A French inventory of gaseous emissions (CH4, N2O, NH3) from livestock manure management using a mass-flow approach

A new methodology based on (1) national data concerning livestock and rearing practices and (2) a mass-flow approach was developed to quantify ammonia (NH₃), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions resulting from manure management in France. A literature review was performed to determine emission factors for each animal type and each management stage. A Microsoft Access® database containing these emission factors, the census data and manure compositions was then developed, allowing the calculation of gaseous emissions by the mass-flow approach. From this database, a national gas emissions inventory resulting from manure management was drawn up for the year 2003. Total NH₃ emissions were estimated at 382 kt N, mainly arising from cattle (72%). Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated at 14.0 Tg CO₂-eq. for N₂O and 10.2 Tg CO₂-eq. for CH₄. Most of the N₂O emissions occurred after the deposition of manure on soil during cattle grazing, while the CH₄ was mainly produced during the period where cattle manure remained in livestock buildings and in outside storage facilities. Moreover, an evaluation of the uncertainty was performed considering the standard deviation obtained for the emission factors.     

奶牛生产中甲烷(CH4)减排的研究进展

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,中国奶牛养殖数量和规模的不断扩大,奶牛正常的生理活动产生的大量气体(CO₂和CH₄)对土壤、空气和水造成了日益严重的污染。大气中CO₂和CH₄等微量气体浓度的增加所导致的温室效应已越来越受到各国的重视。奶牛胃肠道发酵所产生的CH₄是牧场温室气体排放的主要来源之一,控制奶牛CH₄排放能有效减缓温室气体的排放。因此,在畜牧业生产中,有必要有效降低反刍动物产生的CH₄。奶牛生产中CH₄的排放涉及饲料营养、瘤胃发酵调控、遗传选择和牧场管理等方面,现针对如何降低奶牛生产中CH₄产生的研究情况做简要综述。     

三种土地利用方式下南方高山土壤温室气体通量特征及其影响因子研究

为探讨湖北火烧坪三种土地利用方式下土壤温室气体排放的特征及其影响因子,以研究区农田、草地和天然林地为研究对象,采用野外原位静态箱-气相色谱法对其土壤温室气体通量动态变化进行监测,并对环境因子进行分析。结果表明：三种土地利用方式下土壤CO₂均表现为排放,农田土壤CH₄和N₂O表现为排放,草地表现为吸收,林地不一致;土壤含水量抑制土壤CO₂,促进土壤CH₄产生,过氧化氢酶活性与土壤CO₂和CH₄的排放具有显著相关性,有机肥的施用影响土壤N₂O的排放;全球增温潜势（Global warming potential,GWP）由大到小表现为草地 > 林地 > 农田,但草地由于生物量高光合呼吸作用强,向大气排放CO₂的总量则较低。因此,人工草地的建造有利于降低研究区土壤温室气体的排放。     

黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地CO2、CH4和N2O通量特征初步研究

2009年8月,运用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对夏季黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的日变化特征进行了原位观测。结果表明,夏季低潮滩沉积物-大气界面的CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量均具有明显日变化特征,日通量范围分别为-18.755～43.731,-0.070～0.224和-0.002～0.008 mg/(m²·h),均值为11.630,0.079和0.005 mg/(m²·h),全天表现为三者的排放“源”;中潮滩沉积物-大气界面CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的日变化范围分别为-30.780～25.734,-0.111～0.100和-0.004～0.006 mg/(m²·h),均值为4.570,0.011和0.002 mg/(m²·h),全天亦表现为三者的排放“源”;中潮滩-大气界面CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的日变化范围分别为46.253～102.637,-0.211～0.048和-0.008～0.008 mg/(m²·h),均值为76.656,-0.038和-0.002 mg/(m²·h),全天表现为CO₂的“源”、CH₄和N₂O的“汇”。 本研究还发现,中潮滩的CO₂通量与气温呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)关系,低潮滩沉积物的CH₄通量与气温、地表温度和5 cm地温呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)关系,而中潮滩的N₂O通量与气温、地表温度和不同深度地温(5,10,20 cm)呈显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)负相关关系;沉积物基质和翅碱蓬群落是影响CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量特征的重要因素,而水分、盐分对于三者通量特征的影响也不容忽视。     

