屠宰场羊废弃物堆肥基本性质及微生物区系变化

于2011年夏季对屠宰场羊废弃物堆肥过程中基本性质和微生物区系的动态变化规律进行了研究,同时探讨了添加不同微生物菌剂对废弃物堆肥进程的影响.结果表明:随着堆肥进程的推进,屠宰场羊废弃物堆肥温度先升高后降低,种子发芽指数和草籽灭活率一直呈增加趋势,大肠菌群的最可能数和蛔虫卵死亡率则呈下降趋势.堆肥pH值在快速升温阶段大幅度升高(平均上升了1.75),然后持平,最后略有降低(pH值平均为8.20).在堆肥过程中,开始升温阶段3种微生物数量均有增加,但细菌增速最大,从平均2.42亿CFU·g-1增加到5.16亿CFU·g-1,放线菌和真菌缓慢增加;到快速升温阶段放线菌和真菌增幅变大,细菌数量急剧减少;真菌数量较放线菌数量变化缓慢.向堆肥中添加微生物菌剂可加快堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期.添加微生物菌剂4(北京产)的堆肥各项指标变化相对较快,综合判定添加菌剂4的堆肥效果最佳.     

小麦秸秆静态高温堆腐过程中的理化特征

为了解小麦秸秆堆肥过程中的生物化学特征,进行了高温好氧堆肥试验.结果表明,添加复合微生物腐解菌剂处理较不添加复合微生物腐解菌剂(CK)升温快,温度高,高温持续时间长;堆腐第2d添加菌剂处理堆体温度上升到50℃以上,第3 d达到最高温度67.1℃,50℃以上持续6 d;CK堆腐第3 d达到50℃,第4 d达最高温度59.5℃,50℃以上持续5 d.堆腐第9 d添加菌剂处理E4/E6值达高峰值3.419,CK的达高峰值4.085,堆腐第23 d后添加菌剂处理的胡敏酸E4/E6值为1.512～1.709,而CK处理的E4/E6值为1.649～2.060,堆腐过程添加菌剂处理的E4/E6值一直低于CK,表明添加菌剂能促进腐殖质的缩合和芳构化.堆肥腐熟后pH值较堆制前有所提高,添加菌剂处理的pH值相对较低,变化幅度较小.加入微生物菌剂处理的电导率(EC)值较高,且在持续高温阶段高于后熟阶段.     

屠宰场废弃物堆肥对苜蓿生长和碱化土壤肥力指标的影响

对屠宰场猪、牛、羊废弃物堆肥施入退化土壤后作物生理指标、土壤肥力指标和微生物区系变化进行系统研究。结果表明：施用废弃物堆肥明显提高了苜蓿出苗率,并缩短了出苗时间,但不同种类、不同施用量（22．5 t·hm－2、30．0 t·hm－2和37．5 t·hm－2）废弃物提高的幅度不同。苜蓿鲜生物量随着废弃物施用量的增大而增加,其中羊废弃物施用量为37．5 t· hm－2的处理最大,为11．95 g · plant－1,不施用废弃物的处理鲜生物量最小,其最大值为10．26 g·plant－1;施用猪废弃物30．0 t·hm－2的处理其干生物量最高（3．91 g·plant－1）。施用屠宰场废弃物堆肥后土壤有机质及养分都有不同程度的增加,如10月中旬土壤有机质和速效钾含量增幅略低,分别为9．92％～27．12％和5．77％～34．03％,碱解氮和速效磷增幅分别为11．79％～47．66％和16．92％～44．97％。猪废弃物施用量为37．5 t·hm－2的处理细菌数量在8月底达到3．98×107 cfu·g－1,羊和牛废弃物相同时期相同用量条件下细菌数量相近,一般废弃物施用量越大土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量也越多。     

不同微生物菌剂对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为筛选出适宜生物质基质牛粪腐熟的微生物菌剂,采用好氧堆肥的试验方式,通过测定堆料温度、含水量、pH、种子发芽指数、全氮、全磷、全钾等指标及牛粪堆腐效果,对比3种微生物菌剂对牛粪好氧发酵的作用。结果表明:用菌剂3处理肥堆温度高发酵快,较CK提前5d达到最高温度,同时堆料pH值最低,总有机碳降解最快,种子发芽指数较CK提前20d符合堆肥标准(GI80%),腐熟后含水量最低。综合以上各项指标分析认为,甘肃省科学院生物所研发的菌剂3对牛粪的堆肥效果最好。     

