莲花蜂花粉中脂肪酸的GC-MS分析

用乙醇-氯仿作溶剂,提取出莲花蜂花粉粗脂肪,然后进行甲酯化处理,用气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行分离鉴定,共鉴定出8种脂肪酸,并测定相对含量,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,其中亚油酸相对含量为11.38%,亚麻酸相对含量为3.27%,单不饱和脂肪酸含量中油酸相对含量最高,为15.14%.     

产共轭亚油酸乳酸菌菌株的筛选及其最佳发酵条件的研究

通过测定乳酸菌发酵液中共轭亚油酸的含量筛选出具有高共轭亚油酸转化能力的乳酸菌菌株并探讨其最佳的发酵条件。分别对15株分离于猪胃肠道的乳酸菌发酵培养后,采用紫外分光光度法筛选出具有转化亚油酸生成共轭亚油酸能力强的菌株。以2株产共轭亚油酸能力较强的菌株为出发菌株,探讨温度、时间、p H、接种量和葵花籽油添加量等不同发酵条件对代谢产物中共轭亚油酸的影响。结果发现乳酸菌W1和W2(分离自胃)具有较高的生产共轭亚油酸的能力,其共轭亚油酸的产量分别为2.58和9.44μg/m L。并获得这株菌生成共轭亚油酸的最佳发酵条件:W1产生共轭亚油酸最佳发酵条件为37℃,p H6.0,培养时间120 h,菌种接种量为5.5 m L/100 g,葵花籽油接种量为2.5%,W2产生共轭亚油酸最佳发酵条件为37℃,p H5.5,培养时间120 h,菌种接种量6.5 m L/100 g,葵花籽油接种量3.0%。     

虞美人蜂花粉中脂肪酸的GC—MS分析

用乙醇-氯仿作溶剂，提取出虞美人蜂花粉粗脂肪．然后进行甲酯化处理，用气相色谱／质谱联用技术进行分离鉴定，共鉴定出10种脂肪酸，并测定相对含量，多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，其中亚麻酸相对含量为49．64％，亚油酸相对含量为13．21％.     

脂肪酸组合对体外瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸的影响

为研究长链脂肪酸组合对体外培养瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响，并得出最优脂肪酸组合及添加水平，试验选取硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸4种脂肪酸因子，设置0.5%、1.0%、1.5%等3个水平进行L₉（3⁴）正交试验，其中Ⅰ~Ⅸ组为试验组、Ⅹ组为对照组，各处理均设3个重复。以3头瘤胃瘘管山羊为瘤胃液供体进行体外发酵试验，测定各组培养液VFA 24 h内的动态变化。结果显示，各组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度总体上呈先上升后下降再上升的波动变化趋势。其中在6 h时Ⅶ组TVFA浓度最高。乙酸/丙酸比值总体呈下降趋势，6 h前下降较快，6 h后趋于平缓。丁酸摩尔百分比在7.97%~15.41%间变动。主成分与最优组合分析表明，TVFA浓度影响的主次顺序为亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸；以添加1.5%硬脂酸、0.5%油酸、1.5%亚油酸、0.5%α-亚麻酸时组合效应最好。     

富含油酸和亚油酸的油类对提高牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

选择40头荷斯坦奶牛,测定富含油酸和亚油酸的油类对提高牛奶中C18：2cis-9,trans-11共轭亚油酸和C18：1trans-11（VA）含量的影响。采用完全随机分组法,试验为期9周,最后6周为测定期。对照组的基础中日粮含粗饲料59%,试验组在此基础上分别添加4%的大豆油（SO）、4%的亚麻油（FO）以及2%的大豆油＋2％的亚麻油（SFO）。     

苜蓿青贮对牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

试验采取完全随机设计,在日粮中分别用0、27%和54%的苜蓿青贮代替玉米青贮,共3种处理日粮、对30头高产奶牛乳中共轭亚油酸的含量进行了研究。采用气相色谱法分析牛乳中的共轭亚油酸含量。试验结果表明,用苜蓿青贮替代玉米青贮能有效提高牛乳中共轭亚油酸的含量。     

