Influence of Dietary Lipid and Temperature on Bactericidal Activity of Channel Catfish Macrophages

Abstract

We fed juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus purified diets containing different lipid sources for 90–110 d to examine the influence of dietary lipids on intracellular killing of Edwardsiella ictaluri by pronephros macrophages. The diets contained either menhaden oil, soybean oil, beef tallow, or a combination ofall three lipids. We performed the study with nonimmune and immunized fish acclimated to optimal (28°C) and suboptimal (19°C) temperatures. In both temperature trials, bactericidal activity was positively correlated with the level of n-3 fatty acids in the diet (particularly long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids). Vaccination resulted in substantially enhanced bactericidal activity, except at suboptimal temperature in fish fed the diet containing beef tallow (primarily saturated and monoenoic fatty acids). Overall results were similar at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. This study demonstrates the potential for nutritional manipulation of disease resistance in fish and illustrates the need for standardized diets in fish health research.     

Ultrastructure of Leukocytes in Acutely Inflamed Dermis and Muscle of Channel Catfish at Different Temperatures

Abstract

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were acclimated for 35 d at 21°C, 15°C, and 9°C. Fish were injected 3 mm beneath the skin surface with 15 μL of turpentine, and inflamed skin and muscle samples were excised after 48 and 72 h for ultrastructural examination. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages were present in the inflamed tissues at all times and temperatures; eosinophils and basophils were not found. Neutrophils were identified by their oval-to-elongate granules with a striated or crystalline core, heavy deposits of glycogen, longitudinal cristae of the mitochondria, and eccentrically located nuclei. Macrophages were distinguished by their numerous pseudopodia, vacuoles, lysosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lymphocytes were distinguished by their chromatin-dense nucleus, numerous free ribosomes, and small volume of cytoplasm. Neutrophils were the most common inflammatory cell present, and there were no apparent differences in relative abundance within the inflammatory foci of fish acclimated to the three temperatures. Compared with neutrophils in peripheral blood, neutrophils in inflamed tissues had comparatively rare, swollen mitochondria, and cytoplasmic tubules were not observed. A few neutrophils had vacuoles, phagosomes, or pseudopodia. Lymphocytes in inflamed foci did not contain a Golgi apparatus, granules, vacuoles, or vesicles and had less cytoplasm than did lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Macrophages were the rarest type of inflammatory cell within inflamed areas and differed from peripheral blood monocytes in that macrophages contained numerous lysosomes and vacuoles. No structural differences were associated with particular temperatures for any type of leukocyte.     

Subchronic Toxicity of Dietary Aflatoxin B1 to Channel Catfish

Abstract

Means for growth rate, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte count of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed 10,000 μg aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) per kilogram of feed for 10 weeks were significantly lower than those of fish fed 2,154 μg/kg or a lower concentration (P < 0.05). Mean leukocyte count was significantly higher in the fish fed the highest concentration of AFB₁ (P < 0.05). Gross appearance and behavior of all fish were normal. Histopathological effects were observed only in fish fed the highest concentration of AFB₁. These fish had foci of necrotic hepatocytes mixed with basophilic hepatocytes. Spaces, apparently resulting from hepatocellular necrosis, were present within the basophilic foci. Sinusoids in the head (hematopoietic) kidney were dilated and circular in profile. Increased hematopoietic activity of blood-forming tissues was apparent from the presence of numerous immature blood cells. The intestinal mucosal epithelium accumulated excessive amounts of iron pigments. Gastric glands in the stomach were necrotic and contained infiltrating macrophages.     

饲粮不同油脂来源对肉鸡脂类代谢及相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮不同油脂来源对肉鸡脂类代谢及相关基因表达的影响.选取160只平均体重为(46.00±0.26)g的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡随机分成2组,每组10个重复,每个重复8只鸡,分别饲喂油脂为豆油和猪油的饲粮.试验期为21 d.结果表明:饲粮不同油脂来源对21日龄肉鸡血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、...     