整合微生物组菌剂对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响及其对青枯病的防治效果

整合微生物组菌剂是利用微生物发酵床作为发酵槽,通过二次好氧发酵生产含有多个功能微生物组的一种新型土壤连作障碍修复剂。本研究采用室内培养皿法,研究整合微生物组菌剂不同浸提液体浓度对番茄种子萌发的影响,结果表明,整合微生物组菌剂浸提液的100倍稀释液处理的番茄种子发芽指数（36.75）和种子活力指数（106.07）均显著高于无菌水对照（发芽指数33.98,种子活力指数65.26）;整合微生物组菌剂浸提液的稀释倍数低于50倍会抑制番茄种子萌发,其发芽率、发芽指数和种子活力指数均显著低于无菌水对照。通过盆栽试验,研究不同添加量整合微生物组菌剂对番茄植株生长及青枯病害的防治效果,结果表明,低浓度整合微生物组菌剂（添加量为小于60%）会促进番茄植株生长,而高浓度整合生物组菌剂（添加量大于80%）抑制番茄植株生长;添加量为40%,其促长效果最好,植株的株高、茎粗和根长分别比对照增加13.77%、26.00%和79.51%,其根系活力31.15 μg/（g·h）,也显著高于对照组24.72 μg/（g·h）;整合微生物组菌剂对番茄青枯病的防治效果随添加量增大而增加,添加量大等于40%,其对番茄青枯病的防治效果均大于65%,添加量为100%的防治效果最好,为77.37%。综合促长效果、青枯病的防治效果及成本,建议整合微生物组菌剂使用剂量为添加量40%。     

微生物菌剂处理增加了生姜土壤中有益微生物的相对丰度

作物连作易导致土壤中病原菌大量积累, 促使土传病害频发, 影响作物生长?本试验采用微生物菌剂(富含哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum TH7?淡紫拟青霉Purpureocillium lilacinum PL22以及高效枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis)处理具有多年生姜种植历史的地块, 并采用分离培养法和宏基因组测序技术对处理后土壤中的微生物进行检测, 明确微生物菌剂对生姜土壤中微生物群落组成的影响?结果表明, 与对照相比, 微生物菌剂处理后, 土壤中细菌属和种的数量增加, 而真菌属和种的数量减少?从微生物菌剂处理后的土壤中分离出3个门水平, 24个属水平和42个种水平细菌, 以及3个门水平, 20个属水平和24个种水平真菌, 其中分离频率较高的细菌和真菌种分别为温哥华假单胞菌Pseudomonas vancouverensis和Musidium stromaticum?从未经微生物菌剂处理的土壤(对照)中分离出导致生姜茎基腐病的病原菌尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum和腐皮镰孢 F. solani?宏基因组测序结果表明, 微生物菌剂处理对真菌多样性的影响大于对细菌?与对照相比, 微生物菌剂处理提高了土壤中根瘤菌属Rhizobium?假单胞菌属Pseudomonas?芽胞杆菌属Bacillus等细菌属及Musidium?被孢霉属Mortierella等真菌属物种的相对丰度?综上, 微生物菌剂处理增加了生姜土壤中细菌属和种的数量, 增加了土壤中与有益微生物相关的细菌和真菌的相对丰度, 并且抑制了病原菌的生长?     

两种添加剂对牛粪堆肥中氮转化及相关微生物的影响

采用强制通风静态堆肥装置研究了添加木霉和鸡粪对牛粪高温堆肥过程中氮素形态及其相关微生物的影响。结果表明:加入木霉和鸡粪均使堆体高温期延长,高温期pH增加幅度减小。对照、加木霉和加鸡粪处理中高温期氨气释放量最高分别为413、197和216 mg/(kg.d);加木霉使高温期的氨态氮最高含量比对照低18.0%,加鸡粪使高温期氨态氮最高含量比对照多10.5%;在高温期,加木霉和加鸡粪处理中硝态氮最高含量分别是对照的1.85倍和1.71倍;堆肥结束时,对照中有机氮含量比初始减少19.1%、总氮含量减少21.6%,加木霉和加鸡粪处理中有机氮含量分别比初始增加4.5%和2.2%、总氮含量分别增加1.7%和5.5%,加木霉和鸡粪均有利于氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮的积累,有利于有机氮的形成和保留。整个堆肥过程中氨化细菌数量最大,氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量在加木霉和加鸡粪处理中均比对照多;高温阶段,反硝化细菌数量在加木霉处理中较对照多,固氮菌在加鸡粪处理中较对照多;降温阶段,固氮菌数在加木霉处理中较对照多。     

