兴凯湖自然保护区湖岗天然带状林中繁殖鸟巢的空间格局

2006、2007年5～7月对兴凯湖自然保护区湖岗天然林带中繁殖鸟及鸟巢进行调查测定,发现繁殖鸟类30种,分属于6目15科24属.对发现的186个巢的分析显示:群落鸟类巢位在空间上有着明显的梯度特征,鸟类空间营巢的异质性在垂直空间体现在距地面不同营巢高度(h)上,营巢范围分4层(h1=0m、0m＜h2≤2m、2m＜h3≤10 m、10 m＜h4).水平方向鸟巢分布受植被类型限制,乔木林中鸟类多样性最丰富(H=1.764),距公路10～50 m距林缘20 m以内是鸟类巢位选择最佳区域;生态位分析显示表明:东方大苇莺生态位最宽(FT=0.3174)、巨嘴柳莺次之(FT=0.2953),其后依次为星头啄木鸟、红尾伯劳、大斑啄木鸟等.     

董寨自然保护区常见鹭科鸟类的种群数量调查

2007年2～6月运用路线法在董寨国家级自然保护区对常见鹭科鸟类的种群数量进行调查,结果显示:在保护区内常见鹭科鸟类的最大种群数量为4274±92只,其中池鹭1949±41只,小白鹭1098±25只,牛背鹭994±19只,夜鹭243±12只.     

吉林省镇赉县WRSIS系统夏季鸟类群落多样性研究

本项研究依托吉林省镇赉县的WRSIS系统,分析了当地夏季鸟类群落的多样性,填补了人工湿地与动物群落间关系研究的空白。2011年8月进行鸟类群落调查,将研究区内的生境划分为人工湿地、稻田2种类型,记录观察到的鸟类种类、数量以及对生境的利用方式(觅食、停歇)。计算每种鸟类在不同生境中的总数量和遇见率。采用鸟类个体数、物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度描述鸟类群落特征,对4个指标进行Mann-Whitney U检验,比较组间差异。研究结果表明,人工湿地鸟类数量和遇见率均高于稻田,Mann-Whitney U检验结果表明人工湿地鸟类群落的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度显著高于稻田群落,其中丰富度、多样性的显著性高于均匀度,而鸟类个体数组间没有显著的差异。     

南宁吴圩国际机场冬季鸟类组成与鸟击防范

2014年12月~2015年2月,对南宁吴圩国际机场冬季鸟类进行了调查,在场内及周边4 km范围内共发现鸟类11目30科60种,留鸟有38种,占63.33%;冬候鸟22种,占36.67%。重要性值分析表明池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)、白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、棕背伯劳(Lanius schach)等10种为机场冬季鸟类群落中最重要的种类。分布系数划分表明,广性分布型鸟类有19种,中性分布型有16种,狭性分布型25种。场内观察发现一天中7:00~8:00、17:00~18:00两个时段鸟类最活跃。根据数据分析和实际调查,机场冬季构成鸟撞隐患的主要为鹭科、鹰科、隼科、鸱鹗科、鹬科的鸟类。同时对机场及周边不同生境进行多样性分析,结合各生境的特点和高危鸟种初步提出生态治理对策和鸟击防范措施,以期减少鸟类和飞行器之间的相互影响。     

人工生境已成为鄱阳湖越冬白鹤的重要觅食地

受自然生境退化和土地利用方式改变的影响,越来越多鸟类依赖于人工生境生存。白鹤为IUCN极危物种,全球种群数量约3 500～4 000只,其中约98%的个体在鄱阳湖越冬。白鹤曾被认为是专性栖息于浅水生境中的鸟类,在鄱阳湖主要在浅水区取食水生植物苦草的冬芽。然而,近几年大量的白鹤离开自然生境,前往稻田和藕田觅食。本研究基于2010/2011～2017/2018年越冬季五星垦殖场(目前发现白鹤数量最多的人工生境)的白鹤调查数据,首次报道了人工生境中白鹤数量的长期动态。结果表明白鹤数量呈现逐渐增长的趋势,2016/2017～2017/2018年越冬季增长至1 115只,约占全球总数量的30%。由此可见,人工生境已成为白鹤的重要觅食地。觅食地改变使白鹤面临高强度的人为干扰,对此,建议加强白鹤对人工生境的适应性研究,评估白鹤的生存现状,为保护政策的制度提供科学依据。白鹤等依赖于水生植被生存的鸟类的觅食生境变化表明鄱阳湖水生植被退化严重,生态环境质量不断恶化。     

