植物离子组学研究进展

【目的】植物离子组学是研究植物体内无机元素组成的一门综合学科。通过现代高通量的元素分析手段 (如ICP-MS),结合生物信息学、功能基因组学、数理统计学等手段研究植物吸收、养分元素积累和重金属污染物的机理及遗传学与分子生物学机制,是植物营养与环境生物学研究领域的新方向。因此,了解植物离子组学的研究方法及其应用方向对于拓展人们对植物和生态系统中元素循环机制的认识,调控植物元素循环等方面具有重大的意义。主要进展本文就近年来关于离子组学领域的研究成果,首先介绍了离子组和离子组学的概念;然后总结了离子组学的发展历程和目前从事相关研究的机构及其各自研究方向;并对离子组数据的转化和分析方法进行阐述;最后重点综述了离子组学的应用,包括从生态学角度探索生态系统中元素间的多重平衡;植物离子组与环境驱动因子、食品安全和超积累植物筛选间的关系;植物离子组结合基因组学对矿质元素吸收转运机制的探索。展望1) 从植物营养和食品安全角度出发,对粮食作物、经济作物和果树等进行离子组学研究;2) 从系统生物学或元素的生物地球化学循环角度对元素在土壤–微生物–植物、生产者–消费者–分解者等系统中的流动循环进行研究;3) 从学科交叉的角度来研究离子组学与基因组学、蛋白组学及代谢组学的相互关系。     

多肽组学技术在乳品研究中的应用

多肽组学是蛋白质组学的一个分支,是对生物样品中的肽进行全面定性和定量描述的技术。本文综述了多肽组学技术研究的步骤以及其在乳品研究中的应用,为运用多肽组学技术到牛乳中鉴定内源性肽谱,有效控制牛乳生产,鉴定牛乳生物活性肽提供理论依据。     

离子选择微电极技术及其在植物营养学研究中的应用

离子选择微电极(Ion selective microelectrode)起初是用于化学分析和电化学研究,随着电生理学的发展而发展.离子选择微电极的制备和工作原理主要有:1)双电极制备过程包括离子敏感剂(Sensor)的配制、电极拉制、硅烷化和敏感剂Sensor的灌注、电极的标定等;2)离子选择微电极的工作原理与其它类...     

丛枝菌根真菌AMF提高植物抗逆性的组学技术研究进展

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可以显著提高植物对逆境胁迫的抵抗能力,本文综述了国内外针对代表性组学技术(转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学)在AMF提高植物抗逆领域(干旱、温度、盐碱、重金属)的研究进展,分析了在逆境胁迫下,植物–菌根共生体在分子层面上的应答调控机理,为深入理解AMF提高植物耐逆的分子机理提供一定的科学依据。【主要进展】植物主要通过根系与AMF建立共生关系,进而从土壤中吸收更多的水分和营养物质,提高植物对非生物胁迫的抵抗能力。菌根植物在转录、翻译以及表观遗传层面应答非生物胁迫。AMF在不同程度上上调或下调某些与非生物胁迫相关基因的转录或蛋白的翻译及降解,从而提高植物对非生物胁迫的抵抗能力,维持植物的生长发育,提高其对水分和营养物质的吸收和利用效率。通过转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学分析关键基因、蛋白及代谢物的变化,为深入挖掘AMF提高植物抗逆机理提供理论依据。【研究展望】揭示丛枝菌根共生体抗逆机理的组学技术研究仍处于起步阶段,单一组学的应用限制了信息表达的完整性和深层次网络调控机理的精确性。随着测序技术和手段在速度、精度等方面的提高以及生物信息学的更新发展,AMF提高植物抗...     

应用铜离子选择电极测定植物中微量铜的探讨

本文提出了采用铜离子选择电极测定植物中微量铜的新方法。实验结果表明,方法回收率超过95%,样品分析结果与原子吸收法有良好的一致性。本法具有方法简便,结果准确,重现性好及实用等优点。     

Hydroponics: Its history and use in plant nutrition studies

Hydroponics is a widely and frequently used technique for growing plants without soil, providing for a considerable degree of control of the elemental environment surrounding the root. The technique has an interesting history of development and use dating back into the mid 18th‐century, although the growing of plants in nutrient rich water may have dated back into the early history of man. The determination of the essential elements required by plants were discovered using solution culture techniques. This paper discusses the past history of solution culture as well as its importance and use today.     