Early Changes in Pigmented Macrophages in Head Kidney of Channel Catfish Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus with scarified skin were exposed to the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Systemic infections developed in 80% of the exposed fish, and the remaining exposed fish had infections limited to the cutaneous lesion. Skin of control fish was injured in the same manner as for the exposed fish, but control fish were not exposed to A. hydrophila nor was A. hydrophila recovered from them. None of the fish died during the 3-d experiment, and gross lesions in head kidneys, including changes in the size or relative weight, were not found in infected fish. Macrophage aggregates in head kidney of systemically infected fish increased 68% in mean area, 28% in number, and 111% in total relative volume. Volume of lipofuscin, the predominate pigment found in channel catfish head kidney, in systemically infected fish was about twice that of control fish. Volume of hemosiderin was about four times as great and macrophages containing hemosiderin were about three times as numerous in systemically infected fish as in control fish. The amount of melanin in macrophages did not change in infected fish. Significant differences in macrophage aggregates and pigments were not found between controls and fish with only superficial infections. Microscopic lesions, other than changes in macrophage aggregates and pigments, were not found in the head kidney. Increases in macrophage aggregates, lipofuscin, and hemosiderin in head kidney of channel catfish were useful for quantification of injury caused by a systemic bacterial infection.     

Effects of Dietary Zinc and Calcium on Select Immune Functions of Channel Catfish

Abstract

The effects of dietary zinc and calcium on immunocompetence of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (mean initial weight = 3.1 g/fish) were determined after a 10-week feeding trial. Fish were fed daily amounts equal to 3% of their body weight of one of six purified diets that were deficient in zinc (2 mg/kg of diet), calcium (0.02% of diet), or both; replete with zinc (20 mg/kg of diet) and calcium (0.5% of diet); or excessive in zinc (200 mg/kg of diet) or calcium (2.5% of diet). Immunocompetence of immunized and nonimmunized fish fed the various diets was assessed by measuring serum immunoglobulin M levels and mortality after an intraperitoneal injection of live Aeromonas hydrophila. Channel catfish fed diets deficient in zinc, calcium, or both had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less weight gain and survival as compared with those fed diets replete with or excessive in zinc or calcium. Tissue mineral concentrations of fish indicated that various levels of zinc and calcium nutriture existed when immune functions were tested. Diet affected mortality of only nonimmunized fish in the bacterial-challenge test; zinc deficiency and calcium excess decreased mortality. Whereas growth and survival of fish were reduced by dietary zinc or calcium deficiency, the measured immunological characteristics were not equally impaired by these mineral deficiencies.     

An Elevated Dietary Level of Ascorbic Acid Fails to Influence the Response of Anterior Kidney Neutrophils to Edwardsiella ictaluri in Channel Catfish

Abstract

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (weight, 320–420 g) were fed diets with 100 or 1,000 mg ascorbic acid/kg of diet for 7 weeks in ponds. Anterior kidney neutrophil function was assessed by incubating the neutrophils with Edwardsiella ictaluri. Percent phagocytosis, phagocytic index (the mean number of bacteria phagocytized per cell by all neutrophils, including nonphagocytic ones), and bactericidal capabilities of the anterior kidney neutrophils were measured at 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 min. Serum cortisol was also measured. No significant difference was observed between the two diets with respect to anterior kidney neutrophil function or serum cortisol levels. However, serum cortisol levels did affect mean phagocytic index of anterior kidney neutrophils. Catfish that had serum cortisol levels greater than 10 μg/dL displayed a significant decrease in the phagocytic index when compared with catfish that had cortisol levels less than 5 μg/dL.     

不同脂肪来源对断奶仔猪生长性能和脂类代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同脂肪来源对断奶仔猪生长性能及脂类代谢的影响.试验采用单因子设计,选用48头(28±1)日龄杜洛克×长白×大白三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组16个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复1头猪.3组试验猪分别饲喂添加10％椰子油、10％鱼油和10％猪油的饲粮.试验分为2个阶段,共28 d.试验第21天所有...     

