乳酸菌液对断奶兔生产性能和肠道菌群的影响

为研究乳酸菌液对仔兔生长性能及对断奶仔兔肠道菌群的影响,试验选用加利福尼亚兔×新西兰白兔二元杂交仔兔400只,随机分成2组,每组5个重复,于15日龄后进行乳酸菌液饮水,以观察仔兔的生长性能和断奶仔兔肠道菌群的影响。结果:饲喂乳酸菌液能显著提高仔兔的生长性能,在30~40日龄、40~70日龄显著高于对照组(P0.05);断奶前后乳酸菌液组乳酸菌的含量显著高于对照组,大肠杆菌数量差异不显著。     

肉兔育肥技巧

1选喂良种肉兔可直接选喂生长速度较快的比利时兔、塞北兔、哈白兔、新西兰兔、加利福尼亚兔等大中型良种兔。如有条件,最好用上述良种公兔和本地母兔进行杂交配种,这样所产的仔兔,生长优势更为明显。2抓好断奶过渡断奶前,加强母兔营养,提高其泌乳能力,并提早抓好仔兔的早期补料,确保仔兔30d断奶体重达到500g以上。断乳最好采取移母留仔法,即仔兔仍然原笼原窝饲养。若笼位紧张,需要改变笼子,也至少要做到同窝仔兔不分开。育肥应实行小群笼养,不可一兔一笼,更不可不分窝别和年龄实行大群混养,这样会使仔兔产生孤独感、生疏感,甚至恐惧感。断…     

微生态制剂对哺乳仔兔生长及免疫机能的影响

60只临产母兔按预产日期、胎次、品种分为对照组和试验组,对照组母兔及其所产仔兔采用常规饲料饲喂,试验组母兔及其所产仔兔在常规饲料中添加0.2%的微生态制剂,均匀拌料后供兔自由采食。结果表明,试验组仔兔比对照组仔兔平均日增重率高22.7%,发病率低9.6%,死亡率试验组比对照组仔兔低20.1%,断奶仔兔成活率较对照组高10.5%。微生态制剂具有促进仔兔生长,发病率,降低死亡率,增强免疫力,提高成活率等作用。     

仔兔早期断奶期的饲养管理及注意事项

1早期断奶对仔兔的影响 1．1有利影响 早期断奶可减少仔兔因哺乳而感染某些疾病的机会,特别是球虫病、大肠杆菌病和皮肤病等,而且对于提高断乳成活率很有好处。据报道,早期断奶后7-10天腹泻发病率比正常断奶低;早期断奶使仔兔采食较多的固体饲料（多为植物性饲料）,刺激肠黏膜的发育和消化酶系统的发育成熟和分泌,     

微生态制剂在断奶仔肉兔饲料中应用效果研究

选择30只40日龄、体重相近的断奶肉仔兔,随机分为2组,试验组20只,对照组10只。试验期为60d。试验组基础日粮中添加一定剂量微生态制剂,对照组按常规方法饲养。测定日增重、增重率、日耗料、肉料比及提高机体免疫状况等指标。结果表明,试验组的日增重指数高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的增重率比对照组升高2.86%(P>0.05)。使用微生态制剂饲喂断奶仔兔,经过对试验兔心脏采血,分离血清及淋巴细胞,检查其细胞免疫与体液免疫状况,经玫瑰花环试验发现,兔血液中T淋巴细胞的玫瑰花环形成率在80%以上,远高于对照组的玫瑰花环形成率67.9%。脂酶染色试验表明,试验组断奶仔兔血液循环中T淋巴细胞酸性a-醋酸萘脂酶染色阳性率升高,试验组比对照组高出31.5%以上。通过试管凝集反应表明试验兔体内抗沙门氏杆菌抗体显著升高,试验组比对照组高800倍。结果表明,在断奶肉仔兔的日粮中添加微生态制剂能够显著地提高机体免疫力、生产性能,刺激肠道免疫功能,抑制有害菌的繁殖。     