4种促生菌剂对甘薯生长及土壤肥力的影响

为探究不同促生菌剂对甘薯生长及栽培土壤肥力的影响,以苏薯16为试验材料,采用田间试验研究了添加枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和甲基营养型芽孢杆菌4种不同促生菌剂材料对甘薯生长及栽培土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：4种促生菌剂都可显著提升甘薯蔓长、单株结薯数、SPAD、Pn等参数,并可显著提高土壤有机质、速效养分、土壤酶活性、土壤细菌、放线菌、微生物总数量及微生物量碳、氮含量,同时显著降低了土壤真菌数量和微生物量碳氮比。其中,胶冻样芽孢杆菌处理效果最好,较对照CK处理,甘薯蔓长、单株结薯数、SPAD、Pn等参数分别增加29.7%、67.7%、9.7%、25.7%;土壤碱解氮含量增幅为19.1%;土壤磷酸酶活性增幅为32.1%;土壤放线菌及微生物量氮增幅分别为48.0%、184.1%;土壤真菌数量和微生物量碳氮比降幅分别为32.3%、63.8%。通过对土壤生物学特性的主成分分析,综合得出胶冻样芽孢杆菌处理对甘薯栽培土壤的肥力水平促进效果最好。研究结果可为当地甘薯栽培土壤的高效利用及化肥的减量使用提供科学依据。     

不同微生物菌剂对烟草青枯病的协同防控效果研究

微生物菌剂在构建作物根际生物屏障,阻碍土传病原菌入侵过程中发挥着重要作用,已成为近年来的研究热点.本研究通过田间试验分别探究了根茎康菌剂、多粘类芽孢杆菌剂、哈茨木霉菌剂等3种微生物菌剂单独及混合施用对烟草青枯病的影响.结果表明,3种微生物菌剂均可显著控制青枯病的发生,促进烟苗生长.根茎康微生物菌剂处理在移栽期能有效促进...     

利用几种固体农业废弃物配制生物肥料载体的研究

载体对微生物肥料肥效的发挥至关重要。在泥炭资源日益短缺而农业废弃物大量增加的现实中,探索农业废弃物作为微生物肥料载体的可行性,达到减少泥炭用量、节约能源,实现农业废弃物变废为宝具有重要的意义。本研究以常见的几种固体农业废弃物(菌糠MR、马铃薯渣PP、木炭C、花土CS和有机堆肥OC)为实验对象,通过分析比较单一及其组合(配方)废弃物的吸水率、p H、全氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾、生物肥料载体中活菌数量等指标,综合评价,筛选出F3(40%泥炭+40%木炭+20%花土)和F4(20%泥炭+40%菌糠+40%花土)可作为理想的生物肥料载体。     

Suppression of Seedling Damping-Off Caused by Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare, and Rhizoctonia solani in Container Media Amended with a Diverse Range of Pacific Northwest Compost Sources

ABSTRACT Suppression of seedling damping-off disease caused by Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani is a potential benefit of formulating soilless container media with compost. Thirty-six compost samples from Pacific Northwest commercial composting facilities were analyzed for a number of physical, chemical, and biological properties, including suppression of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare, and R. solani. The samples were produced from diverse feedstocks and composting technol ogies; this was reflected in a large degree of variability in the measured properties. When mixed with sphagnum peat moss and inorganic aggregates, 67% of the compost samples significantly suppressed P. irregulare damping-off of cucumber, 64% suppressed P. ultimum damping-off of cucumber, and 17% suppressed damping-off of cabbage caused by R. solani. Suppression of Pythium damping-off was related to the potential of compost to support microbial activity and a qualitative index of ammonia volatilization. Suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off was not related to any one compost factor. Currently available compost products potentially could provide commercially acceptable control of damping-off caused by Pythium spp., but it is necessary to fortify composts with microbial antagonists for the control of R. solani.     