山西老陈醋醋糟中有机酸含量分析

试验采用离子色谱法测定了醋糟样品中乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、α-酮戊二酸、亚油酸的含量;采用气相色谱法测定了醋糟样品中亚油酸的含量。结果:乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、α-酮戊二酸、亚油酸在22个醋糟样品中的含量分别为0~7 528.25 mg/kg、46.79~3 731.69 mg/kg、0~2 097.81 mg/kg、97.66~521.12 mg/kg、0~6 894.55 mg/kg和0.35%~3.95%,变异系数分别是162.29%、63.55%、230.00%、38.98%、194.70%和40.62%。结果表明,醋糟中有机酸含量丰富,作为饲料原料使用可以补充日粮中的有机酸;不同醋糟样品之间有机酸含量差异较大,实际应用前应对不同批次样品进行测定。     

饲粮亚油酸水平对产蛋初期蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及脂类代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮亚油酸水平对产蛋初期蛋鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及脂类代谢的影响。将900只健康、体重相近的福建龙岩山麻鸭随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复25只。试验采用单因子完全随机设计,各组饲粮亚油酸水平分别为0.55%、0.75%、0.95%、1.15%、1.35%、1.55%。试验期为4周。结果表明:饲粮亚油酸水平对产蛋初期蛋鸭产蛋性能影响不显著(P0.05)。但饲粮亚油酸水平为0.95%时,产蛋率最高,蛋重及日产蛋重最大,料蛋比最低。随着饲粮亚油酸水平的升高,蛋黄色泽显著升高(P0.05)。饲粮亚油酸水平为1.55%时,蛋黄重量显著高于饲粮亚油酸水平为0.75%时(P0.05)。饲粮亚油酸水平对产蛋初期蛋鸭血液生化指标及肝脏甘油三酯、胆固醇含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。随饲粮亚油酸水平升高,蛋黄单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著下降(P0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸比例显著升高(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮亚油酸水平为0.95%时,产蛋初期蛋鸭可以获得较好的产蛋性能,饲粮亚油酸水平显著影响蛋鸭蛋黄及肝脏脂肪酸组成。     

牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的紫外分光光度测定方法

研究了牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的紫外分光光度测定方法。利用紫外分光光度计,先建立标准曲线与回归公式,再将牛奶样品提取、甲酯化后,进行紫外检测。结果表明,共轭亚油酸甲酯的最大吸收波长是234nm;共轭亚油酸浓度的有效测定范围是0.00856～0.0428mgmL;吸光度与共轭亚油酸浓度间的回归公式为:Y=52.602X+0.0917(R2=0.9862);共轭亚油酸浓度与吸光度之间的经验公式为:共轭亚油酸浓度C(mgmL)=0.019×吸光度(ABS);推出了利用紫外分光光度法测定牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的计算公式。同时,检验了几种市售牛奶中的共轭亚油酸,其平均含量为1.64mgg。     

亚油酸、亚麻酸及二者不同比例对鸡原代肝细胞增殖的影响

本研究使用原位二步灌流法分离鸡原代肝细胞,并测定亚油酸、亚麻酸及不同亚油酸/亚麻酸比例(30∶1,10∶1和2.5∶1)对肝细胞增殖的影响。结果表明:使用0.05%的胶原酶Ⅱ进行原位二步灌流分离鸡原代肝细胞不需要大量的胶原酶,细胞分离效果好,细胞活率高;100μm ol/L的亚油酸处理鸡原代肝实质细胞72 h显著增加细胞增殖,亚油酸/亚麻酸比值为10时细胞增殖能力最强。此方法的建立为研究脂肪酸种类或比例对鸡脂肪代谢和调控机理提供了依据。     

Validation of the Lactate Plus Lactate Meter in the Horse and Its Use in a Conditioning Program