生长兔日粮可溶纤维的作用

本文介绍了日粮纤维和可溶纤维(SF)的测定方法,SF对生长兔生产性能、消化生理、消化效率、盲肠活性及健康状况的作用,以及SF与其他日粮营养成分之间的关系。日粮SF水平可通过调节肠道底物的数量及种类来影响可溶及非可溶纤维在回肠和盲肠中的消化和利用、以及回肠和盲肠微生物群落及盲肠的发酵。增加SF可以降低生长兔流行性肠病(epizootic rabbit enteropathy,ERE)的发病率和死亡率,这与SF能够在肠道发酵、改善肠道菌群、提高断乳仔兔肠道防御功能有关。断乳仔兔日粮中SF的最小推荐量为12%,生长兔日粮中应包含约30%NDF和18%ADF,以上结论是将甜菜粕作为主要的SF来源,而其他的SF来源还需进一步研究。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对泌乳母兔生产性能及体况恢复的影响

为研究葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase,GOD)对泌乳母兔生产性能及其产后体况恢复的影响,试验选择同期分娩泌乳母兔60只,随机分成5组,每组12只,调整所哺喂的仔兔数,每窝7只,每组仔兔总数相等(84只)。I组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,II、III、IV、V组为试验组,分别饲喂基础日粮加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的GOD。预饲5 d,试验期30 d,结果表明:各试验组母兔泌乳力均高于对照组,其中0.4%添加组与对照组差异接近显著水平(P=0.078);试验组窝平均断乳仔兔只数、仔兔断乳成活率、母兔和同窝仔兔的平均日采食量均高于对照组(P0.05);试验组仔兔初生、21日龄、28日龄时窝重、断乳窝重均高于对照组(P0.05);0.4%添加组的母兔泌乳期失重显著低于对照组(P0.05),综上所述,日粮中添加葡萄糖氧化酶能够提高母兔泌乳性能,利于母兔体况恢复和断乳前仔兔发育,尤以0.4%添加组母兔泌乳力、仔兔增重、断乳成活率最高,母兔泌乳性能最优。     

早期断乳幼兔腹泻内因分析与防治对策

幼兔断乳后容易发生腹泻、生长缓慢甚至死亡等一系列异常现象,严重影响早期断乳技术所带来的经济效益和养兔业发展。对早期断乳幼兔腹泻症状进行系统研究,结果表明,早期断乳后幼兔消化及免疫系统尚未发育完善、乳中特殊活性物质的缺失、断乳应激、日粮抗原引发的过敏性肠道损伤、肠道内源性感染等6个方面为早期断乳幼兔腹泻的内部原因。建议研究早期断奶兔的营养需要参数和乳兔料配制及与其配套的饲养管理技术,根治早断奶诱发的腹泻。     

黄芪多糖对断奶仔兔生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究黄芪多糖对仔兔生产性能的影响。试验选取30日龄断奶仔兔80只,随机分为4组,每组20只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,1、2、3组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加100、200和400 mg/kg黄芪多糖,试验期28 d。结果表明,添加黄芪多糖可以明显降低断奶仔兔腹泻率和死亡率,添加200 mg/kg黄芪多糖能显著提高仔兔生长性能、降低料肉比。     

断奶仔兔肠道屏障功能及其调控研究进展

腹泻是导致断奶仔兔死亡的主要原因,其根源是仔兔断奶时消化系统尚未发育完善,日粮的突然变化影响了肠道屏障功能。文章对仔兔肠道屏障功能特点及其调控进行了综述,有助于推动绿色、生态养兔业的研究与发展。     

A comparison of two methods and two additives for faecal cultivation of bovine trichostrongyle larvae

The larval recovery rates of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora from monospecific copro-cultures were determined by the methods of Corticelli and Lai, and Henriksen and Korsholm using vermiculite or polystyrene pellets as inert additives. The addition of either vermiculite or polystyrene pellets in the two culture methods significantly (P less than 0.05) improved larval recoveries of both parasite species. Recovery rates with the Henriksen and Korsholm method were higher (P less than 0.05) for both species than with the Corticelli and Lai method. Advantages and disadvantages inherent in the use of the two culture methods with and without additives are discussed.     