微生物表面活性物质研究进展

微生物表面活性物质是由微生物产生的具有高表面活性的生物分子,环境相容性好,易生物降解,广泛应用于各领域。从微生物表面活性物质生产菌种、化学结构类型和特点、主要生产方法及其在病虫害防治、农药生产加工、土壤改良等领域的应用进展进行了总结和评述,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

不同利用强度下草原土壤微生物的生物量和数量的动态研究

以内蒙古克什克腾旗西部的典型草原为研究对象,根据对草原利用强度的不同,将其划分三个不同区域,研究了各区域土壤中微生物数量、微生物生物量和土壤呼吸强度的季节动态以及利用强度对他们的影响.结果表明:微生物数量、微生物生物量以及土壤的呼吸作用强度均有较明显的季节性变化,且峰值都出现在8月份.三者之间具有极显著的正相关关系;轻...     

Composting to sanitize plant‐based waste infected with organisms of plant health importance

The potential for using the composting process to sanitize plant waste infected with one of three plant pathogens was investigated using bench‐scale composting equipment. Two of these pathogens, the potato wart disease fungus Synchytrium endobioticum and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) are currently subject to European quarantine regulations. The third, Polymyxa betae, a parasite of sugar beet, is regulated in some European countries when in association with Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal organism of rhizomania disease of sugar beet. Survival of test organisms following various combinations of compost temperature, exposure time and moisture was determined using RNA‐based detection methodology and/or plant‐based bioassays. Mathematically definable relationships between compost treatment (temperature/time) and organism viability were identified for P. betae and S. endobioticum; these give some indication of the practicality of using composting for dealing with infected wastes. However, for PSTVd, the considerable variability in measured susceptibility of the viroid to the composting process meant that no such definable relationship could be determined and further work would be needed to extrapolate to practical situations.     

Eradication of plant pathogens and nematodes during composting: a review

The effects of temperature–time combinations and other sanitizing factors during composting on 64 plant pathogenic fungi, plasmodiophoromycetes, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses and nematodes were reviewed. In most cases pathogen survival was determined by bioassays of unknown sensitivity and minimum detection limits of 5% infection or more. For 33 out of 38 fungal and oomycete pathogens, all seven bacterial pathogens and nine nematodes, and three out of nine plant viruses, a peak temperature of 64–70°C and duration of 21 days, were sufficient to reduce numbers to below the detection limits of the tests used. Shorter periods and/or lower temperatures than those quoted in these tests may be satisfactory for eradication, but they were not always examined in detail in composting systems. Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot of Brassica spp.), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (tomato wilt) and Macrophomina phaseolina (dry root rot) were more temperature-tolerant, as they survived a peak compost temperature of at least 62°C (maximum 74°C) and a composting duration of 21 days. Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart disease) survived in water at 60°C for 2 h, but was not examined in compost. For Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), peak compost temperatures in excess of 68°C and composting for longer than 20 days were needed to reduce numbers below detection limits. However, TMV and Tomato mosaic virus (TomMV) were inactivated over time in compost, even at temperatures below 50°C. Temperatures in excess of 60°C were achieved in different composting systems, with a wide range of organic feedstocks. The potential survival of plant pathogens in cooler zones of compost, particularly in systems where the compost is not turned, has not been quantified. This may be an important risk factor in composting plant wastes.     

