花生壳生物炭对土壤吸附邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响

采用限氧升温法在不同的炭化温度和时间下制备4种花生壳生物炭,考察其对土壤吸附邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMP)的影响。结果表明,添加生物炭能显著提高土壤对DMP的吸附能力。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好的拟合添加生物炭土壤对DMP的吸附,相关系数分别介于0.90~1.00和0.95~0.99之间。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤对DMP的吸附能力明显增强且非线性特征更加突出;在生物炭高添加量条件下,炭化温度高且炭化时间长的生物炭对土壤吸附能力的增强作用更为显著。在Ce=0.001 Sw和Ce=0.01 Sw条件下,生物炭对土壤吸附DMP的贡献率分别介于80.80%~98.58%和67.30%~96.37%之间,表明生物炭对土壤吸附DMP发挥着主导作用。     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对黑腹果蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响

研究了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对模式生物黑腹果蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明，邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对黑腹果蝇的生长发育有明显抑制和致畸作用，随着其质量浓度升高，黑腹果蝇的蛹化数率和羽化数呈先增加后降低趋势，繁殖性能随着邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)质量浓度的升高表现出先升高后降低的趋势。     

紫色土干湿交替条件下邻苯二甲酸二甲酯迁移释放研究

以三峡库区消落带典型土壤(紫色土)为对象,探讨消落带干湿交替过程中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)在上覆水-间隙水-土壤之间的迁移释放特征。结果表明:土壤中DMP含量在两次淹水初期(0～2 d)明显下降,从第3天有反弹增高的趋势;间隙水、上覆水中DMP浓度总体呈现出微弱的增加、降低、再增加、再降低的振荡变化;两次落干初期(0～1 d),土壤中DMP均有不同程度的上升,在2～4 d有不同程度的下降,8～20 d时基本稳定在同一水平。土壤中初始DMP含量10～100mg·kg-1淹水后在三相间的迁移释放趋势相似,然而当土壤初始DMP含量增加至200 mg·kg-1后,上覆水DMP含量出现了与其他三组不同的变化趋势,三相间DMP的分配波动更大。准二级动力学方程可以很好地描述间隙水和上覆水中DMP向土壤中迁移的过程,相关性分析表明,间隙水和上覆水DMP浓度存在显著正相关的关系(P0.05),而土壤与间隙水中DMP浓度呈现较弱的负相关。     

Adsorption of Cadmium on Bed Sediments of River Hindon: Adsorption Models and Kinetics

The adsorption characteristics of cadmium on bed sediments ofriver Hindon in western Uttar Pradesh (India) have been studied.The effect of various operating variables, viz., initial concentration, solution pH, sediment dose, contact time, particlesize and temperature has been studied. The optimum equilibrationtime was found to be 60 min, which was independent of initialconcentration of cadmium ions. The adsorption curves were smoothand continuous leading to saturation, suggesting the possible monolayer coverage of cadmium ions on the surface of the adsorbent. The adsorption of cadmium increased with an increasein pH. Furthermore the adsorption of cadmium increased with increasing adsorbent concentration and decreased with adsorbentparticle size. The important geochemical phases, iron and manganese oxide, support the adsorption of cadmium ions. The adsorption data were analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlichadsorption models to determine the mechanistic parameters relatedto the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters, viz., freeenergy change, enthalpy change and entropy change, were alsodetermined. The negative values of free energy change (ΔG°) indicated the spontaneous nature ofthe adsorption and positive values of enthalpy change (ΔG°) suggested the endothermic nature ofthe adsorption process. The intraparticle diffusion of cadmium through pores in the adsorbent was found be the main rate-limiting step.     