饲粮中添加不同硒源对产蛋鸡生产性能和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验研究了饲粮中添加亚硒酸钠、酵母硒、蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒对产蛋鸡生产性能、鸡蛋品质、血浆抗氧化能力和鸡蛋硒含量的影响,旨在为产蛋鸡饲粮中硒的合理使用提供理论依据。选取18周龄健康、产蛋率相近的海兰灰产蛋鸡540只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只。对照组饲喂不添加硒的基础饲粮(总硒含量0.08 mg/kg),其他4组添加0.30 mg/kg硒,分别来自亚硒酸钠、酵母硒、蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒(实测饲粮硒含量分别为0.37、0.38、0.34和0.41 mg/kg)。试验预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)不同硒源对产蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.30 mg/kg 4种硒均显著提高了血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05)。试验4周末,纳米硒组GSH-Px活性最高;8周末,酵母硒组和纳米硒组GSH-Px活性较高。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4种硒源均能够提高血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),且纳米硒组在4和8周末均显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。4种硒源对血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,基础饲粮中添加4种硒源均可显著提高鸡蛋中硒含量(P0.05),其中酵母硒组显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。由此可见,基础饲粮中添加4种硒源对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质无显著影响;4种硒源均可显著提高血浆GSH-Px活性和T-AOC,且酵母硒和纳米硒效果更好;与亚硒酸钠、蛋氨酸硒和纳米硒相比,酵母硒在增加鸡蛋硒含量方面更加有效。     

不同氟来源和不同氟水平对0～3周肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响

选用２００只一日龄ＡＶＩＡＮ肉仔鸡随机分成１０组,除对照组为３８只外,每组为１８只,研究不同氟源和不同氟水平对０～３周肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响。氟源有３种,分别为氟化钠（ＮａＦ）,添加水平为３５０、７００、１０５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,氟化钙（ＣａＦ２）,添加水平为３５０、７００、１０５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,磷酸氢钙（ＣａＨＰＯ４）,添加水平为２５０、３５０、５５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。对照组则采用低氟磷酸氢钙配制,含氟为６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。研究结果表明在同一氟源下,随日粮肉仔鸡氟含量的增加,肝氟含量增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而肝脂降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）;血清胆固醇和甘油三脂含量基本呈下降趋势（Ｐ＜０．０５）;不同氟源的日粮对肝脂、血清胆固醇和甘油三脂的影响程度存在一定的差别。ＮａＦ和ＣａＨＰＯ４使肝脂、血清胆固醇和甘油三脂下降趋势比ＣａＦ２更显著些。     

Effect of Different Sources of Dietary Fiber on Intestine Tissue Morphology Changes of Adult Geese

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary fiber sources on intestine tissue morphology changes of adult Yangzhou geese.Eighteen Yangzhou geese with 25 weeks old were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 geese per group, namely:Rice husk meal group, alfalfa meal group and Chinese wildrye group.At the end of the test, all geese were weighed, slaughtered and intestinal tract were collected to observe intestine tissue morphology.The results showed as follows:① No significant differences were found in the length of the duodenum and jejunum among three groups (P>0.05), ileum length of rice husk meal group was significantly higher than of alfalfa meal and Chinese wildrye groups (P<0.05), but no significant differences were found between alfalfa meal group and Chinese wildrye group (P>0.05).② Duodenal villus height, villus width, crypt depth and muscle thickness of rice husk meal group were significantly higher than that of alfalfa meal group and Chinese wildrye group (P<0.05), where the crypt depth and V/C of Chinese wildrye group were significant different from alfalfa meal group (P<0.05).Jejunum villus height of rice husk meal group and Chinese wildrye group were significantly higher than alfalfa meal group (P<0.05), while crypt depth was significant lower than alfalfa meal group (P<0.05)with no significant differences founding between rice husk meal group and Chinese wildrye group (P>0.05).Muscle thickness of rice husk meal group were significantly higher than alfalfa meal group (P<0.05).Ileac villus height of Chinese wildrye group was significantly higher than the rest groups (P<0.05) and villus width of three groups showed significant differences (P<0.05), rice husk meal group was the biggest.V/C of Chinese wildrye group were significant higher than the other two groups (P<0.05), and muscle thickness of Chinese wildrye group was significantly higher than rice husk meal group and alfalfa group (P<0.05).In conclusion, the different sources of dietary fiber could significantly affect intestinal tissue morphology of adult Yangzhou geese.     

