Communications: Clearance of Amyloodinium ocellatum Dinospores by Artemia salina

Abstract

The potential for using nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia salina to remove the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum from aquaculture systems for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus was investigated. Dinospores of A. ocellatum were dispensed in cell culture plates at a concentration of approximately 10,000/mL and were exposed to brine shrimp nauplii at concentrations of l, 2, 4, or 8 nauplii/mL over a 24-h period. 1n the presence of 8 nauplii/mL, dinospores were eliminated in 8 h. In another study, 300,000 dinospores were placed in 3 L of saltwater in two tanks, and l,000 nauplii were added to one tank. After 12 h, three 202-g red drums were placed in both tanks for an additional 12-h-exposure period, after which the fish were euthanized and the trophont load on gill filaments was assessed. Fish from the tank with brine shrimp nauplii had 65% fewer trophonts on their gills than those from the nontreated tank (10.75 versus 3.75 trophonts/filament). These data and the observation that dinospore remains could be observed in naupliar fecal casts suggest the potential value of brine shrimp as a bioremediation measure for this serious gill parasite.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody to the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum in Oreochromis aureus.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibody to affinity-purified Oreochromis aureus immunoglobulin and antigens from the parasitic dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum was developed. The ELISA was then used to evaluate the immune response of the tilapine fish to immunization with the parasite. Fish immunized with antigens of the dinospore stage, either live or sonicated, produced a specific immune response that was detectable by this ELISA. Combinations of serial dilutions of A. ocellatum antigen and fish anti-A. ocellatum serum were examined to determine which dilutions provided optimal differentiation of seropositive from seronegative fish. Fresh and heat-inactivated serum from both seropositive and seronegative fish produced similar results.     

Th17细胞和IL-17在小鼠寄生虫免疫中的作用

Th17细胞（T helper 17 cells,Th17）是CD4~＋T细胞分化的亚群细胞之一,能够特异性地分泌细胞因子IL-17（interleukin-17,IL-17）,通过IL-17、IL-21、IL-23等细胞因子介导炎症反应和针对细菌的抗感染免疫,同时在寄生虫免疫中发挥重要作用。     

鸡传染性鼻炎多价灭活疫苗的研制及免疫试验

介绍鸿传染性鼻炎多价灭活苗研制程序。疫苗安全可靠，免疫后两周产生免疫力，免疫期半年以上，保护率93．75％，疫苗于4℃保存有效期一年。     

Parasite control methods used by horse owners: factors predisposing to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes

One hundred and fifty horse owners, primarily private owners and riding schools, replied to a questionnaire concerning the practices they used to control parasites. Twenty-seven had experienced a parasite problem. Faecal samples from 188 horses selected at random showed that worm control practices were generally successful; however, many owners were not following recommendations for slowing the development of resistant parasites. In 1996, 86 per cent of the owners were using either three or two classes of anthelmintic a year, and they used a median of six doses with a range from one to 11. Approximately half the owners, more commonly owners of up to five horses, picked up their horses' faeces at least once a week, but these owners also used more doses of anthelmintic a year than owners who did not pick up faeces. One-third of the owners manually removed Gasterophilus species eggs from the horses' hairs, but 94 per cent of them also used ivermectin. Many owners treated specifically for Anoplocephala species, cyathostome larvae and Gasterophilus species, and these owners were the most likely to use three classes of anthelmintic a year. One-hundred-and-seven owners replied to a second questionnaire asking for information about the factors that influenced their anthelmintic control practices. Many owners, particularly private owners, were not influenced by the cost of the anthelmintic. For the timing and frequency of treatment, and the choice of drug, owners were most influenced by advertisements, magazine articles and veterinary surgeons. In two magazines aimed at horse owners, the brands of drugs most frequently advertised were the brands most commonly used by the owners, and articles in the magazines recommended the use of three classes of drug per year. These results are discussed in relation to their influence on the development of anthelmintic-resistant nematodes.     

精液对母兔子宫免疫及孕向发育的影响

在结扎子宫颈的情况下,在同一子宫的两侧子宫角分别注入生理盐水（对照组）和精液（试验组）以研究精液对子宫免疫和孕向发育的影响。试验共用母兔8只。子宫注入后48 h处死试验用兔,取子宫进行测量,并制片染色,用图像采集分析系统进行研究。结果显示：1）与对照组相比,兔子宫注入精液后可以显著（P〈0.05）增加子宫的长度、直径和子宫角指数;可明显增加子宫壁（P〈0.05）、黏膜上皮层（P〈0.01）和黏膜层（P〈0.05）的厚度;可显著增加黏膜中腺管（P〈0.05）和血管（P〈0.05）数量,可明显增加腺上皮的厚度（P〈0.05）。2）子宫注入精液后,子宫冲洗液中的细胞数（53.3±4.03×109/L）较对照组极显著增加（P〈0.01）;单位面积子宫黏膜中肥大细胞的数量（2.85±0.05个/mm2）较对照组（3.72±0.04个/mm2）显著减少（P〈0.05）。子宫冲洗液涂片染色检查发现,子宫冲洗液中的细胞主要为嗜中性粒细胞。本研究表明,兔精液确实能够促进母兔子宫的孕向发育,能够改变子宫的免疫状态。     

