高分别为87%和77%。[结论]该研究为地表富营养化水体底泥污染物的释放控制提供了理论指导和技术支撑。     

河道底泥的生物降解特性研究

[目的]探索河道底泥的生物降解特性。[方法]对河北省某河段底泥中有机质进行模拟试验,研究底泥中化学需氧量(CODcr)、氨氮、总氮和总磷的变化,分析异养菌、氨化细菌和硝化细菌对河道底泥中生物的降解机制。[结果]河道底泥中氨氮、总磷、总氮和化学需氧量的变化与各种微生物的数量呈正相关。溶解氧对异养细菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌有较大影响。氧气充足时,异养细菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌的数量大幅增加,对氨氮和CODcr有明显的去除效果。在没有外来污染源持续进入的情况下,未投加外来菌液的反应器的出水效果优于投加菌剂的反应器。[结论]充足的溶解氧有利于进行氨化细菌等好氧菌的生命活动和改善出水水质。     

溶解氧对贾鲁河底泥中氮释放的影响

[目的]研究溶解氧对贾鲁河底泥中氮释放的影响。[方法]结合贾鲁河（郑州段）污染现状,通过原始柱状底泥模拟试验,研究了溶解氧对贾鲁河底泥中氮转化的影响。[结果]溶解氧是影响贾鲁河底泥中氮转化的主要因素,不同溶解氧浓度对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的转化时间和效率的影响不同。好氧环境条件下,氨化、亚硝化、硝化作用进行较彻底,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的转化时间少于厌氧环境,其转化效率高于厌氧环境。[结论]该研究为贾鲁河水污染治理提供了科学参考。     

巢湖十五里河入湖区夏季底泥磷的释放通量估算

[目的]估算巢湖十五里河入湖区夏季底泥磷的释放通量。[方法]以巢湖为研究对象,分别研究静态和动态条件下巢湖十五里河入湖区底泥磷的释放规律,从而估算出该区夏季底泥磷的释放通量。[结果]扰动对巢湖十五里河入湖区夏季底泥磷释放的影响较大,当上覆水磷浓度为0 mg/L时,扰动时磷的释放量是静止时的2.3倍;上覆水磷浓度为0.05 mg/L时,扰动时磷的释放量是静止时的1.3倍,符合动态条件下磷释放量大于静态条件下释放量的规律。夏季十五里河入湖区底泥磷的释放通量相当大,为0.2 t/km2。因此,在外源性磷污染得到控制的条件下,控制底泥中磷的释放才是关键。[结论]该研究为今后底泥疏浚和湖泊富营养化治理提供了理论依据。     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH4+释放的影响

[目的]为揭示环境因子对巢湖沉积物-水界面营养盐交换的影响机制。[方法]在实验室控制条件下,研究各环境因子(上覆水浓度、温度、pH值、DO条件)对巢湖沉积物湿样中NH4+释放的影响。[结果]随着温度的上升和上覆水NH4+浓度的降低,沉积物中NH4+释放量显著增加;pH值对NH4+释放的影响比较复杂;沉积物中NH4+最大释放量在厌氧条件下是好氧条件下的6倍左右。[结论]该研究为"引江济巢"工程中巢湖的环境管理提供了一定的理论依据。