刈割对晋西北赖草草地温室气体通量的影响

为探讨草地温室气体通量对不同刈割强度的响应情况、优化草地利用方式及强度,本研究通过在晋西北赖草（Leymus secalinus）草地构建不同强度的刈割试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法定量研究了不刈割、轻度刈割、中度刈割和重度刈割对3种温室气体（CO₂,CH₄和N₂O）通量的影响及温室气体通量与主要环境因子的关系。2017年和2018年生长季及非生长季观测结果表明,不同刈割强度下的草地均表现为CO₂和N₂O的源、CH₄的汇;刈割于2018年生长季显著影响CH₄和N₂O通量（P<0.05）;3种温室气体通量与土壤温度呈显著指数相关（P<0.05）,CO₂通量与土壤体积含水量、N₂O通量呈显著线性相关（P<0.05）。本研究为采用合理的草地刈割强度提供一定的参考和理论依据。     

黄土高原雨养农业区不同种植模式土壤温室气体排放特征

研究陇中黄土高原旱作农田,设置了苜蓿-苜蓿(L-L)、苜蓿-休闲(L-F)、苜蓿-小麦(L-W)、苜蓿-玉米(L-C)、苜蓿-马铃薯(L-P)和苜蓿-谷子(L-M)6个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法和碳通量测量系统LI-8100对苜蓿后茬轮作不同作物土壤温室气体排放动态及其影响因素进行了测定与分析。研究结果表明,农田土壤表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄吸收汇,且呈现夏秋高,春冬低的季节性变化特征。L-L处理的CO₂累积排放量最高,L-W处理较之降低了42.43%;L-C处理的N₂O累积排放量最高,L-P处理最低;CH₄吸收量以L-M处理最高,较L-F和L-L分别增加了62.71%和31.87%,综合增温潜势表现为L-L>L-M>L-C>L-P>L-F>L-W。相关分析结果表明,CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放量与脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性及土壤温度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与土壤水分在不同土层有显著相关性;逐步回归分析发现,土壤温度、过氧化氢酶是CO₂和CH₄排放的主导因素,土壤温度极显著影响气体排放,N₂O排放主要受到环境因子的影响。综合来看,与长期苜蓿连作相比,黄土高原地区苜蓿种植一定年限之后轮作粮食作物能减少土壤温室气体排放量,减弱农田温室气体的增温效应,其中以小麦效果最佳。     

青藏高原纳木错高寒草原温室气体通量及与环境因子关系研究

青藏高原广泛分布着以高寒草甸和高寒草原为主的陆地生态系统。由于高寒草地生态系统异质性较大,对高寒草地主要温室气体通量的估算具有较大的不确定性。为研究高寒草原温室气体通量规律及其驱动因子,并为动态碳-氮耦合模式在高寒生态系统的参数化与检验提供数据支持,于2008年7-9月,使用静态箱-气相色谱法在位于青藏高原腹地的纳木错高寒草原开展了主要温室气体通量(CO₂,CH₄,N₂O)及环境因子的同步观测。结果表明:纳木错高寒草原生态系统CH₄,N₂O通量和CO₂排放分别为:-0.047 mg·m^-2·h^-1,0.49μg·m^-2·h^-1和208.2 mg·m^-2·h^-1;在季节尺度上,土壤温度与CO₂排放呈显著正相关,与N₂O和CH₄通量线性关系不显著;土壤含水量与CH₄和N₂O通量呈正相关关系,但与CO₂通量无显著相关。在日变化尺度上,土壤湿度稳定,土壤温度变化与N₂O和CO₂通量成正相关,对CH₄通量影响不显著。     

