江西地方家鹅资源遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用25对微卫星标记研究了江西4个家鹩资源群体(莲花白鹅、兴国灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅和丰城灰鹅)的遗传结构及遗传分化,通过计算F-统计量、基因分化系数和基因流等参数,评估了各群体间遗传结构与分化.结果表明:4个鹅群体间存在较大的遗传分化,20.7%的遗传变异来自于群体间的差异.就全群而言,基因分化系数(GST)为0.1667.莲花白鹅与兴国灰鹅之间的基因流(Nm=1.1802)最大,广丰白翎鹅与丰城灰鹅的基因流(Nm=0.8577)最小.莲花白鹅与兴国灰鹅Ds遗传距离(0.2036)最近,广丰白翎鹅与兴国灰鹅的DS遗传距离(0.2935)最远.基于DS遗传距离采用NJ聚类法构建系统树,4个家鹅资源被划分为2大类.分析遗传分化与地理距离的相关关系发现,江西地方鹅种的遗传分化与地理距离不存在明显关联.     

我国地方水禽品种简介Ⅲ——肉用型鸭、大型鹅、中型鹅、小型鹅

肉用型鸭：北京鸭 大型鹅：狮头鹅 中型鹅：皖西白鹅、雁鹅、溆浦鹅、浙东白鹅、四川白鹅、兴国灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅、丰城灰鹅、武冈铜鹅、马岗鹅、钢鹅 小型鹅、太湖鹅、豁眼鹅、乌鬃鹅、酃县白鹅、长乐鹅、伊犁鹅、籽鹅、永康灰鹅、闽北白鹅、莲花白鹅、百子鹅、阳江鹅、右江鹅、织金白鹅[编者按]     

我国地方鹅品种资源遗传多样性保护等级分析

研究旨在分析我国地方鹅品种资源遗传多样性保护等级,为更好地制定我国地方鹅品种资源保护方案提供理论依据。采用25个微卫星标记计算我国14个地方鹅品种(太湖鹅TH、永康灰鹅YK、百子鹅BZ、酃县白鹅LX、闽北白鹅MB、长乐鹅CL、兴国灰鹅XG、豁眼鹅HY、雁鹅YE、浙东白鹅ZD、广丰白翎鹅GF、丰城灰鹅FC、莲花白鹅LH、皖西白鹅WX)间DA遗传距离、基因流(Nm)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、杂合度(Ho)和多态信息含量(PIC),并采用Weitzman和Caballero两种遗传多样性保护理论,分析了各品种在遗传多样性最大化保护中的相对重要性。25个微卫星座位平均有效等位基因数为8.12,平均多态信息含量为0.581。14个地方鹅种的平均观察杂合度为0.6808,雁鹅观察杂合度最低(0.5662),百子鹅观察杂合度最高(0.7748);丰城灰鹅与浙东白鹅之间的遗传距离最小(0.2188),太湖鹅与永康灰鹅之间的遗传距离最大(0.7388)。Weitzman保护理论分析结果表明永康灰鹅、酃县白鹅、太湖鹅、百子鹅和雁鹅的品种贡献率较高(10.0%),Caballero保护理论分析认为太湖鹅、永康灰鹅、百子鹅、酃县白鹅和闽北白鹅具有较高的贡献率(0.5%),与Weitzman保护理论确定的等级顺序存在一定差异,主要原因是Weitzman保护理论没有考虑到品种内遗传多样性。我国地方鹅品种资源不仅具有丰富的品种间遗传多样性,品种内遗传多样性也较为丰富,在分析保护等级时,应两者兼顾。     

几种江西地方品种鹅肌肉化学成分测定分析

为探索江西地方品种鹅肉嫩味美的机理,比较不同鹅品种肌肉成分的特点,对120日龄的4种江西地方品种鹅:莲花白鹅、广丰白银鹅、兴国灰鹅、丰城灰鹅进行肌肉常规化学成分及脂肪酸测定比较,结果表明,蛋白质、灰分及水分3项指标在品种间达极显著水平(P<0.01),其中水分含量以莲花白鹅最高达73.389%,兴国灰鹅最低为69.473%;蛋白质和灰分含量以兴国灰鹅最高,分别为24.379%和1.462%,丰城灰鹅最低,分别为21.604%和1.290%;脂肪含量以兴国灰鹅最高,但各品种间差异不显著,不饱和脂肪酸的含量也以兴国灰鹅最高。     

中国小型鹅种的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星标记技术对我国13个小型家鹅群体(莲花白鹅、永康灰鹅、太湖鹅、闽北白鹅、长乐鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、酃县白鹅、右江鹅、籽鹅、百子鹅、豁眼鹅、伊犁鹅)的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:13个品种的平均杂合度都较高,平均杂合度最高的为太湖鹅,最低的为豁眼鹅,杂合度范围为0.5041～0.7145,13个鹅种资源群体平的均杂合度为0.6132,反映了各鹅种的杂合度都较高,遗传多样性丰富;通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果将13个中型鹅种聚为三大类,NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鹅品种的地域分布和经济用途的关系并不密切.     