猪场免疫应注意的问题

<正>猪场免疫接种是将易感猪群转化为非易感猪群的一种手段。有组织、有计划地开展疫(菌)苗免疫注射,是预防和控制猪传染病的重要措施之一。为使猪场搞好免疫注射,笔者结合多年临床实践,对猪场免疫注射中应注意的问题进行总结归纳,谨供养猪场(户)参考。     

精浆和精子对母兔子宫免疫及孕向发育的影响

在结扎子宫颈的情况下,分别在兔同一子宫的两侧子宫角剖腹注入生理盐水(对照)、精浆或精子以研究精浆和精子对子宫免疫和孕向发育的影响。试验共用母兔18只,每组6只。在注入后72 h时处死试验用兔,取子宫进行一般测量,并切片染色,用图象采集分析系统进行研究。结果表明:1)注入子宫的精浆和精子,都能明显降低黏膜中的肥大细胞数量和增加子宫角中冲洗液内的细胞数(P0.01)。精浆与精子相比,精浆降低黏膜中肥大细胞数量的作用更大(P0.05);而精子提高子宫角冲洗液内细胞数的作用更强(P0.01)。2)无论精浆还是精子,都能显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)促进子宫(子宫角指数、子宫角长度和子宫角直径)、子宫壁(子宫壁厚度、黏膜层厚度、黏膜上皮层厚度和肌层厚度)、黏膜腺体(腺体数和腺上皮的厚度)以及黏膜血管的孕向发育。精浆与精子相比,就子宫、子宫壁及黏膜血管的孕向发育来说,精浆的作用更明显(P0.05或P0.01);而对子宫黏膜腺体孕向发育的作用,精浆和精子间没有明显差异(P0.05)。     

Cellular Inflammatory Response of Rainbow Trout to the Protozoan Parasite that Causes Proliferative Kidney Disease

Abstract

The cellular inflammatory response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) to the myxozoan parasite PKX that causes proliferative kidney disease was investigated. The response was studied from 3 to 20 weeks after the fish were injected with infected kidney homogenate. Kidney samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. In contrast to most myxosporeans, PKX provoked a severe host response. Parasites were found in peritubular capillaries and sinusoids 3 weeks postinjection. The initial response to PKX was hemopoietic hyperplasia followed by a marked granulomatous nephritis that was resolved by termination of the study at 20 weeks postinjection. The macrophage was the predominant cell type involved in the inflammatory response to PKX. We presume that the macrophage effectively interrupts the development of PKX and eliminates the parasite from the host.     

DNA疫苗与多糖类免疫促进剂在对虾疾病控制上的应用研究进展

DNA疫苗作为第3代疫苗具有许多优点,其在水产养殖领域的应用前景广阔。多糖类免疫促进剂是一种能直接作用于免疫系统激活有关细胞的物质,它能够提高机体的免疫力,在虾的养殖领域中已得到应用。论文对DNA疫苗与多糖类免疫促进剂做了简要介绍,并对其在对虾疾病控制上的应用前景进行了展望。     

益生菌剂对肉用仔鸡的营养、免疫促进作用

本研究表明 ,用产蛋白酶的益生菌制备成益生菌剂饲喂肉鸡 ,能明显促进免疫器官的生长发育 ,提高免疫器官指数(提高脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺指数分别可达 18 4 7%、6 4 2 %、41 6 3%,P <0 .0 5 ) ;也能促进消化道的生长发育 ,提高消化道重量指数最高达 2 7 5 5 %(P <0 0 1) ;能明显提高循环抗体的水平 (提高 0 6 2 5 (log2 ) ,约 8 77%,P <(0 .0 1)和消化道内容物中的蛋白酶活力 (提高 319 0 8U/g ,约 2 1 76 %,P <0 .0 5 ) ;因而能极显著促进肉用仔鸡的生长发育 ,减少料肉比可达 8 96 %,大大提高了生产效益。且对该类益生菌剂 ,比较适宜的添加剂量为 0 1%(W/W)。     

影响猪瘟免疫的因素及对策

我国是世界上养猪最多的国家,历来十分重视猪病的防制和研究。在猪病中,猪瘟是危害最大、最受重视的一种传染病。我国是猪瘟流行严重的国家之一,全国每年因各种疾病死亡的生猪约占饲养总数的5％左右,其中的1／3∽2／3是由猪瘟致死的,每年的直接经济损失达数十亿元,造成了巨大的人力和资源的浪费。我国是农业大国,又是人口大国,     