DNDC模型评估苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

DNDC(denitrifiction-decompostion)模型是以生物地球化学进程为基础模拟碳氮循环的模型,被广泛用来预测稻田温室气体的排放,但利用DNDC模型研究苜蓿绿肥对稻田生态系统的相关研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究结合两种绿肥在上海地区的使用,模拟了4个不同处理:对照(未施氮肥和绿肥)、氮肥(200 kg/hm²)、紫花苜蓿绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥和蚕豆绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥,研究苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,同时,对DNDC模型进行本地化修正,建立适宜我国长江中下游地区绿肥-水稻轮作生态系统的DNDC模型,结果表明,与对照相比,苜蓿、蚕豆和氮肥处理下的水稻产量分别提高了41.85%,29.81%和25.36%;蚕豆绿肥处理下的CH₄排放量高于苜蓿绿肥处理,温室气体的排放强度在苜蓿绿肥处理下未显著提高。通过对DNDC模型多个参数的调整和模拟,DNDC模型对水稻产量和CH₄排放的模拟值与实测值十分接近,其中,水稻产量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R²为0.89,相对平均误差RMD为-0.8%。大气温度、大气CO₂浓度、土壤有机碳和土壤粘粒对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放十分敏感,其中,大气温度、CO₂浓度和土壤有机碳与CH₄和N₂O的排放强度呈显著的正相关关系,而土壤粘粒与CH₄排放呈显著的负相关关系,本研究结果说明本地化改进的DNDC模型能够准确模拟紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的作用效果。     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.     

西藏纳木错高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸主要温室气体通量对比研究

青藏高原高寒草地占我国天然草地的40%,研究其温室气体源汇强度及驱动因子具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在西藏纳木错地区开展高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸的生态系统呼吸、CH₄和N₂O通量观测,生长季内的观测表明：高寒草原和高寒草甸生态系统呼吸分别为（283.7±14.4） mg·m^-2·h^-1和（275.7±20.6） mg·m^-2·h^-1,低于有机质丰富的沼泽化草甸,为（591.6±53.2） mg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原和高寒草甸均是CH₄的汇,其生长季均值分别为（-84.9±7.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1和（-39.2±4.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1;而沼泽化草甸是CH₄的源其均值为（149.2±34.2） μg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸均为N₂O的源,生长季排放量分别为（7.3±2.8）,（3.0±1.1）和（2.2±4.3） μg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤水分总体控制着高寒草地CH₄通量的时空变化,在土壤水分含量约大于30%的沼泽化草甸表现为CH₄的排放源,而在土壤水分含量低于30%的高寒草原和草甸表现为CH₄的汇;生长季水分含量越高,对CH₄的吸收越弱。     

全球变暖对高寒冻土区温室气体通量影响研究进展

泛北极地区和青藏高原是陆地生态系统重要的有机碳、氮库。在气候变暖驱动下，高纬度或高海拔冻土融化加速，冻土活动层冻融格局改变，土壤有机质分解增加，成为全球重要的温室气体排放源，其对气候变化的“正反馈”效应受到越来越多关注。本文重点综述了近年泛北极和青藏高原冻土区土壤CO₂,CH₄和N₂O三种主要温室气体通量对冻土退化及冻融作用的响应特征和影响机制，探讨了高寒地区生态系统净温室效应与气候变暖的相互关系，并简要提出了目前冻土区土壤碳排放和氮转化关键过程研究中需要加强的方面，旨在为继续深入开展气候变化背景下冻土碳氮循环研究提供参考。     

AM真菌对植物挥发性物质影响的研究现状与展望

植物挥发性物质在植物与植物及植物与昆虫之间的化学通讯中起着重要作用。由丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌与维管束植物形成的共生体,是自然界中最为广泛的植物-微生物共生体。AM真菌不仅可影响植物养分吸收、生长,调节植物抗逆相关酶和信号物质,同时可通过菌丝桥在不同植物间进行养分、信息交换,促进植物挥发性物质的转化和排放,影响植物对病、虫等生物逆境的响应。本文基于CNKI和Web of Science两个数据库,查阅了1981年1月至2019年12月来AM真菌对植物挥发性有机化合物（biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs）、氧化亚氮（N₂O）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、甲烷（CH₄）等4类挥发性物质影响的研究进展,归纳分析了AM真菌对植物挥发性物质的影响及机理,并对该领域的研究进行了展望。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral based dairying systems: The effect of uncertainty and management change under two contrasting production systems