The equine industry has a need for a convenient, rapid, and reliable method of measuring blood lactate concentrations ([LA]). We hypothesized that the handheld Lactate Plus lactate meter (LPlus), developed and tested for use in humans, would provide dependable results when used in horses undergoing an exercise conditioning program and that horse's fitness would improve following individualized conditioning based on each horse's velocity at which [LA] = 4 mmol/L (V_LA4) was reached. Five adult horses underwent a 4-week training program that consisted of 3 exercise bouts/wk. Horses were subjected to an incremental step standardized exercise test (SET) before starting (SET-1) and after the completion of the program (SET-2). Blood samples were collected before each increase in speed until [LA] reached ≥4 mmol/L, and then the SET was terminated. The [LA] sample range in our study was 0–8 mmol/L. Blood was analyzed at the time of collection using a calibrated LPlus, and plasma was collected for [LA] determination using the lactate dehydrogenase–based enzymatic colorimetric method. Although the LPlus tended to significantly underestimate [LA] by 0.39 mmol/L (P < .001), the LPlus proved to be a dependable device for use in horses based on good correlation with the biochemical analysis (r = 0.978) and Bland–Altman limits of agreement and 95% confidence intervals. All horses showed an increase in V_LA4 from SET-1 to SET-2, consistent with improved fitness following our 3 exercise bout/wk training protocol. The LPlus can reliably be used in horses to determine [LA] ranging from 0–8 mmol/L. When determining serial [LA], analytical techniques should not be used interchangeably.     

The influence of dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid on body composition and the activities of key enzymes of hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in mice

We have recently suggested that feeding the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), instead of linoleic acid (LA) reduced body fat in mice. However, the difference in body fat did not reach statistical significance, which prompted us to carry out this study using more animals and diets with higher contents of ALA and LA so that the contrast would be greater. The diets contained either 12% (w/w) LA and 3% ALA or 12% ALA and 4% LA. A low-fat diet was used as control. The diets were fed for 35 days. The proportion of body fat was not influenced by the type of dietary fatty acid. Plasma total cholesterol and phospholipids were significantly lower in ALA-fed mice than in mice fed LA. Activities of enzymes in the fatty acid oxidation pathway were significantly raised by these two diets when compared with the control diet. alpha-Linolenic acid vs. LA did not affect fatty acid oxidation enzymes. In mice fed the diet with LA activities of enzymes of de novo fatty acid synthesis were significantly decreased when compared with mice fed the control diet. alpha-Linolenic acid vs. LA feeding did not influence lipogenic enzymes. It is concluded that feeding mice for 35 days with diets either rich in LA or ALA did not significantly influence body composition.     

Comparison of culture, peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction, and serum latex agglutination methods for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in pet birds

Comparison was made among results of cloacal specimen culture, and cloacal swab specimen (cytologic) peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP), serum latex agglutination (LA), and tissue PAP assays for diagnosis of chlamydiosis in 144 birds. Swab specimen PAP findings correlated poorly with LA results and failed to predict the LA test result in any bird. Only 1 cloacal swab specimen was regarded as PAP-positive and was from the cloaca of a bird from which chlamydiae were isolated in culture. The sensitivity of swab specimen PAP, compared with culture results, was 33%, whereas specificity was 94%. In this study, swab specimen PAP was a less sensitive test, compared with culture, than was reported in a previous study. The sensitivity of LA in identifying birds that were cloacal culture-positive was poor; true-positive results were not detected, compared with culture results. The specificity of the LA method was 93%, compared with culture results. Results of the tissue PAP method correlated with culture results in the 3 birds for which both tests were performed.     