Adsorption of Bisphenol A on Sediments in the Yellow River

Bisphenol A is widely used for the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics, and it has been found in many wastewaters or surface waters. Adsorption of bisphenol A on sediments sampled from several representative hydrologic stations of the Yellow River was studied, and some factors that may affect the sorption of bisphenol A were analyzed using the LC-MS/MS following solid-phase extraction. The results show that neither linear nor Freundlich isotherms is fit to the experimental data due to the high carbonate content in sediments. Bisphenol A has greater adsorption after the elimination of the carbonate in the sediment, and the adsorption of bisphenol A on the treated sediment can be described by both the linear and the Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption amount of bisphenol A is related to both the total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon of sediments. The effects of Ca^{2 +} and K⁺ on the adsorption of bisphenol A were also studied. It is found that Ca²⁺ and K⁺ showed different effects on the adsorption of bisphenol A because of their different valences.     

Sorption Behaviors of Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS) on Marine Sediments

The sorption behavior of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant, on marine sediments was systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that 100 min was required for the adsorption equilibrium. For the sediments treated by HCl and H₂O, sorption behavior of SDBS was fit with linear isotherm very well over the concentration range studied at 298 K. The sorption occurred primarily due to partition function of hydrophobic chains into organic carbon of sediments. Sorption of SDBS on H₂O₂-treated sediments was satisfactorily fit with Freundlich isotherm model and mainly through surface function of clay minerals in the sediment. The sorption was favorably influenced by the increased salinity, deceased pH and decreased temperature of seawater.     

Speciation and Concentrations of Mercury in Certain Coastal Marine Sediments

Concentrations of total mercury (Hg), methyl Hg and Hg(II) were determined in coastal marine sediments collected from the Baltic, South China and the Bering Seas. Methyl Hg concentrations in sediments were between 0.01 and 2 ng g-¹ on a dry weight basis, accounting for only <1% of the total Hg concentrations. The percentage of Hg(II) (i.e. available Hg) in total Hg was between 5 and 13 suggesting that most of the Hg in sediments was bound as HgS and/or Hg-humic complexes. Relatively larger proportion of methyl Hg was found in less polluted freshwater sediments than in marine sediments. Methyl Hg concentrations in marine sediments were not found to be correlated with total Hg and/or Hg (II) concentrations.     

天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

小型浅水湖泊表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征及其影响因素

[目的]分析城市小型浅水湖泊表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素,为城市小型浅水湖泊富营养化控制和生态环境修复提供参考依据。[方法]在室内模拟条件下,从表层沉积物对磷的吸附动力学与等温吸附两个角度分析了孔目湖表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征,同时运用磷吸附量计算公式探讨不同pH值下孔目湖表层沉积物对磷吸附行为的影响。[结果]表层沉积物对磷的吸附动力学过程分为快吸附和慢吸附2个阶段,快吸附阶段主要发生在0～1h内,而慢吸附阶段主要发生在1～3h;表层沉积物对磷的吸附等温线在高浓度下同时符合Langmuir模型、Freundlich模型和D-R模型,而在低浓度下符合Linear模型;在酸性或中性环境条件下,表层沉积物对磷的吸附效果更好。[结论]富营养化严重的小型浅水湖泊,表层沉积物有向上覆水释放磷的趋势,且上覆水和沉积物中磷酸盐含量的多少均会影响表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征和动态平衡状态的变化。     

渤海沉积物中氧化铁的异化还原特征

采用厌氧泥浆培养试验,通过对体系中Fe（Ⅱ）含量变化测定,明确了不同海区沉积物样品中Fe（Ⅲ）的厌氧还原特征。结果表明,不同采样位置的沉积物中Fe（Ⅲ）的还原潜势存在一定差异,除S17及S7样点外其他样品的Fe（Ⅱ）生成量都在3~5 mg.g-1之间,说明来自于不同位置的沉积物本身所含的可还原氧化铁数量及水环境对铁还原的影响不同。海河及大沽排污河河口的Ⅳ类水质海区沉积物中Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力最为强烈,在大港北排河及子牙新河的排海口Fe（Ⅲ）还原亦较高。距离海岸较远的Ⅰ类水质海区沉积物中Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力较弱。通过Logistic模型拟合和方差分析可以看出,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类海区的Fe（Ⅱ）的最大累积量（a）没有显著差异,而与Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类海区差异达到极显著水平;Fe（Ⅱ）的累积速率常数（k）在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ类水质海区没有显著的差异,但在最大反应速率（Vma）x上却反映出区别,其中Ⅱ和Ⅲ类水质海区的差异不明显,而与Ⅰ和Ⅳ类水质海区呈现极显著的差异。Fe（Ⅱ）的最大累积量（a）与NO3--N浓度呈显著的负相关关系,相关系数达到-0.834 5,表明NO3-与Fe（Ⅲ）是沉积物中相互竞争的电子受体。     