A previously developed model, the Pastoral Milk Emission Model (PME Model) was used to simulate both on-farm and off-farm greenhouse gas (GHG) e`missions (consisting of methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂)) under two contrasting pastoral based milk production systems. There were two primary objectives to this study. Firstly within the production systems studied, to identify the effect simple management changes may have on GHG emissions and farm profitability so that financially viable whole farm GHG mitigation strategies could be developed. The potential effect these management changes could have on national GHG emissions was quantified. The second objective was to determine what effect the characteristics of the production system may have on the uncertainty surrounding the emission of GHGs.The two contrasting production systems were the standard production procedures recommended for Kilmaley, (County Clare, Ireland) and Moorepark (County Cork, Ireland), with grazing seasons of 149 and 250 days per year respectively. The management scenarios tested were changes in pasture quality, pasture utilisation, N application rates, silage quality, level of concentrate supplementation and calving date.Stochastic budgeting revealed that emissions of GHGs were greater at Kilmaley than Moorepark whatever the level of risk/uncertainty. Simple farming system changes, regardless of location, generally resulted in small changes in both on-farm and total GHG emissions (between—5.8 and + 5.1%). However silage quality demonstrated a site specific interaction. Tailor designed whole farm GHG mitigation strategies were developed by combining all identified management changes, which simultaneously reduced GHG emissions and increased farm profitability. Relative to the standard production systems at Moorepark and Kilmaley, on-farm and total GHG emissions were 6.65% and 8.42% and 11.40% and 11.64% respectively. Farm profitability increased at both sites. Projecting these potential reductions onto the national dairy herd revealed that significant reductions in GHG emissions are possible. Relative to 2005 national emissions the implementation of the standard systems would achieve a reduction of 3.46%, this would increase to 4.04% for the tailor designed strategies. Additional reductions in GHG emissions would be achieved through a lowering of inputs within the farm supply chain.Sensitivity analysis revealed differences between systems with regards to source strength, however regardless of the system, source strength was always greatest for enteric CH₄, confirmation that considerable efforts should be made to control this GHG source. However differences do exist between systems which suggests that national mitigation strategies must consider regional production systems if GHG reductions are to be maximised. This work has also highlighted the need for more data on indirect GHG emissions derived from leached N.     

不同施肥策略对阴山北麓旱作燕麦人工草地N2O排放的影响

本研究以内蒙古武川县燕麦(Avena sativa)人工草地为研究对象,采用静态箱法,通过无氮施肥为对照(CK),设置常规施氮(NN),控释施氮(CN)2个施肥处理,研究旱作燕麦人工草地N₂O排放规律,探讨N₂O排放对不同施肥种类的响应。结果表明：与无氮施肥相比,常规施氮的地上生物量显著提高37.8%,控释施氮的地上生物量显著提高64.5%(P<0.05);与常规施肥相比控释肥氮素利用率显著提升了71.0%(P<0.05);不同施肥处理下,燕麦人工草地生长季的N₂O排放通量均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,并在苗期和拔节期出现峰值;与无氮施肥相比,常规施氮的N₂O排放量(0.85 kg·hm^-2)显著提高44.1%,控释施氮的单位产量N₂O排放量(0.86×10^-4 g·g^-1)显著降低37.2%(P<0.05)。本研究发现相较于常规施肥,控释氮肥提高了燕麦产量且降低了N₂O的排...     