中国小型鹅种的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星标记技术对我国13个小型家鹅群体(莲花白鹅、永康灰鹅、太湖鹅、闽北白鹅、长乐鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、酃县白鹅、右江鹅、籽鹅、百子鹅、豁眼鹅、伊犁鹅)的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明:13个品种的平均杂合度都较高,平均杂合度最高的为太湖鹅,最低的为豁眼鹅,杂合度范围为0.5041~0.7145,13个鹅种资源群体平的均杂合度为0.6132,反映了各鹅种的杂合度都较高,遗传多样性丰富;通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果将13个中型鹅种聚为三大类,NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鹅品种的地域分布和经济用途的关系并不密切。     

我国十个鹅品种的遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用多态性丰富的15个微卫星标记对列入国家级畜禽保护名录的10个鹅品种群体遗传结构、遗传分化及基因流进行研究。结果表明:10个鹅群体总近交系数(Fit)为-0.044,群体内近交系数(Fis)为-0.408,群体间基因分化系数(Fst)为0.257,3个固定指数只有Fst达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。鹅群体内近交系数(Fis)均为负值。各个鹅群体间,豁眼鹅与伊犁鹅的基因流值最小(Nm=0.416),四川白鹅与伊犁鹅间基因流值最大(Nm=1.430)。结合基因流和STRUCTURE分析结果,10个地方鹅品种可划分为四类:兴国灰鹅、豁眼鹅和太湖鹅为一类,四川白鹅、狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅为一类,酃县白鹅和皖西白鹅为一类,雁鹅和伊犁鹅为一类,这种聚类结果与各个品种的选育历史和地理分布等一致。     

我国十个鹅品种的遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用多态性丰富的15个微卫星标记对列入国家级畜禽保护名录的10个鹅品种群体遗传结构、遗传分化及基因流进行研究.结果表明:10个鹅群体总近交系数(Fit)为-0.044,群体内近交系数(Fis)为-0.408,群体间基因分化系数(Fst)为0.257,3个固定指数只有Fst 达到极显著水平(P<0.01).鹅群体内近交系数(Fis)均为负值.各个鹅群体间,豁眼鹅与伊犁鹅的基因流值最小(Nm=0.416),四川白鹅与伊犁鹅间基因流值最大(Nm=1.430).结合基因流和STRUCTURE分析结果,10个地方鹅品种可划分为四类:兴国灰鹅、豁眼鹅和太湖鹅为一类,四川白鹅、狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅为一类,酃县白鹅和皖西白鹅为一类,雁鹅和伊犁鹅为一类,这种聚类结果与各个品种的选育历史和地理分布等一致.     

不同禽类肌肉脂肪酸组成的比较研究

本文对泰和乌骨鸡、宁都三黄鸡、景德黄鸡、隐性白羽鸡、大余麻鸭、吉安红毛鸭、兴国灰鹅、广丰白银鹅、丰城灰鹅和莲花白鹅的肌肉脂肪酸含量进行了测定。结果表明 ,鸡、鸭、鹅的肌肉脂肪酸构成比例大致相似 ,鸡以油酸含量最高 ,其次是亚油酸 ,棕榈油酸和硬脂酸 ,其他脂肪酸的含量很少 ;鸭、鹅也以油酸含量最高 ,其次是棕榈油酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸。各种家禽的不饱和脂肪酸含量大大高于饱和脂肪酸的相对含量。鸡、鸭、鹅间的必需脂肪酸含量差异较大 ,分别为 2 3.91%～ 2 7.4 8% ,17.31%～ 2 1.6 4 %和 12 .37%～ 14 .5 9%。鹅的芥子酸含量最低。     

5个白鹅群体的遗传结构和进化分析

应用微卫星标记对我国5个白鹅品种资源群体(太湖鹅、四川白鹅、织金白鹅、伊犁鹅、皖西白鹅)的遗传结构和进化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)5个白鹅群体的平均杂合度都较高,反映了各鹅种群体内的遗传变异较大,各鹅种的适应性较强;(2)通过计算DS遗传距离和UPG-MA聚类,发现5个白鹅群体间的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长,5个白鹅群体分别独自为一类,聚类结果反映了5个鹅品种的进化与它们的选育历史及地理分布关系密切。应加强对我国现有鹅种资源的保护力度和开发力度。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。