紫色土泥沙沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸动力学特征

在紫色土集中分布的四川盆地丘陵区,选择不同土地利用方式（林地、水田、旱坡地、村镇）产生的沟渠泥沙为实验材料,采用平衡法研究了紫色土泥沙沉积物对磷的吸附-解吸动力学特征。结果表明,泥沙对磷的吸附和解吸过程按速率均分为快、慢、动态平衡3个阶段,0～0.75h内泥沙对磷的吸附速率与活性铁铝氧化物含量和粘粒含量之间呈显著正相关,较高的OlsenP水平和砂粒含量是泥沙磷解吸速率高的重要因素。泥沙磷的吸附量和解吸量与反应时间之间均呈幂函数关系（Qt=k·ta,0〈a〈1）。磷吸附量与泥沙中活性铁铝氧化物含量呈极显著正相关。磷解吸量与泥沙中砂粒含量显著正相关,与细颗粒物质（粘粒和粉粒）含量呈显著负相关。村镇沟渠泥沙磷的解吸量显著高于其他沟渠泥沙,其释放风险值得重视。本研究结果为川中丘陵区紫色土泥沙磷的释放风险评价提供了科学依据。     

A New Microbial Contact Assay for Marine Sediments (7 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground, Aims and Scope   The number of microbiological contact tests for marine sediments is low, although microorganisms enable a rapid screening and monitoring of sediment quality and a high resolution of hazard assessment. As no single biotest can provide reliable answers concerning the potential hazard of environmental samples, a combination of bioassays needs to be applied to serve this purpose. In order to cover as many potential effects as possible, test organisms should have different sensitivities; assays should cover different exposure pathways, and measure the effect on various physiological functions. Methods   3 different Vibrio species (V. proteolyticus, V. natriegens, V. gazogenes) were tested for their suitability as test organisms in a contact assay on the basis of their activity, sensitivity and their spectrum of salinity tolerance. As a test endpoint, dehydrogenase activity over an incubation time of 2 hours (~ 3 generations) was chosen, quantified by resazurine reduction. The test was miniaturized to 96 well plates, including a dilution series, and quality criteria were established. The assay was then tested on natural sediments from a contaminated site in the Lübeck Bight.Results and Discussion   Vibrio proteolyticus proved to be the best suited test organism out of those tested for this bioassay. The miniaturized test system revealed a coefficient of variation of positive controls in 16 tests of 17.8 %. Its application to contaminated sediments from the Lübeck Bight showed a good differentiation of samples from different depths and zones, which reflected the general contamination pattern and capping activities in that area. Conclusion   The miniaturized test system that has been developed for V. proteolyticus is suited to assess toxic effects of brackish and marine sediments. Due to an increased number of replicates and an extensive sediment dilution series, the degree of certainty of hazard assessment is elevated.Recommendations and Outlook   The integration of this sediment contact assay as a complementary test in a microbiological test battery is recommended.     