坝上地区奶牛舍和犊牛舍冬季有害气体的检测

试验旨在研究高寒地区奶牛舍和犊牛舍冬季有害气体的含量变化,选取河北省坝上高原具有代表性的3种奶牛舍和4种犊牛舍,检测冬季不同时间段牛舍内外空气中氨气(NH₃)和二氧化碳(CO₂)的含量。结果显示,不设舍外运动场的奶牛舍中CO₂含量极显著高于带舍外运动场的奶牛舍(P < 0.01),且晚上CO₂含量高于早上和中午,最高达4 481.7 mg/m³(奶牛舍1)。所有犊牛舍CO₂含量均表现为早晚高、中午低的规律性,所有奶牛舍和犊牛舍内CO₂含量均极显著或显著高于净道或运动场(P < 0.01;P < 0.05)。3种奶牛舍19:00后NH₃含量出现急剧升高的趋势。奶牛舍3只检测到低浓度的NH₃,波动范围为0~0.36 mg/m³,犊牛舍的NH₃含量介于0.71~5.28 mg/m³。综上所述,奶牛舍和犊牛舍有害气体含量与牛舍建筑类型和结构相关,密闭性好的牛舍CO₂和NH₃含量均较高,甚至出现CO₂含量严重超标的现象。为降低舍内的有害气体含量,寒冷地区应在考虑牛舍保温设计的同时,兼顾通风换气的设计,以改善牛舍的空气质量。     

Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union

Manure management systems are conducive to nutrient and carbon losses, but the magnitude of the loss highly depends on the nutrient element, the manure management system and the environmental conditions. This paper discusses manure management systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27) and nutrient losses from these systems, with emphasis on nitrogen (N). In general, losses decrease in the order: C, N >> S > K, Na, Cl, B > P, Ca, Mg, metals. Assessments made with the integrated modeling tool MITERRA-EUROPE indicate that the total N excretion in 2000 by livestock in EU-27 was  10,400 kton. About 65% of the total N excretion was collected in barns and stored for some time prior to application to agricultural land. Almost 30% of the N excreted in barns was lost during storage; approximately 19% via NH₃ emissions, 7% via emissions of NO, N₂O and N₂, and 4% via leaching and run-off. Differences between Member States in mean N losses from manure storages were large (range 19.5–35%). Another 19% of the N excreted in animal housing systems was lost via NH₃ emissions following the application of the manure to land. The results indicate that maximally 52% of the N excreted in barns was effectively recycled as plant nutrient. Various emission abatement measures can be implemented and have been implemented already in some Member States to reduce the emissions of NH₃ and N₂O, and the leaching of N and P. There is scope to reduce NH₃ emissions by  30% relative to the reference year 2000, although the uncertainty in estimated emissions and in the estimated effects of emission abatement measures is relatively large.     

不同施氮对饲草玉米产量品质及养分吸收的影响

在西南乳业生产中心四川省洪雅县,以玉草2号为试材,通过2009年田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0,60,120,180,240 kg N/hm²,分别记为N₀,N₆₀,N₁₂₀,N₁₈₀,N₂₄₀)对饲草玉米产量品质及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加了分蘖数,从N₀的1.3个增加到N₁₈₀或N₂₄₀的1.7个,增幅为30.8%;喇叭口期及收获期的地上部干物质量随施氮量增加而增加,并在N₁₈₀时达最大,相比N₀分别增加60.9%和23.8%,但在N₂₄₀时又开始一定下降。施氮显著提高了粗蛋白含量,明显降低了中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,从而有效提高了饲草玉米的营养价值和饲用品质。植株氮、磷、钾含量随生育期推进而逐渐降低;施氮显著提高了氮含量和氮、磷吸收量,提高了磷含量,降低了钾含量,但差异不显著,对钾吸收量无明显影响。玉草2号对氮、磷、钾的吸收量顺序是N>K₂O>P₂O₅,N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O在拔节期为8.2∶1∶5.5,在喇叭口期为9.5∶1∶9.7,在收获期为8.0∶1∶5.8。玉草2号种植中要注重氮、钾肥的投入,洪雅当地的推荐施氮量为180 kg N/hm²。     

Investigation of Harmful Gases of Dairy Cow houses and Calf Houses in Winter in Bashang Region

