电位滴定法测定土壤有机质

本文提出用电位滴定法测定土壤有机质。应用自动电位滴定装置,预置终点电位,可自动地滴定成批量的土样待测液。省时、省力、又方便,测定再现性好,准确度也不低于常用的И.В.丘林容量法。     

用铜电极电位滴定法测定土壤交换性铝

以Cu²⁺电极为指示电极,用间接电位滴定法测定溶液中的铝,其相对误差小于2.0%。为加速反应,并使络合反应进行完全,应加入过量EDTA,并将溶液加热至沸。实验结果还表明,土壤中Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Mn²⁺,Fe³⁺对测定不发生干扰。当土壤中交换性铝的含量为0.03-8mc/100g时,本法测定的相对误差低于5.0%,与经典的中和法相比,本法操作简便,终点易于判断,精密度更高。     

自动电位滴定法测定肥料和土壤中氯离子含量

介绍了自动电位滴定法测定肥料和土壤中氯离子含量的方法，采用了简单的前处理步骤，与佛尔哈德法及莫尔法相比，具有快速、准确、精密度高的优点，且不受溶液颜色和浊度的干扰。     

双电解池正反馈示波计时电位滴定法测定土壤中钾含量

采用四本硼钠为滴定剂,双电解池正反馈示波计时电位法确定终点测定土壤中钾含量,滴定在ｐＨ大于７的ＮａＯＨ－ＮａＡｃ碱性底液中进行,将溶液加热煮沸后,铵离子没有干扰。本方法测定的回收率在９９．５％￣１００．５％,准确度与火焰光度法接近,装置简单,操作简便,测量条件易于控制,适用土壤中全钾和有效钾的测定。     

双电解池正反馈示波计时电位滴定法测定土壤中钾含量

采用四苯硼钠为滴定剂,双电解池正反馈示波计时电位法确定终点测定土壤中钾含量,滴定在pH大于7的NaOH-NaAc碱性底液中进行,将溶液加热煮沸后,铵离子没有干扰.本方法测定的回收率在99.5%～100.5%,准确度与火焰光度法接近,装置简单,操作简便,测量条件易于控制,适用土壤中全钾和有效钾的测定.     

用电位滴定法测定蔬菜中维生素C的含量

蔬菜含有各种矿质元素和维生素,其中维生素C(又称激坏血酸)对人体健康尤为重要。目前测定维生素C所采用的方法是靠颜色的变化来判别终点,有它的缺陷性。     

土壤有机质含量测定方法的改进研究

通过研究改进了土壤有机质含量的测定方法。首先称取适量土壤置于长管消解系统中进行消解,然后采用全自动电位滴定仪进行滴定,直接获得土壤的有机质含量。使用该方法测定的土壤标准样品的有机质含量均在保证值以内,同时对实际样品进行精密度测试,得到相对标准偏差为1.03%。该方法降低了土壤有机质含量检测的实验成本,减少了环境污染,同时提高了实验数据的准确度与精密度,值得推广。     

Karl Fischer滴定法测定土壤含水量

土壤水分的测定方法有很多种,烘干法是目前国际上测定土壤水分的标准法。这种方法比较准确,且便于大批样品测定,故为最常用的方法。但是它也存在一些比较明显的缺点,如在测定含有挥发性物质的土壤含水量时,因为烘干法测定的是挥发性物质总量,而不单纯是土壤水分含量,因而得到的结果较实际含水量偏高。Ｍ．Ｋ．Ｚｅｌｌｉｓ、Ｊ．Ｓ．Ｂｅｌｌ、ＬｙｌｅＰｒｕｎｔｙ等人将ＫａｒｌＦｉｓｃｈｅｒ滴定法用于测定土壤水分含量取得了较好的效果。这种方法特别适用于测定含有挥发性物质或情况不明的土壤含水量。ＫａｒｌＦｉｓｃｈｅｒ滴…     

微波消解法快速测定土壤中有机质的含量

报道了用微波消解取代油浴消解或灼烧法来测定土壤中有机质的含量,详细讨论了微波消解法的有关测定条件.该法和传统的重铬酸钾油浴法相比,具有快速、经济、重复性好等优点,值得在相关行业中推广应用.     