不同纤维源对成年鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响

本试验旨在研究不同纤维源对成年扬州鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响。选用18只健康、体重相近的25周龄扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3组,即:稻壳粉组、苜蓿草粉组、羊草粉组,每组6只。试验期28 d,试验期末将试验鹅处死并留取各肠段组织,称重并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:①不同纤维源对十二指肠和空肠长度影响差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳草粉组回肠长度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组差异不显著(P>0.05)。②稻壳粉组十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肌层厚度均显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),其中苜蓿草粉组隐窝深度、V/C与羊草粉组差异显著(P<0.05);稻壳粉组与羊草粉组空肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著低于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),稻壳粉组与羊草粉组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳粉组肌层厚度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);羊草粉组回肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳粉组(P<0.05),3组间绒毛宽度差异显著(P<0.05),且以稻壳粉组最大,羊草粉组V/C显著高于苜蓿草粉组和稻壳粉组(P<0.05),羊草粉组肌层厚度显著低于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳草粉组(P<0.05)。由此可知,不同纤维源可显著影响25周龄扬州鹅肠道组织形态。     

不同灌水量对紫花苜蓿产量的影响

甘肃省张掖市已被国家水利部列为节水型试点城市,黑河流域综合治理把退耕种草作为节水的一项重要措施。通过本试验,以摸清不同灌水量对紫花苜蓿产量的影响,为黑河流域综合治理退耕还草项目的实施提供科学依据,以促进草畜产业的发展。试验表明从节水和效益方面分析,种植紫花苜蓿以5250m3/hm2的灌水量较为有效。     

日粮钙源颗粒大小对不同年龄产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳质量的影响

在蛋鸡生产中,人们主要关注其产蛋后期的蛋壳质量比较差,易碎.影响蛋鸡产蛋后期蛋壳质量的主要因素是蛋鸡的年龄和日粮中的钙.NRC(1994)估测蛋鸡钙的营养需要为每天每100g摄入的日粮中含有32.5 g/kg.然而,许多专家通过试验证实,当66～78周龄蛋鸡日粮中钙的含量由24～25 g/kg提高到36～40 g/kg时可以将产蛋率从79%提高到86%,蛋壳重量可以由5.64 g提高到6.12g,壳重/壳表面积由712提高到77.4mg/cm2.日粮中钙的含量提高至48～50 g/kg并不能进一步提高产蛋率,但是可以改善蛋壳重量和蛋壳厚度.58～73周龄伊莎蛋鸡日粮中添加40 g/kg钙就可以保证其产蛋性能和蛋壳质量.     

不同磷源对育成母牛日粮磷表观消化率的影响

本文旨在采用消化试验研究育成母牛日粮中不同磷源(植物磷源或补充部分矿物磷源)对日粮总磷表观消化率的影响.试验选用体况良好、体重一致的15月龄荷斯坦育成母牛12头,随机分为3组,即试验1组、2组和3组,每组4头,分别定量(3.50kg/d)饲喂3种不同精料日粮,粗料(青贮)自由采食,以磷酸氢钙替代部分植物磷源,日粮总磷为0.57％～0.60％;试验期为30d,预试期20d后进入正试期,试验最后7d全收集粪样和尿样;结果表明不同磷源处理间日粮的总磷消化道表观消化量和表观消化率没有显著差异(P＞0.05),总磷的表观消化率为38.2％.     

不同油脂对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同油脂对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。选取1日龄罗斯308肉鸡3 600只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复300只,公、母各半。1～7 d,各处理组肉鸡饲喂相同日粮(豆油水平相同);7 d后日粮分别添加相同水平(中期3%和后期5%)的豆油、鸭油、棕榈油、米糠油。试验期37 d。结果表明:各处理组肉鸡各阶段及全期生长性能无显著差异(P>0.05);与豆油组相比,其他油脂有升高全期肉鸡耗料增重比和胸肌率的趋势(P<0.1);各处理组肉鸡胴体出成率无显著差异(P>0.05),但棕榈油组肉鸡胴体出成率最高,腹脂率最低;豆油组鸡胸肌离心损失最大,米糠油组胸肌滴水损失最大,肉品质较差;棕榈油组硫代巴比妥酸值和剪切力最小,且胸肌亮度和黄度较低,肉品质较好。综上所述,日粮中使用豆油有利于改善肉鸡生长性能,使用棕榈油能够提高胴体出成率和胸肌率,降低腹脂沉积,对肉品质有一定的改善作用。     

Effect of Long-Term Storage at Different Temperatures on the Quality of Liquid Boar Semen