Cd和Zn在滇池沉积物中的吸附-解吸特征

研究了Cd和Zn在滇池沉积物中的吸附-解吸特征并分析了影响其吸附的因素。结果表明滇池沉积物对Cd和Zn的等温吸附符合Langmuir模型,且Cd和Zn的最大吸附量很高,Cd为6443mg/kg,Zn为13889mg/kg,这表明滇池沉积物对重金属具有很大的吸附潜力。Cd和Zn的吸附和解吸过程都可以分成30min之前的快反应和60min之后的慢反应,且吸附率和解吸率与时间的关系都可以用乘幂函数拟和。沉积物对重金属的吸附受pH的影响,吸附量随着pH的增加而增加,当溶液pH为8.05时,Cd和Zn的吸附百分数都超过了97%。     

磷在不同类型湖泊沉积物上的吸附特征及形态再分布研究

以乌梁素海和岱海表层沉积物为吸附剂,开展了磷在沉积物上的吸附动力学和等温吸附实验研究,采用交叉型Langmuir模型描述了磷在2个湖泊沉积物上的吸附行为,并分析测定了等温吸附后沉积物中磷的形态分布。结果表明,不同浓度条件下沉积物对磷的吸附动力学过程基本相似,Elovich方程能较好地描述2个湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程;Langmuir交叉型吸附等温式能较好地描述磷在岱海和乌梁素海沉积物上的等温吸附行为（R2=0.990）,模型中的k、Qm、EPC0、NAP等参数较好地反映了2个湖泊沉积物在成因、粒度及矿物组成等方面的差异;吸附磷的形态再分布揭示颗粒物所吸附的水相磷主要分布于Ex-P,且Or-P是沉积物中重要的潜在生物有效性磷源,对湖泊富营养化的作用不容忽视。     

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Singapore's Coastal Marine Environment: Part II,Sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can enter the marine environment from a variety of anthropogenic sources. As some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens and mutagens, their potential hazard to human health and the natural environment warrants investigation. This is the first reported study on the prevalence and concentration of PAHs in marine sediments from Singapore's coastal environment, and accompanies the report by Basheer et al. (2003) on the measurement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in seawater. The concentration of 16 PAH, classified as USEPA priority pollutants were analysed in sediments from 22 sample stations located within the northeastern and southwestern regions of Singapore's marine waters. The total PAH concentration varied between 15.22 μg g^-1 and 82.41 μg g^-1 in the northeastern region and between 13.63 μg g^-1 and 84.92 μg g^-1in the southwestern region. The highest concentration of total PAH i.e. 84.92 μg g^-1 was recorded at a site adjacent to a petrochemical refinery. Among the sixteen individual PAHs, chrysene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene were most prevalent in the sediments. The relatively low kinetic/thermodynamic isomer ratios for PAHs suggest that PAHs of pyrogenic origin are predominant in Singapore's coastal environment. The distribution of higher molecular weight i.e. (4–5 ring) individual PAHs corresponded to mixture profiles typical of those originating from high temperature combustion processes subjected to photolytic degradation during long-range atmospheric transportation. A comparison of total PAH concentration data for sediments collected from Singapore relative to those reported for other countries indicates a moderate level of PAH contamination in Singapore's coastal marine sediments.     

Phytoremediation and Bio-physical Conditioning of Dredged Marine Sediments for Their Re-use in the Environment

A meso-scale pilot plant was set up to test the efficiency of a phytoremediation technique applied to slightly contaminated marine sediments dredged from the port of Livorno (central Italy). The technique applied involved the use of plants (a grass species, Paspalum vaginatum and a shrub species, Tamarix gallica) and earthworms (Eisenia foetida sp.) in order to recreate an active ecosystem in which plants, micro- and macroorganisms could interact with each other through the rhizosphere, for the adsorption, extraction and/or degradation of pollutants. This system enables plants to grow in a fine textured and salt medium highly unsuitable for plant species, and a physical, chemical and biological amelioration of the matrix was observed at the end of the experimentation (after 9 months). The sediment was bio-physically pre-conditioned by mixing it with calcareous material from excavating activities (5:1?v/v) and applying green compost. The presence of microorganisms in the rhizosphere and the earthworms produced a reduction by about 50% of the initial total petroleum hydrocarbon content. The use of a natural chelator with phyto-hormonal properties (humic substances) showed their capability of forming stable complexes, especially with Pb, and their contribution as an agronomic fertiliser. The combined effect of the P. vaginatum and T. gallica in the extraction of heavy metals from the sediment showed promisingly high percentages of metal effectively extracted in comparison with its available fraction (e.g. available Ni = 6.2%; Ni extracted = 15.7%). The technique proposed could be promising for an operational re-use of dredged marine sediments for agricultural purposes, a suitable final destination for the great majority of these contaminated materials from rivers and harbour docks.     