Effect of level of milk replacer fed to Holstein calves on performance during the preweaning period and starter digestibility at weaning

Calves following an enhanced-growth feeding program usually show lower starter intakes during the preweaning period compared with conventionally-fed calves. To assess whether this low intake in calves following an enhanced-growth feeding program affects calf capacity to digest starter after weaning, 19 Holstein male calves were used to measure apparent nutrient digestibility at weaning. Calves were divided in two groups: calves on a conventional feeding program (CF) and calves on an enhanced-growth feeding program (EF). After one week of adaptation to milk replacer (25% CP and 19% fat), the CF calves were fed 4 l/d of milk replacer (MR) at 12.5% DM dilution rate from d 1–28, and 2 l/d from d 29 to weaning day at d 35, and the EF calves were offered MR at 18% DM dilution rate: 4 l/d from d 1–6, 6 l/d from d 7–13, 7 l/d from d 14–20, 6 l/d from d 21–28, and 3 l/d from d 29 to 35. Calf starter (20% CP) was offered ad libitum from the beginning to the end of study at d 42, and its consumption was recorded daily. Calves were weighed at d 3, 17, 24, 31, 38 and 42. Daily total faeces collection was conducted for the last 5 d of study. Final BW was numerically greater in EF than in CF calves (88.6 vs 81.2 ± 3.36 kg, respectively). Starter DMI was greater (P < 0.05) in CF compared with EF calves during the preweaning (0.68 vs 0.36 ± 0.078 kg/d, respectively) and postweaning (2.52 vs 1.90 ± 0.102 kg/d, respectively) periods, but there were no differences in total DMI (1.12 and 1.26 ± 0.078 kg/d, in CF and EF calves, respectively) during the preweaning period. However, apparent DM, OM, NDF, CP, and GE digestibility coefficients were greater (P < 0.05) in CF compared with EF calves (77.4 vs 71.8 ± 1.23%, 78.7 vs 73.2 ± 1.18%, 34.7 vs 20.3 ± 3.79%, 77.1 vs 71.6 ± 1.29%, and 75.6 vs 69.8 ± 1.25%, respectively) the week after weaning. It is concluded that calves in the EF treatment presented lower nutrient digestibility coefficients compared with CF calves the week after weaning.     

发酵白酒糟营养价值的评定及其对育肥猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在评定发酵白酒糟营养价值及其对育肥猪生长性能的影响。利用胃蛋白酶-胰酶二步法体外消化测定发酵白酒糟的营养价值,再进行育肥猪的饲养试验。采用单因子试验设计,选取体重52.57 kg左右的育肥猪28头,随机分配到4个处理组:对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组。每组7个重复,每个重复1头育肥猪,试验期为27 d。后三组用6%的发酵白酒糟代替部分玉米、麸皮、豆粕等日粮原料。结果表明:发酵白酒糟在40℃恒温体外消化装置下持续消化6 h至消化完全,此时干物质消化率为42.12%,蛋白质消化率为64.29%,粗纤维消化率为20.86%。用6%的发酵白酒糟代替以纤维类为主的饲料原料可提高育肥猪生长性能,增加经济效益。本试验通过评定发酵白酒糟的实际应用效果,为白酒糟的开发和应用提供相应的理论依据和数据支持。     

高羊茅SBP117基因生物信息学分析

为探讨硅结合蛋白(silica-binding protein 117,SBP117)基因的生物学功能,采用生物信息学方法从分子水平对其编码产物进行预测和分析。结果表明,SBP117基因CDS区共编码416个氨基酸残基,富含脯氨酸、甘氨酸、赖氨酸,且脯氨酸含量占总氨基酸总数的43.3%;其编码蛋白是一种不稳定类蛋白质,蛋白质分子质量为46 539.07,理论等电点为9.06;氨基酸亲水性/疏水性预测发现,SBP117基因编码氨基酸从40位之后均为亲水性氨基酸,为亲水性蛋白;二级结构中以无规则卷曲为主,且其比例高达占90.87%,三级结构预测发现主要由螺旋构成。本研究结果为硅结合蛋白在分子领域的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

Weaning and post-weaning performance by fall-born beef calves weaned on different dates in the spring from Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue pastures