土壤有机质含量与其有效含水量的关系

以前,人们一致认为土壤有机质含量(OM)对土壤有效含水量(AWC)无影响或影响不大。本研究经过3种质地土壤OM对其AWC的影响效果进行试验和评价,证实上述观点是错误的。随着OM的增加,土壤田间含水量增加的速度大于永久凋萎点含水量增加的速度;OM与AWC之间存在着重要的正相关关系。     

铝模块消解仪加热法测定土壤中有机质含量

铝模块消解仪加热法替代油浴加热消解土壤样品,测定土壤中有机质含量。通过优化消解仪的消解温度、加热时间等实验,确定消解仪温度220℃(沸腾时消化管内溶液温度约为170℃),沸腾时间12 min (消解时间约为22 min)为铝模块消解仪的最佳有机质测定条件。使用该方法测定的土壤标准样品的有机质含量均在误差允许范围以内,消解样品有机质回收率达99.98％,校正系数为1.00。同时用我国长期定位试验典型土壤进行该方法准确度和精密度测试,样品有机质测定结果标准偏差为0.06~0.78,变异系数为0.30％~4.11％,符合测定要求。与经典油浴加热方法相比,该方法温度易控制、操作简单、安全,可降低环境污染;结果的准确度和精密度满足要求,值得推广。     

有机肥料中氯离子检测方法的研究

通过全自动电位滴定法与佛尔哈德法对有机肥料样品中氯离子含量进行测定比较,结果显示,自动电位滴定法不受溶液颜色干扰,测定更为快速、准确,平均回收率为97.1%。此种方法缩短了前处理时间,使实验操作更为便捷。同时该法适用于植株中的氯离子含量的测定。     

The quality of exogenous organic matter: short-term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions

We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P  <   0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10⁻³ m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10⁻³ m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P <  0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P  <   0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P  <   0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P  <   0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.     

Determination of organic matter in sewage sludges

Abstract

Procedures for determining organic matter indirectly and directly in sludges are described. A good agreement between chromic acid oxidation and dry—combustion elemental analysis methods of determining organic‐C was observed. Sludge organic matter content was determined directly by loss‐on‐ignition by thermal analysis. An average C factor of 1.68 to estimate the organic matter from organic‐C, obtained by chromic acid oxidation method, was calculated for aerobically digested sludges.     

电位计滴定法对Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+与胡敏酸和富里酸形成复合物时的结合常数的确定

The formation constants of Co^2 ,Ni^2 ,Cu^2 and Zn^2 complexes with humic acid(HA) and fulvic acid(FA) in red soil wrer determined by the potentiometric titration method.The constants as a function of composition of the complexation solutions were obtained by two graphical approaches respetively,The formation constants decreased with increasing concentration of metal in the solution,The results provide unambiguous evidence for the heterogeneity of the function groups of humic substances,the formation constants of FA were much smaller than those of HA,and the formation constants of Cu^2 were much greater than those of Co^2 ,Ni^2 and Zn^2 ,The potentiometric titration methon for determining formation constants are also discussed in the article.     

Labile and stable pools of organic matter in soil amended with sewage sludge biochar

One of the main advantages of using biochar for agricultural purposes is its ability to store carbon (C) in soil for a long-term. Studies of labile and stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) may be a good indicator of the dynamics of biochar in soils. This study evaluated the effects of applying sewage sludge biochar (SSB) in combination with mineral fertilizer on fractions of SOM. To conduct this evaluation, 15 Mg ha^?1 of SSB combined or not with mineral fertilizer (NPK) was applied to the soil in two cropping seasons. Apart from total organic C (TOC), the labile and stable fractions of SOM were also determined. The combined use of SSB and NPK resulted in higher TOC, a 22% to 40% increase compared to the control and to the NPK treatments, respectively. The SSB produced at a lower temperature increased the labile fractions of SOM, especially the microbial biomass C, showing its capacity to supply nutrients in the short-term. The stable pools of SOM are increased after adding SSB produced at a higher temperature. It was concluded that pyrolysis temperature is a key-factor that determines the potential of SSB to accumulate C in labile and stable fractions of SOM.     