The objective of this study was to investigate harmful gases concentrations of dairy cow houses in winter in the chill region of Hebei province.Three styles of dairy cow houses and four styles of calf houses in Bashang plateau in Hebei province were used in this study to determine NH₃ and CO₂ concentrations.The results showed that the CO₂ concentrations were extremely significantly higher in well-closed dairy cow houses than that with exercise yards (P < 0.01).And the CO₂ concentration in the evening was higher than that in the morning and at noon,reaching up to 4 481.7 mg/m³(dairy cow house 1).The CO₂ concentrations in all calf houses were high in the morning and evening and low at noon.Besides,the CO₂concentrations in all dairy cow houses and calf houses were extremely significantly or significantly higher than that in the net roads or exercise yards (P < 0.01;P < 0.05).The NH₃ concentration of three dairy cow houses showed a sharp rise trend after 19:00 and the dairy cow house 3 only detected the low concentration of NH₃ which ranged from 0 to 0.36 mg/m³.The NH₃ concentration of the calve houses were changing from 0.71 to 5.28 mg/m³.In conclusion,the harmful gas concentration related to the building types and structure that CO₂ and NH₃ concentration were higher when the cowsheds were sealed,even exceeded standard badly.To reduce the harmful gas content in the house,the ventilation should be taken into account to improve the air quality.     

Evaluation of the Environmental Indices in a Beef Cattle Farm in the North of Xinjiang

In order to obtain the basic information of the environmental situation for beef cattle production in Yili area,the environmental indices detected from a typical collective beef cattle farm were evaluated.CO₂,NH₃ and CH₄,luminosity,temperature,humidity and noise,PM10 and TSP of the beef cattle cowshed were measured for consecutive 10 days in the spring.The results showed that in the spring,the daylight time was about 10 h from 08:00 to 18:00,and the average value of luminosity,temperature,humidity and noise were 105.61 Lux,16.30 ℃,49.56% and 64.59 dB,respectively;The average value of CH₄,CO₂ and NH₃ concentrations were 0.09,880.91 and 0.51 mg/m³,respectively;The average value of PM10 and TSP concentrations were 0.030 and 0.010 mg/m³,respectively.By zooming in the day and hour fluctuation of above measured environmental indices it was found that the average temperature in this cowshed was over the maximum limit of national standard from 11:00 to 24:00 lasting for about 13 hours.It was concluded that the general environment in this area was suitable for beef cattle production except the temperature in this cowshed needs to be improved for providing better welfare for beef cattle.     

农牧交错带半干旱草地生态系统CO2交换对短期不同水平氮添加的响应

本研究以位于山西省右玉县农牧交错带的半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象,探究短期内不同水平的氮添加对半干旱草地生态系统CO_2交换的影响。试验设置8个梯度0、1、2、4、8、16、24和32 g N·m^-2(分别表示为N_0、N_1、N_2、N_4、N_8、N₁₆、N₂₄和N₃₂)。采用静态箱法对草地净生态系统CO_2交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(ER)进行测定,同时监测10 cm表层土壤温度和含水量。试验结果表明:短期氮添加(N₃₂除外)显著增加农牧交错带半干旱草地生态系统净碳交换,NEE、ER和生态系统总初级生产力(GEP)在整个生长季均随氮素添加水平的上升呈单峰型变化趋势,在N₁₆和N₂₄处理下的生态系统CO_2交换达到最高,而N₃₂显著降低了NEE;不同氮添加水平下,ER和GEP相对NEE更为敏感;表层(0～10 cm)土壤温度与含水量影响生态系统CO_2交换,表现为:土壤温度(10 cm)与ER呈显著正相关(R^2>0.1,P<0.05),表层(0～10 cm)土壤含水量与NEE和GEP分别呈显著正相关和显著负相关(R^2>0.1,P<0.05)。因此,短期不同水平氮添加增加了农牧交错带半干旱草地生态系统净碳吸收,对该地区草地生态系统碳的源/汇功能具有一定的参考意义。