Fall-born calves grazing Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue [E+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] pastures should benefit from early weaning because of reduced exposure to fungal toxins. However, fall-born calves that grazed E+ and were weaned in mid-April had reduced post-weaning performance compared with calves managed similarly but weaned in early June. Gelbvieh × Angus calves (n = 238) were used in a 3-year study to determine the optimal time to wean fall-born calves grazing E+. Cow/calf pairs were allocated randomly to one of four weaning date treatments: 1) March 16 (177 ± 4.7 days of age; MarW), 2) April 13 (204 ± 4.7 days of age; AprW), 3) May 11 (236 ± 4.7 days of age; MayW), and 4) June 8 (264 ± 4.8 days of age; JuneW). On their assigned weaning date, calves were weighed, vaccinated, blood samples were collected, and calves were moved to 3.2-ha pastures adjacent to their dams for 14 days. After the weaning period, calves were weighed, blood samples were collected, and then calves were moved to pastures containing non-toxic forages. Birth weight and calf weights on MarW, AprW, and MayW weaning dates did not differ (P ≥ 0.21) across weaning date treatments. However, calf weaning weights on their respective weaning dates, weight on JuneW and on June 22 (14 days following the JuneW), daily gain between birth and June 22, and weight change between MarW and JuneW increased linearly (P < 0.05) across weaning dates. Linear decreases (P < 0.05) across weaning dates were noted for antibody titers to bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), serum Cu, and platelets at the time of actual weaning. Linear increases (P < 0.05) across weaning dates were noted for: i) total antioxidant potential and eosinophils at weaning; ii) changes in antibody titers to BVD and IBR, total antioxidant potential, and serum Zn during the 14-day post-weaning period; and iii) and changes in BVD and BRSV titers and serum Cu between actual weaning date and June 22. Heifer weight at breeding increased (P < 0.05) and steer weight at shipping, hot carcass weight and backfat thickness tended (P ≤ 0.10) to increase linearly across weaning dates. Final feedlot weight and gain did not differ (P ≥ 0.18) among weaning dates. Therefore, delaying weaning of fall-born calves grazing E+ pastures until early June may be beneficial for calf weight and immune function at weaning, and heifer weight at breeding, but those benefits in steers may be mitigated through the feedlot period.     

Characteristic of duodenal myoelectric activity in relation to food in piglets during the 3rd and 4th week of life

The relationship between duodenal myoelectric activity and liquid food intake was investigated in eight conscious piglets with bipolar electrodes implanted on the wall of the duodenum. Piglets were fed with commercial milk formula and the effects of volume and feed dry matter intake on duodenal myoelectric activity were measured by means of an analog–digital recording system.The cyclic pattern of duodenal myoelectric activity, i.e. the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), was preserved when piglets received small meals at regular intervals. The duration of the whole MMC cycle, as well as the duration of phase II of the MMC, were only weakly correlated (r = 0.2, P < 0.05 for both parameters, respectively) to the amount of ingested food. However, the increase of the amount of feed dry matter intake of a meal from 2.1 to 4.5 g kg^− 1 of live body mass (LBM) as well as an increase of volume of a meal from 13 to 26 ml kg^− 1 LBM significantly increased the duration of the MMC cycles (P < 0.05) due to the elongation of phase II of the MMC (P < 0.05).The present study shows that in piglets fed with a liquid diet the upper gut motility response to food is similar to that previously observed in adult animals.     

蚂蚁对断乳仔兔免疫系统影响的试验研究

利用长白山黑蚂蚁作为免疫刺激剂，对６０ 只断乳仔兔的免疫学指标进行了监测。外周血酸性α 醋酸萘酯酶阴性率及免疫器官重量测定，试验组与对照组比较（ Ｐ＜ ００５ ， Ｐ＜００１） ；巨噬细胞吞噬功能测定，试验组与对照组比较（ Ｐ＜ ００５） ；血清溶血素及溶血空斑法测定体外抗体形成细胞，试验组与对照组比较（ Ｐ＜ ００５） 。上述结果表明，蚂蚁具有较强的提高仔兔免疫功能的作用。     

The Concentrations of Molybdenum and Zinc in Liver in Relation to Copper Accumulation in Normal and Copper Poisoned Sheep