几种化学药剂和微生物菌剂对腐烂茎线虫的室内触杀活性

本研究比较了5种化学药剂和4种微生物菌剂对腐烂茎线虫的室内触杀活性,并在此基础上进一步探究了化学药剂与微生物菌剂复合使用的效果。结果表明,在5种供试化学药剂推荐浓度条件下,70%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂26.92 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果最好,72 h的校正死亡率可达87.32%,20%噻唑膦水乳剂6.06 g/L与41.70%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂5.21 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀活性次之;用以上3种化学药剂100倍稀释液处理腐烂茎线虫,72 h后20%噻唑膦水乳剂2.00 g/L与70%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂7.00 g/L的效果最好,腐烂茎线虫的校正死亡率分别为84.61%和81.68%。在供试的4种微生物菌剂中,推荐用量条件下,有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂500 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果最好,72 h的校正死亡率达76.48%,其次为10亿活芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂66.6 g/L。有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂在推荐用量基础上增加25%用量可提高对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果,72 h校正死亡率达到85.58%。同时,化学药剂与微生物菌剂在一定浓度条件下复合使用可以显著提高对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果,其中有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂与70%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂复合处理的效果最好,腐烂茎线虫在48 h的校正死亡率达到93.30%;其次为有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂与20%噻唑膦水乳剂的组合,48 h的校正死亡率达到81.68%。本研究为腐烂茎线虫的有效防控提供了新的思路和方法。     

复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究施入复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验的方法,对不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂的黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行了测定.[结果]与对照相比,在花期施入复合微生态制剂,可使根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量分别增加27.9％和20.6％,而真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量分别减少64.5％和66.7％;可使土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高130.8％、190.5％、123.5％,差异均显著.黄瓜不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂对过氧化氢酶作用不明显.[结论]本研究在花期施入复合微生态制剂后,在一定程度上,可提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量,减少真菌及尖孢镰刀菌的数量,提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶的活性.     

Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani in Potting Mixtures Amended with Compost Made from Organic Household Waste

ABSTRACT Compost made from organic household and garden waste was used to substitute part of the peat in potting mixtures used for growing woody ornamental nursery stock. The effects of amendment with compost on the colonization of potting mixture by Rhizoctonia solani (AG1) were studied in greenhouse experiments. A bioassay was developed using cucumber as a sensitive herbaceous test plant as a substitute for woody ornamental cuttings. Pathogen growth in the potting mixture was estimated by measuring the distance over which damping-off of seedlings occurred. Compost from two commercial composting facilities suppressed growth of R. solani in potting mixtures with 20% of the product when the compost was fresh (directly after delivery) or long matured (after 5 to 7 months of additional curing). In contrast, short-matured compost (1 month of additional curing) from the same batches stimulated pathogen growth. In vitro mycelial growth of R. solani on mixtures with mature compost was inhibited by microbial antagonism. Compost-amended potting mixtures responded differentially to the addition of cellulose powder; the effect on suppressiveness depended on curing time and origin of the compost. In long-matured compost, suppressiveness to R. solani was associated with high population densities of cellulolytic and oligotrophic actinomycetes. The ratio of the population density of actinomycetes to that of other bacteria was around 200-fold higher in mature suppressive compost than in conducive compost.     

Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani on Impatiens by Enhanced Microbial Activity in Composted Swine Waste-Amended Potting Mixes

ABSTRACT Peat moss-based potting mix was amended with either of two composted swine wastes, CSW1 and CSW2, at rates from 4 to 20% (vol/vol) to evaluate suppression of pre-emergence damping-off of impatiens (Impatiens balsamina) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group-4). A cucumber bioassay was used prior to each impatiens experiment to monitor maturity of compost as the compost aged in a curing pile by evaluating disease suppression toward both Pythium ultimum and R. solani. At 16, 24, 32, and 37 weeks after composting, plug trays filled with compost-amended potting mix were seeded with impatiens and infested with R. solani to determine suppression of damping-off. Pre-emergence damping-off was lower for impatiens grown in potting mix amended with 20% CSW1 than in CSW2-amended and nonamended mixes. To identify relationships between disease suppression and microbial parameters, samples of mixes were collected to determine microbial activity, biomass carbon and nitrogen, functional diversity, and population density. Higher rates of microbial activity were observed with increasing rates of CSW1 amendment than with CSW2 amendments. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen also were higher in CSW1-amended mixes than in CSW2-amended potting mixes 1 day prior to seeding and 5 weeks after seeding. Principal component analysis of Biolog-GN2 profiles showed different functional diversities between CSW1- and CSW2-amended mixes. Furthermore, mixes amended with CSW1 had higher colony forming units of fungi, endospore-forming bacteria, and oligotrophic bacteria. Our results suggest that enhanced microbial activity, functional and population diversity of stable compost-amended mix were associated with suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia damping-off in impatiens.