母猪妊娠期不同能量水平对后代公猪生长性能、睾丸发育与免疫的影响

试验旨在研究母猪妊娠期能量水平对后代睾丸发育与免疫的影响及其作用机理。选取30头体重、背膘相近的7~9胎长白×约克夏（LY）经产母猪,按照体重和胎次随机分为2组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头母猪,从妊娠当天分别饲喂正常能量（CON）和低能量饲粮（LE,12.55 MJ/kg）,直到分娩,所有母猪哺乳期均饲喂同一饲粮。分娩后,分别从CON和LE组中挑选体重为平均体重±0.05 kg的后代公猪各15头,断奶后所有公猪按阶段饲喂相同饲粮,于仔猪120日龄时结束试验。记录公猪每个月的体重并计算阶段平均日增重和平均日采食量;采集28和120 d的血液进行血清生化指标和免疫相关细胞因子检测,采集28和120 d的睾丸进行睾丸细胞计数和睾丸免疫相关基因检测。结果表明,与对照组相比,LE组0~59 d平均日增重极显著降低（P<0.01）,28~89 d平均日采食量和0 d睾丸重显著降低（P<0.05）,28 d睾丸指数显著增加（P<0.05）;LE组0和120 d睾丸组织内间质细胞数目、120 d生殖细胞数目、28和120 d支持细胞数目均显著降低（P<0.05）;LE组血清中28 d甘油三酯（TG）和120 d睾酮（T）含量均极显著升高（P<0.01）、雌二醇（E₂）含量极显著降低（P<0.01）,TG、T和E₂含量均存在时间和能量的交互作用（P<0.01）;LE组血液中胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）的含量120 d时极显著降低（P<0.01）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、TC、HDL-C三者均无时间和能量的交互作用（P>0.05）。随着公猪日龄增加,血液中白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、免疫球蛋白（IgG）浓度均极显著增加（P<0.01）,其中TNF-α和IL-1β有能量和时间的交互作用。与对照组相比,LE组28 d时TNF-α含量显著降低（P<0.05）,120 d时IL-1β水平显著升高（P<0.05）。LE组28 d紧密连接蛋白1（ZO1）及0和28 d闭合蛋白（Occludin）基因相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,28和120 d时连接黏附分子1（JAM1）基因相对表达量显著增加（P<0.05）。LE组0 d时CCL4基因和28 d时IL-1α基因相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,0和120 d时趋化因子2（CCL2）基因及28 d时细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM1）和酪氨酸激酶2（JAK2）基因相对表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,28 d时Toll样受体1（TLR1）基因、0 d时肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员Ⅰ型（TNFRSF1A）基因相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,0 d时B细胞κ轻肽基因增强子核因子抑制因子（NFKBIA）、IL-1β和干扰素（IFNG）基因相对表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。综上所述,母猪妊娠期摄入12.55 MJ/kg能量水平饲粮可降低后代公猪日增重、平均日采食量和睾丸重;降低后代公猪睾丸内生殖细胞数量及免疫相关细胞因子和睾丸免疫相关基因的表达,从而对后代成年后的免疫能力和繁殖性能产生深远影响。     

不同硒源对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫器官发育的影响

为研究亚硒酸钠与纳米硒对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫器官发育的影响.试验选用罗曼蛋雏鸡120只,随机分为3组:Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别添加0.4 mg/kg亚硒酸钠和纳米硒的基础日粮.在试验鸡26,36日龄时的清晨称重,每组随机扑杀5只,取免疫器官,计算免疫器官指教,并进行组织切片观察.结果表明:试验鸡36日龄时的生长性能,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比结果显著(P＜0.05).Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比结果极显著(P＜0.01);免疫器官指数,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比结果不显著(P＞0.05);免疫器官结构:脾脏,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组动脉周围淋巴鞘变大、脾小结变大:法氏囊,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组法氏囊皮质增厚;胸腺,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组胸腺皮质增厚、胸腺小体变大.Ⅱ、Ⅲ组比较,Ⅲ组在脾小结变化中表现更为明显.结论:在蛋雏鸡饲料中添加纳米硒能促进其生长并增强免疫器官功能.     

猪IFN-γ和CpG基序双因子重组质粒增强亚洲Ⅰ型口蹄疫灭活病毒抗原免疫水平的研究

分析CpG基序与猪IFN-γ基因组合的重组表达质粒对口蹄疫灭活抗原的免疫佐剂效应.以亚洲I型口蹄疫灭活病毒为抗原,与含有猪IFN-γ基因和CpG基序的重组质粒配伍,采用肌肉注射法免疫小鼠,加强免疫后检测口蹄疫特异性抗体和中和性抗体水平、T淋巴细胞增殖反应、体内细胞毒性T细胞杀伤反应以及细胞因子IL-4、IL-6和IFN-γ的分泌水平.发现猪IFN-γ和CpG基序双因子重组质粒相对单一的因子能诱导更强的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应水平,尤其在中和性抗体和抗原特异性CTL反应方面更为明显.猪IFN-γ和CpG基序在诱导小鼠抵抗亚洲I型口蹄疫火活病毒免疫方面具有良好的佐剂效应,其重组质粒可望成为一种有前途的新型免疫佐剂.     

规模蛋禽场不同禽流感免疫程序的抗体效价分析

浦江县蛋禽养殖业较为发达,部分养殖场主对县畜牧兽医局推荐的禽流感免疫程序存在一定的疑虑,认为禽流感免疫全程不必进行3次免疫接种.笔者采用禽流感血凝(HA)和血凝抑制(HI)试验技术,对不同免疫程序的禽流感免疫效果进行了对比试验,现将结果报告如下.