黄盖湖春夏季鸟类群落结构初步研究

2018年春、夏季,采用样线法对黄盖湖5种生境类型鸟类群落结构进行调查。记录鸟类15目40科119种25816只,雀形目占51.26%,反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)、灰翅浮鸥(Chlidonias hybrida)是优势种,主要居留型留鸟50种。3月鸟类最丰富(87种,9084只),4月鸟类最少(60种,2677只),不同月份间鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数差异不显著。鸟类群落结构生境间变化明显,养殖塘中鸟类最丰富(77种,9716只),明水面最少(15种,1917只),各生境间的鸟类多样性(χ^24=21.561,P=0.000)、均匀度(χ^24=20.168,P=0.000)、优势度指数(χ^24=21.983,P=0.000)均显著差异,明水面生境中鸟类多样性、均匀度指数最小,而优势度指数最大。鸟类群落结构在养殖塘与湖滩生境间相似性最高(0.692),为中等程度相似;明水面与林地生境间相似性最低(0.046),为极不相似。湖泊湿地鸟类保护不仅要优化生境资源的空间配置,还应该重视养殖塘作为退化湖泊湿地重要替代生境的地位,加强养殖塘生境水位管理和降低人为干扰。     

厦门市春夏两季鸟类多样性研究

通过对代表厦门5种不同生境类型的8个样地进行鸟类调查,共记录到鸟类17目49科242种,占全国鸟类总种数的19.5%,占福建省鸟类总种数的44.7%。与全国鸟类组成相比,厦门鸣禽和涉禽的物种多样性相对比较丰富;比较5种代表性的生境鸟类多样性,农田物种多样性最丰富（Shannon-Wiener指数H′=5.549 63）,但是其科属多样性却最低（G-F指数DFG=0.53568）;森林生境中科属多样性最高（G-F指数DFG=0.872282）,特别是科多样性显著高于其他生境（F指数DF=15.8911）。对比分析厦门市春季和夏季物种多样性显示鸟类迁徙前的春季比夏季物种丰富度高。     

扎龙秋季鸟类群落多样性调查

2006～2007年对扎龙自然保护区4种生境中的秋季鸟类多样性进行了调查.2006年秋季共记录鸟类53种,分属于11目25科;2007年秋季记录鸟类55种,分属于9目22科,并有扎龙新记录种紫翅椋鸟2只.对4种生境中的鸟类进行多样性分析,结果显示:2006年水域鸟类多样性最高,其次是芦苇沼泽、居民区和草原草甸;2007年则是芦苇沼泽鸟类多样性最高,其次是水域鸟类、居民区和草原草甸.     

河西走廊北山山地不同生境蝶类群落多样性研究

2000-2002年调查了河西走廊北山山地蝶类区系组成,共采集蝶类近700只 ,分别隶属6科、25属、30种.研究了蝶类生态分布特征及群落多样性,计算分析了不同生境、不同海拔蝶类群落的丰富度、多样性指数、种间相遇机率、优势度.结果表明,蝶类的生态分布主要受干旱气候影响,不同生境蝶类群落物种多样性指数由荒漠草原＞山地林区＞绿洲农田＞荒漠地带＞高山草甸依次递减.随海拔由低到高,蝶类群落多样性降低.     

内蒙古达赉湖自然保护区春季鸟类多样性研究

达赉湖自然保护区地处中国、俄罗斯和蒙古三国的交界处.保护区生境多样,鸟类资源十分丰富,是东北亚鸟类迁徙的重要通道和繁殖栖息地.本文对达赉湖自然保护区春季不同生境类型(岸边、草甸草原、林地灌丛、水域、苇塘)鸟类多样性进行了统计和分析.其鸟类多样性表现为水域(1.6404)岸边(1.3707)苇塘(1.1469)草原、草甸(0.9641)林地、灌丛(0.4581).而各生境均匀性表现为林地、灌丛(0.3805)水域(0.2984)草甸、草原(0.2511)苇塘(0.1494)岸边(0.0835).     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量的不确定度评估

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物尿液中11种β-受体激动剂残留量,对标准溶液、体积、质谱峰面积、浓缩过程及回收率等测定不确定度因素进行了分析,通过评定各不确定度分量及标准不确定度,得出11种β-受体激动剂的扩展不确定度在0.7 ～ 1.1 ng/mL范围内.由各因素对合成不确定度的贡献比分析可知,影响较大的因素为试验回收率及标准溶液浓度.     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.