Latex test for rapid rotavirus diagnosis in calves

A latex agglutination test (LA) was compared with direct electron microscopy (EM) for detection of rotavirus infection in calves. A total of 375 samples from 62 calves were collected. Samples were taken when the calves were 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 20 days old and some scours samples were collected as well. Altogether 45/375 (12%) specimens were positive in LA and 10/375 (2.7%) were positive in EM. Samples positive in EM were also positive in LA. Out of the 62 calves studied 26/62 (42%) were positive in LA and 8/62 (13%) in EM. We found the LA very easy to perform, to be more sensitive than the EM method and probably a rather specific method for detection of rotavirus infection.     

LEFT ATRIAL TO AORTIC ROOT INDICES USING TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS WITH AND WITHOUT LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT

Two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic measurement of the left atrium (LA) has the potential to be more accurate than the standard M-mode method, because the LA body can be measured. We evaluated a 2-D method for measuring LA and aorta (AO) in a right parasternal short-axis view and compared it to the M-mode method. An index for LA size (LA/AO) was calculated in 166 cavalier King Charles spaniels, 56 normal and 110 dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) of varying degrees secondary to chronic valvular disease. In normal dogs, the AO-2-D and LA/AO-2-D did not correlate to body weight (BW) or BW2; whereas, all M-mode values and the LA-2-D were significantly (p < .05) related to both BW parameters. In normal dogs, there was no difference between M-mode and 2-D indices. For all dogs (normal and dogs with MR) there was an 11% bias between the M-mode and 2-D index with the LA/AO-2-D being higher than the LA/AO-M. The association between the mean and the difference of the indices demonstrated a quadratic relationship. Dogs with a mean LA/AO of 2.0-2.5 showed the largest difference between the two indices. Small values for the 2-D coefficients of variation for respiration and stage of diastole were found; 3.4 and 3.1%, respectively. The 2-D index is more sensitive to LA enlargement than the M-mode index.     

Application of latex beads agglutination test for the detection of the antibody against virus-infection-associated (VIA) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus

Latex beads agglutination (LA) for the detection of the antibody against virus infection-associated (VIA) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was estimated using experimentally infected animals. The VIA antibody titer by the LA test were compared with the neutralization titer and the titer by agarose gel diffusion (AGD) test, which has been used as a standard method for VIA antibody titration. The latex beads were coated with VIA antigen in carbonate buffer solution (0.5 M, pH 9.6) for the test. The sensitivity of the LA test was clearly higher than that of the AGD test in the results for cattle and swine infected experimentally. The antibody was detected in the bovine serum obtained at the 13th week after inoculation by the LA but not by the AGD test. The LA test appears to be simple, rapid and sensitive for the detection of the antibody of FMD virus in the surveillance of FMD and the FMD quarantine of imported animals.     

Methods and reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left atrial size and mechanical function in horses

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, describe the techniques, and determine the reliability of transthoracic echocardiography for characterization of left atrial (LA) size and LA mechanical function in horses. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES: Repeated echocardiographic examinations were performed independently by 2 observers in standing, unsedated horses by use of 2-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed-wave flow Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) techniques. Test reliability was determined by estimating measurement variability, within-day interobserver variability, and between-day inter- and intraobserver variability of all echocardiographic variables. Variability was expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV) and the absolute value below which the difference between 2 measurements will lie with 95% probability. RESULTS: Most echocardiographic variables of LA size had low overall variability (CV, < 15%). Among the 2-dimensional indices of LA mechanical function, area-based and volume-based ejection phase indices had moderate between-day variability (CV usually < 25%). Transmitral Doppler flow indices were characterized by low to high between-day variability (CV, 6% to 35%). The TDI wall motion velocities had high between-day variability (CV, > 25%), whereas most TDI-derived time intervals had low variability (CV, < 15%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LA size and mechanical function can be reliably assessed in standing, unsedated horses by use of 2-dimensional echocardiography, transmitral blood flow velocity profiles, and analyses of LA wall motion by use of TDI. These results may provide useful recommendations for echocardiographic assessment of LA size and function in horses.     