In this study the effect of long‐term storage of liquid boar semen at different temperatures on motility, acrosome integrity and pH was investigated. Additionally, individual variation in sperm tolerance to storage at 10°C were examined. Beltsville Thawing Solution‐diluted AI doses from 16 randomly chosen Norwegian Landrace AI boars with proven fertility were split into subsamples and stored at 25, 20, 15 and 10°C, respectively. After 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of storage, sperm motility, acrosome integrity and pH were determined. After 96 h, the initial percentage of motile sperm (77.8%) was significantly reduced to 52.2, 58.8, 50.9 and 42.8% by storage at 25, 20, 15 and 10°C, respectively. After an identical period of time, the percentage of acrosome intact sperm (95.8%) at time 0 became significantly reduced to 91.3, 91.3, 81.5 and 68.3% by storage at 25, 20, 15 and 10°C, respectively. The initial pH (7.21) decreased significantly to 6.96 and 7.06 after 96 h storage at 25 and 20°C, and increased not significantly to 7.25 for storage at 15°C and significantly to 7.29 at 10°C. In conclusion, the results from this study show that, according to the variables studied, 20°C is the least harmful of the four temperatures tested for the long‐term liquid storage of boar semen. Furthermore, remarkable differences in the individual resistance of boar semen to long‐term storage at 10°C were observed.     

不同脂肪源对鹅产肝性能和品质影响的研究

为研究不同脂肪源对鹅产肝性能和品质影响的研究,试验采用单因子设计将100只鹅分为4个组,在基础日粮中添加1％的鹅油、羊油、玉米油和豆油。结果表明：①鹅油、羊油和玉米油能够提高鹅肝重,豆油最差;②脂肪源对鹅肝和胸肌中不饱和脂肪酸总量影响较少,但能够明显改变脂肪酸成分的含量。     

不同脂肪源日粮对大鼠生长及餐后糖脂代谢的影响

通过饲喂不同脂肪源的等营养水平日粮,研究不同种类脂肪对生长期SD大鼠生长及餐后糖脂代谢的影响.试验采用单因子试验设计,将72只体重为60～90 g的SD大鼠随机分为6组,每组12个重复,每个重复1只大鼠.6组大鼠分别饲喂无脂纯合型日粮、普通型日粮和10%玉米油、牛脂、棕榈油及椰子油纯合型日粮.试验分为2个阶段,共28 d.每周称大鼠个体重,第15天及第29天,测糖脂代谢相关指标.结果表明,试验第8天,添加脂肪的纯合日粮组大鼠体重均高于无脂组,玉米油组大鼠体重显著高于牛脂组、棕榈油组及椰子油组(P<0.05);试验第8天、第15天、第22天和第29天,玉米油组的体重显著或极显著高于无脂组(P<0.05或P<0.01).试验第15天,添加脂肪的纯合日粮组大鼠餐后血脂水平均高于无脂组,且牛脂组及棕榈油组的甘油三酯、总胆固醇及游离脂肪酸均极显著高于无脂组(P<0.01).试验第15天和第29天,普通日粮及添加脂肪的纯合日粮组血糖水平均高于无脂组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);玉米油组和椰子油组胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平均显著极显著低于牛脂组及棕榈油组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结果显示,玉米油的促生长效果优于椰子油、牛脂及棕榈油,且玉米油和椰子油不会升高餐后血脂及血糖水平.     

离心泵和螺杆泵不同温度输送对稀奶油品质的影响

使用离心泵和螺杆泵在不同温度输送稀奶油进行超高温杀菌,研究其对稀奶油理化品质的影响。结果表明：10℃时使用离心泵（10L组）输送稀奶油,会导致其脂肪聚结、析出,黏度显著低于在60℃时输送或使用螺杆泵输送;10L组稀奶油粒径最大、最不均匀,60℃使用离心泵（60L组）、10℃使用螺杆泵（10R组）和60℃使用螺杆泵（60R组）稀奶油粒径接近,其中60L组稀奶油粒径最均匀;60R和60L组打发率和硬度接近,10R组打发率最低,10L组经过长时间搅打后依然无法被打发;不同组稀奶油脂肪酸成分没有显著差异,但微观结构差异显著,60℃经过泵输送的稀奶油脂肪球小而密,10℃经过泵输送的稀奶油脂肪球大而疏,说明低温状态下的稀奶油易受剪切而聚结,从而使脂肪析出、影响稀奶油质量,这与粒径结果相吻合。