钾在植物抗病性中的作用及机理的研究进展

本文对近些年来有关钾营养与植物病害关系的研究进行综述。主要从钾对酚代谢、碳、氮代谢及其活性氧代谢调控的角度,评述钾素营养提高植物抗病性的机理;同时讨论了钾肥的施用方式、钾肥形态、施用量、土壤本身钾素状况等共同影响钾素对植物的抗病性及其可能机理。最后提出这一研究领域存在的若干问题。     

植物矿质营养的生态意义Ｉ.植物营养、环境与生态

介绍了植物矿质营养生态研究发展停滞的原因，探讨了植物营养、环境与生态之间的相互关系，提出了今后植物矿质营养生态研究的若干重点。     

基于光谱理论的作物营养诊断研究进展

随着光谱技术的发展及其自身的优点,应用光谱技术在作物营养诊断和养分估测方面的研究也越来越多。本文概要地介绍了植物光谱诊断的原理和生理基础,总结了高光谱数据的提取和处理方法;着重评述了光谱技术在作物氮、磷、钾和其它营养元素的营养诊断和养分含量估测的国内外研究状况和进展。文章指出,氮素营养的光谱诊断研究较多,提取出一些敏感波段,建立了光谱指数,并初步得到验证;磷钾营养的光谱诊断研究相对较少,并且结论也不统一;其它营养元素的光谱诊断只是略有涉及,需要进一步研究。本文还就当前作物营养光谱诊断研究的重点以及光谱数据采集和建立养分预测模型中存在的问题进行了分析讨论,并提出了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

植物营养中理论问题的追本溯源

本文分析了近200年来,国际上植物营养研究特别是有关植物营养理论研究的发展过程,从早期对植物营养的研究开始,论述了腐殖质营养理论的形成与发展以及腐殖质营养理论的具体内容;论述了植物营养矿物质理论的发现过程及李比希否定腐殖质营养理论的理由与事实;介绍了李比希对矿质营养理论的论述与完善过程,分析了矿质营养理论早期的争议及争议的原因;评价了矿质营养理论对农业的贡献。本文还针对目前出现的有机营养理论及碳营养进行质疑,指出了小分子有机物质对植物生长发育的作用。     

Contribution of microbial phytases to the improvement of plant growth and nutrition: A review

Phytases belong to the class of phosphohydrolases that begin the step-wise hydrolysis of phosphates from phytates. Phytates are a derivative of myo-inositol, which is the primary storage form of organic phosphorus in plant cells. Phytase has been used globally to diminish phosphorus pollution and to enhance nutrition in monogastrics. In this review, the classification, sources, and diversity of microbial phytases, and their practical applications, as well as supplementation of the soil with transgenic and wild types of microbial strains, which can release phytase to enhance phosphorus availability for plant uptake and reduce the need for fertilizers, are discussed. The overexpressed microbial phytases in transgenic plants enhance the growth capacity of co-cultivated plants and can therefore be employed in agricultural and biotechnological practices, such as intercropping. The introduction of phytases into the soil for improved plant growth and enhanced crop yield can be accomplished without extra cost. A diverse group of photoautotrophic microalgae can synthesize phytase and will likely be useful in many human food and animal industries.     

Plant growth,phosphorus nutrition,and acid phosphatase enzyme activity in three tomato cultivars grown hydroponically at different zinc concentrations

Three tomato cvs., Blizzard, Liberto, and Calypso, were grown hydroponically in a controlled temperature (C.T.) room for six weeks at three zinc (Zn) concentrations (0.01, 0.5, and 5.0 mg Zn L^‐1) in the nutrient solution. There were significant reductions in the dry matter and chlorophyll contents of all three cultivars grown at both low (0.01 mg L^‐1) and high (5 mg L^‐1) Zn as compared to 0.5 mg Zn L^‐1. The concentration of Zn at 0.01 mg L^‐1 was not sufficient to provide for optimal plant growth, while 5 mg Zn L^‐1 in the nutrient solution was detrimental to plant growth for all three cultivars. The best results for all parameters tested were for the plants grown at 0.5 mg Zn L^‐1. The concentration of phosphorus (P) was at an excess level in leaves of plants grown in 0.01 mg Zn L^‐1, while it was deficient in the 5 mg Zn L^‐1 treatment. Acid Phosphatase Enzyme [EC.3.1.3.2.] (APE) activity was significantly higher in both the leaves and roots of P‐deficient plants, i.e., plants receiving high (5 mg L^‐1) Zn. Acid Phosphatase Enzyme activity was slightly higher in the mature leaves than those in developing leaves, where P concentration was higher. Concentration of P and, in particular Zn, increased in the roots with increasing Zn in the nutrient solution. The APE activity increased in the roots of P‐deficient plants receiving high Zn (5 mg L^‐1).     

Plant Nitrogen Accumulation Dynamics in Rice in Response to Nitrogen Management

This study investigates the effect of rice nitrogen (N) management on the dynamics of plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA) during internodal elongation (IE) in relation to grain yield. Four field experiments were conducted in two soils with six preflood N treatments. The PNA was monitored for 3 weeks, starting at the beginning of IE (BIE). The PNA explained 54–72% of yield variability. The effect of midseason N application on yield varied with fields, indicating a need for assessing midseason N requirement for each field. One week after BIE was a better time to assess the N requirement of rice crop. The greatest grain yields in Cocodrie and Wells cultivars corresponded to PNA of 10.9 and 11.1 g m^?2 at BIE. A midseason application of 50 kg N ha^?1 as urea at 7–10 days after BIE increased the rice yield in the Glossaqualfs field when the PNA at BIE was less than 8.3 g m^?2.