不同生育期和凋萎时间对多花黑麦草饲用和发酵品质的影响

本研究利用多花黑麦草Musashi品种, 研究孕穗期和开花期饲草在不同凋萎时间的饲用品质动态及青贮品质动态, 旨在选择出适宜不同生育期多花黑麦草凋萎青贮的时间。实验设置了对照、凋萎1, 2, 3, 4和5 h共6个处理, 分别测定了原料的饲用品质相关性状和青贮料的发酵品质性状。结果表明, 原料的非结构碳水化合物(NSC)含量随着凋萎时间的延长持续下降, 但可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)则呈不同的变化趋势:孕穗期多花黑麦草在凋萎过程中的WSC呈不同程度的上升, 在凋萎1 h时含量达到最高, 为10.62%, 之后小幅下降, 但始终高于对照(P<0.05);开花期多花黑麦草在凋萎过程中的WSC则呈先上升后下降的趋势, 在凋萎3 h时含量达到最高, 为14.46%, 之后下降。孕穗期多花黑麦草不同凋萎时间的青贮发酵品质性状中, pH在凋萎3 h时最低, 为4.05, 随后小幅上升;氨态氮(NH₃-N)含量随着凋萎时间的延长持续下降;乳酸(LA)含量先升后降, 凋萎3 h时含量最高, 达8.49%。开花期多花黑麦草不同凋萎时间的青贮发酵品质中, pH随着凋萎时间的延长持续上升;NH₃-N含量随着凋萎时间的延长呈先下降后回升的趋势, 凋萎2 h处理的含量最低, 为2.03 mg/g;LA含量持续下降, 但凋萎3 h以后LA含量大幅降低, 仅为4.56%, 凋萎5 h时LA含量则大幅降至1.38%。适宜的凋萎处理时间, 应该是原料中的WSC含量较高, 干物质含量适宜;青贮料具有较低的pH、NH₃-N含量和较高的LA含量。综合孕穗期多花黑麦草在不同凋萎时间的青贮品质变化趋势, 以凋萎3 h为佳, 凋萎3 h时原料的干物质含量升至26.59%。开花期则以凋萎2 h处理最佳, 凋萎2 h时原料的干物质含量升至28.03%。     

Left atrial volume and function in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease

Objective

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) induces progressive left atrial (LA) enlargement. The LA modulates left ventricular filling and performance through its reservoir, conduit, and contractile function. Assessment of LA size and function may provide valuable information on the level of cardiac compensation. Left atrial function in dogs with naturally occurring MMVD remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate LA volume and function in dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.

Evaluation of coagulation markers in the plasma of healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism are frequent complications of feline cardiomyopathy, especially when associated with left atrial enlargement. Markers of activated coagulation may be used to evaluate the coagulation status of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in relation to left atrial size. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare plasma concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products (FDP) between clinically healthy cats and cats with HCM. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and antithrombin activity were also compared and the association between left atrial (LA) size and coagulation results in cats with HCM was evaluated. METHODS: Blood samples from 19 clinically healthy cats and 20 cats with HCM were obtained. All cats with HCM were asymptomatic and had no signs of heart failure. LA diameter and LA to proximal aortic (Ao) diameter ratio (LA:Ao) were determined by echocardiography. RESULTS: Reference intervals for D-dimer and TAT concentrations in plasma of healthy cats were established as 0.09-0.32 microg/mL and 2.0-20.0 microg/L, respectively. TAT, D-dimer, and FDP concentrations were increased in 5, 3, and 2 cats with HCM, respectively. TAT and D-dimer concentrations, and PT and aPTT were not significantly different between groups. Antithrombin activity was significantly decreased in cats with HCM (P=.03) despite marked range overlap. LA and LA:Ao were not correlated with coagulation results. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory evidence of hypercoagulability was found in 45% of cats with HCM. Left atrial size was not associated with laboratory evidence of hypercoagulability. Association between coagulation markers and risk of thrombosis has yet to be evaluated in cats with HCM.