构树木质部的纤维形态、化学组成及制浆性能

根据构树的纤维形态和化学组成以及制浆性能的摸索性试验,评估构树制浆的可行性,制定出适合构树制浆的硫酸盐-蒽醌法,并对此法设计L9(34)正交试验。得到结论如下:构树的综纤维素含量为82.09%,Klason木素含量为18.57%,纤维平均长度为863μm,长宽比为51.3,壁腔比为0.37,由化学组成和纤维形态来看,构树是比较适宜制浆的;影响构树制浆得率和卡伯值的主要因素是用碱量,其次是保温时间,硫化度影响最小。制浆的最佳工艺条件是:18%的用碱量,90 min的保温时间和24%的硫化度。     

桑木制浆性能的初步研究

研究了桑木的化学组成和纤维形态,并采用硫酸盐法和烧碱法对桑木的制浆性能进行摸索性试验。结果表明:桑木的木素含量为19.31%,综纤维素含量为78.31%,α纤维素含量为47.69%。纤维比量占69.50%,射线比量占16.31%,导管比量占14.19%。纤维平均长度为1 058μm,长宽比为85.98,壁腔比为0.77。从纤维形态上看,桑木是一种较好的阔叶材造纸原料。两种方法比较,硫酸盐法比烧碱法更适合桑木的制浆。     

桑木制浆性能的初步研究

研究了桑木的化学组成和纤维形态,并采用硫酸盐法和烧碱法对桑木的制浆性能进行摸索性试验.结果表明:桑木的木素含量为19.31%,综纤维素含量为78.31%,α纤维素含量为47.69%.纤维比量占69.50%,射线比量占16.31%,导管比量占14.19%.纤维平均长度为1 058 μm,长宽比为85.98,壁腔比为0.77.从纤维形态上看,桑木是一种较好的阔叶材造纸原料.两种方法比较,硫酸盐法比烧碱法更适合桑木的制浆.     

欧美杨107的制浆性能

为给欧美杨107应用空间的扩大提供理论依据,对其木材的化学组成成分、纤维形态、制浆性能及纸张的物理指标进行了测定分析.结果表明:欧美杨107的综纤维素含量为81.07%,硝酸-乙醇纤维素含量为48.59%,木质素含量为z1.08%,1%NaOH抽提物含量为19.39%,欧美杨107的纤维平均长度为1171 um,长宽比为57.54,壁腔比为0.56,且纤维长度呈现正态分布趋势;在保温时间60min,硫化度24%,蒽醌用量0.1%的条件下,对于未漂浆而言,欧美杨107硫酸盐-蒽醌法制浆工艺条件为14%的用碱量,最高温度为168℃;对于漂白浆而言,欧美杨107的制浆工艺条件为16%的用碱量,最高温度168℃;在相同的制浆条件下,用碱量为14%时的纸张综合强度指数较用碱量16%时高.     

桉树制浆综述

本文介绍了(1)用桉木生产漂白化学浆,包括硫酸盐法和碱一蒽醌法制浆;(2)用按木生产漂白半化学浆,主要是中性亚硫酸盐半化学高得率浆;(3)用桉木生产漂白化学机械浆,包括冷碱法和亚硫酸盐法制浆;(4)用桉木生产漂白化学热磨机械浆。     

青檀树皮的化学组成与细胞壁结构

为指导宣纸的生产和使用,以青植树皮为研究对象,对其化学组成、纤维形态和细胞壁结构进行研究.结果表明:青檀树皮的综纤维素含量为61.43%,木质素含量为9.03%,灰分含量为5.07%,从其化学组成来看,檀皮的木质素含量较低,容易制浆,但制浆得率比较低,檀皮中碳酸钙含量高,有利于增强宣纸的润墨性;植皮纤维的细胞壁厚,微纤丝多,其间的空隙也多,使宣纸的吸墨性很好;檀皮纤维的平均长度为2.95mm,均整性较好,平均宽度为10.99μm,长宽比为268,较一般针叶材纤维大.     

葡萄牙：利用香蕉树干生产纸浆和纸

萄葡牙Braga大学科技人员研究利用香蕉树干（假树干、非主干）作为制浆和造纸纤维资源的可行性。香蕉树干的化学组成：综纤维素含量60％，木素含量12％，有利于用作造纸原料。测试了香蕉树干纤维形态，化学浆的物理机械性质以及用化学浆与两种不同木浆（桉木和松木）混和制得纸页的强度性质：香蕉树干纤维平均长度较长，长度分布范围宽为0．20～4．19毫米，     

小黑杨幼龄材与成熟材制浆性能的比较

以小黑杨幼龄材和成熟材为研究对象,分析比较其化学组成、纤维形态和制浆性能. 结果表明:幼龄材的苯醇抽出物、纤维素、木质素含量高于成熟材,综纤维素含量低于成熟材;幼龄材的纤维平均长度低于成熟材.分别采用硫酸盐法制浆正交试验,分析得出:保温时间、用碱量对幼龄材的纸浆得率和卡伯值的影响非常显著;用碱量和保温时间对成熟材的纸浆卡伯值影响非常显著;在相同蒸煮条件下,幼龄材比成熟材纸浆得率高,卡伯值和聚合度低.     

甜高粱秆酿酒前后化学组成纤维特性及制浆性能的研究

对甜高粱秆及其酿酒后残渣的纤维形态、化学组分进行观察和测定发现,甜高粱秆的发酵酿酒过程并没有对其纤维造成严重损伤,二者均具有较大的纤维平均长度和长宽比,且纤维形态良好。在化学组分上,甜高粱秆及其酿酒后残渣的综纤维素和α-纤维素含量较高,木素含量少,均是较好的造纸原料。制浆性能研究表明,甜高粱秆酿酒后残渣易蒸煮,用碱量低,得率高,成纸具有较好的物理强度,将甜高粱秆酿酒后残渣用于制浆造纸是合理利用酿酒残渣的有效途径。     

云南甜竹化学成分分析

对云南甜竹的9项化学组成进行分析,结果表明：云南甜竹的综纤维素、木素等细胞壁主要物质含量和一般木材接近,灰分和各种抽出物含量介于木材和草类原料之间 除综纤维素和灰分在秆高方向上表现出明显的递增分布规律外,云南甜竹其它各化学成分在秆高方向上未呈现出明显的分布规律。从化学组成角度分析认为,云南甜竹满足制浆造纸工业对原材料的要求,可以作为发展竹浆产业的原料竹种,值得在气候适宜的地区推广种植。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.