Managing soil organic matter – implications for soil structure on organic farms

Abstract. This paper reviews current understanding of soil structure, the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil structure and evidence for or against better soil physical condition under organic farming. It also includes new data from farm case studies in the UK. Young SOM is especially important for soil structural development, improving ephemeral stability through fungal hyphae, extracellular polysaccharides, etc. Thus, to achieve aggregate stability and the advantages that this conveys, frequent input of fresh organic matter is required. Practices that add organic material are routinely a feature of organically farmed soils and the literature generally shows that, comparing like with like, organic farms had at least as good and sometimes better soil structure than conventionally managed farms. Our case studies confirmed this. In the reviewed papers, SOM was generally larger on the biodynamic/organic farms because of the organic additions and/or leys in the rotation. We can therefore hypothesize that, because it is especially the light fraction of SOM that is involved in soil structural development, soil structure will improve in a soil to which fresh organic residues are added regularly. Thus, we argue it is not the farming system per se that is important in promoting better physical condition, but the amount and quality of organic matter returned to a soil.     

Precipitation of enzymes and organic matter by aluminum—Impacts on carbon mineralization

The precipitation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by aluminum (Al) results in a stable soil organic matter (OM) fraction. Extracellular enzymes can also be removed from soil solution by sorption or precipitation, but whether this affects their activity and their importance for carbon (C) mineralization is largely unknown. We studied the activity of eight extracellular enzymes, precipitated by Al together with DOM, in relation to C mineralization of the precipitated OM. Dissolved OM was obtained from the Oi and Oa horizon of two forest soils and precipitated at different Al : C ratios and pH values to achieve a large variation in composition and C mineralization of precipitated OM. All eight enzymes were present in a functional state in precipitated OM. On average 53% of DOM was precipitated, containing on average 17%–41% of the enzyme activity (EA) involved in C degradation (chitinase, cellobiohydrolase, β‐glucosidase, glucuronidase, lacasse, and xylosidase) previously present in soil solution. In contrast, on average only 4%–7% of leucine‐aminopeptidase and acid‐phosphatase activity was found in precipitated OM. The EA found in precipitates significantly increased the percentage of C mineralized of precipitated OM, with a stronger influence of C‐degrading enzymes than enzymes involved in N and P cycling. However, after 8 weeks of incubation the correlations between EA and C mineralization disappeared, despite substantial EA being still present and only 0.5%–7.7% of C mineralized. Thus, degradation of precipitated OM seems to be governed by EA during the first degradation phase, but the long‐term stability of precipitated OM is probably related to its chemical properties.     

耕作对土壤有机物和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

Agricultural sustainability relates directly to maintaining or enhancing soil quality. Soil quality studies in Canada during the 1980‘s showed that loss of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil aggregate stability was standard features of non-sustainable land management in agroecosystems. In this study total soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic matter (POM), POM-C as a percentage of total SOC, and aggregate stability were determined for three cultivated fields and three adjacent grassland fields to assess the impact of conventional agricultural management on soil quality. POM was investigated using solid-state ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine any qualitative differences that may be attributed to cultivation. Results show a highly significant loss in total SOC, POM and aggregate stability in the cultivated fields as compared to the grassland fields and a significant loss of POM-C as a percentage of total SOC.Integrated results of the NMR spectra of the POM show a loss in carbohydrate-C and an increase in aromatic-C in the cultivated fields, which translates to a loss of biological lability in the organic matter. Conventional cultivation decreased the quantity and quality of SOM and caused a loss in aggregate stability resulting in an overall decline in soil quality.