The concentrations of copper, molybdenum and zinc were measured in the liver of normal grazing sheep and lambs from Eastern Norway, and in sheep dead of chronic copper poisoning. The following mean values were found: Normal sheep: 173 ± 130 μg Gu/g wet weight, 1.0 ±0.3 μg Mo/g, and 49 ± 10 μg Zn/g; lambs: 129 ± 59 μg Gu/g, 0.9 ± 0.3 μg Mo/g, and 46 ±9 μg Zn/g; sheep dead of copper poisoning: 429 ± 249 μg Gu/g, 0.4 ± 0.1 μg Mo/g, and 43 ± 2d μg Zn/g. Sheep with low liver copper (Gu < 10 μg/g) were also analyzed for molybdenum and zinc, with the following results: 1.0 ± 0.2 μg Mo/g, and 45 ± 8 μg Zn/g wet weight. The differences in liver copper between all the groups, and the differences in molybdenum concentrations between the normal sheep and the lambs and between the normal sheep and the poisoned sheep were significant (P < 0.001). No significant correlations between liver copper/liver molybdenum or liver copper/liver zinc were detected.     

Total and free iodothyronine levels of growing Thoroughbred foals: Effects of weaning and gender

The aim of this study was investigate the effect of growing associated with different gender on circulating total and free iodothyronine concentrations during the first 13 mo of age in foals. In addition, we investigated the evolution of circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones during the first 3 d of weaning. Blood was collected from 13 clinically healthy Thoroughbred foals every month. All foals were weaned at the 4 mo and blood samples were taken also at 24, 48 and 72 h after weaning. The results obtained showed growing effects for tri-iodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), free tri-iodothyronine (fT₃) and free thyroxine (fT₄) values (P < .001).

Serum T₃ concentrations averaged respectively 2.89 and 0.29 nmol/L at 7 and 9 mo. Serum T₄ concentrations averaged respectively 100.17 and 21.77 nmol/L at 1 and at 10 mo. Serum fT₃ concentrations averaged respectively 6.96 and 1.50 pmol/L at 1 and 4 mo. Serum fT₄ concentrations averaged respectively 31.40 and 4.93 pmol/L at 1 and 9 mo. Significant correlations between T₃, T₄, fT₃ and fT₄ with body weight (BW) and between T₃, T₄ and fT₄ with age were observed.

Weaning effects (P < .001) were shown for T₃ and fT₄ levels. No differences (P > .05) in T₄ and fT₃ levels were observed over the 3-day period. Gender effects (P < .001) were shown for T₃, T₄, fT₃, and fT₄ levels. Significant correlations between T₄ and fT₄ with BW and age were observed in colts and fillies. T₃ concentrations were correlated with age only in colts and fT₃ with BW only in colts. The results obtained seem to lend support to the recognized effects of growing and weaning in modulating the thyroid function of Thoroughbred foals. In fact, significant and differentiated effects of growing and weaning on total and free iodothyronine levels have been demonstrated.     

Free versus microencapsulated organic acids in medicated or not medicated diet for piglets

Aim of the study was to investigate the growth performance of weaned piglets fed either a medicated or not medicated diet supplemented with either a blend of formic and lactic (64/36) acids (FL, 11 kg/ton) or a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and flavors (T) (1 kg/ton, Tetracid®S, EU patent 1391155B1,Vetagro srl, Italy). 480 three-week old SCAAPAG × Goland piglets were fed four diets (4 pens of 30 piglets per diet): FL or T with or without the medication (M) comprising colistin 180 ppm + amoxicillin 600 ppm for the 1st phase and chlortetracycline 1000 ppm + sulphadiazine 1250 ppm + trimetoprim 250 ppm for the 2nd phase. The piglets received a two-phase diet (I:18% CP, 1.3% Lys, 7.5% CF and 2600 kcal/kg NE; II:18% CP, 1.2% Lys, 5.6% CF and 2400 kcal/kg NE). All data were analysed by ANOVA. After 49 days, animals fed the medicated diets had higher feed intake (+ 24.5% for group FL + M vs FL − M and + 22.3% for group T + M vs T − M; P < 0.01) and lower mortality (overall 1.2% for the medicated diets fed animals vs 9.2% for the non-medicated ones). Final weights were: 26.8 ± 1.0 kg, 25.7 ± 0.8 kg for FL + M, T + M, 20.9 ± 0.7 kg, 21.6 ± 0.8 kg for FL − M and T − M, respectively (P < 0.05). The medication resulted in maintaining animals in good health status. The microencapsulation technique allowed to lower the acids dose to be included in the feed by ten fold at least maintaining the same effects that a high dose can give without medication.