荣成天鹅湖湿地沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因子分析

在荣成天鹅湖湿地的典型区域选取代表性样点,研究表层沉积物对水体中磷的吸附特征,并分析了环境因子、沉积物组成对磷吸附的影响.结果表明,当上覆水中磷浓度低于0.40 mg/L时,沉积物对磷的吸附量很低或呈负吸附状态;在高磷浓度条件下,等温吸附曲线可用改进的Langmuir模型来很好地拟合.本研究条件下湿地沉积物对磷的吸附容量(Q_(max))变幅为181.8～1 000.0 mg/kg.临界磷平衡浓度(EPC_0)变化在0.043～0.479 mg/L之间.沉积物对磷的最大吸附量与其本身的理化性质关系密切,主要影响因素为粘粒含量和粘土矿物种类,氧化铁铝和有机质含量起次要作用.环境因子对磷吸附的影响作用明显,各因子的影响顺序为:扰动>温度、盐度>pH.不同区域相比,湿地北部沉积物的吸附能力远高于南部砂质土.且后者的吸附特性更易受到环境因子的影响.     

土壤/沉积物中全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)吸附–解吸行为研究进展

全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在土壤/沉积物–水中分配、吸附–解吸作用是影响其在环境中的残留浓度、迁移、转化及生物可利用性、毒性等的重要因素之一。本文对土壤/沉积物中PFOA、PFOS吸附–解吸行为影响因素,吸附–解吸机理,常用的土壤/沉积物中PFOA、PFOS吸附/解吸等温线方程、常数及参数等的研究情况进行综述,吸附–解吸过程Freundlich方程的相关系数为0.74~0.99,线性方程的相关系数为0.91~0.99。PFOS在土壤/沉积物中吸附常数logKoc的平均值为3.0,变异系数为23.3%;解吸常数logKoc的平均值为1.8,变异系数为15.4%。PFOA在土壤/沉积物中吸附常数logKoc的平均值为2.1,变异系数为45.6%;解吸常数logKoc的平均值为5.4,变异系数为52.3%。实验室基础上计算所得吸附常数logKoc比野外条件下实测数据计算值(PFOA为3.7,PFOS为4.2)小,野外条件下土壤/沉积物中PFOA和PFOS吸附–解吸过程和土壤–植物共生系统对其污染控制效应有待于进一步研究。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Marine Sediments of Palermo Gulf (Sicily, Italy)

Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn have been measured, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in the fine fraction (<63 μm) of surface sediments collected in 30 sites in the Palermo Gulf (Sicily, Italy) in order to assess the levels and the spatial distribution of these elements. Enrichment factors calculated with respect to clean areas have been considered to discriminate between levels due to background or to pollution contributions. The sampling stations, which form a grid inside these areas, are characterized by geographic proximity and by the presence of pollution sources. Ratio matching technique along with hierarchical clustering, minimum spanning tree and principal component analysis have been used for the statistical analysis of data, allowing to better describe the spatial distribution of metal levels. Our work allowed to assess the anthropogenic contribution to the pollution of the area under investigation through industrial and domestic wastes, presence of an harbour area and river inflow.     

天鹅湖潟湖表层沉积物磷的吸附容量及潜在释磷风险

研究了天鹅湖潟湖表层沉积物对磷的吸附容量,分析了沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)及由这两个指标构成的磷释放风险指数(ERI),预测了不同区域沉积物磷的潜在释放风险。结果表明,沉积物的PSI变化范围为7.44~28.53 mg L/100 gμmol,湖北部和中部沉积物的PSI值较高;DPS与PSI的变化趋势相反,变幅为0.85%~4.99%,表现为湖南部和中部沉积物的DPS高于北部。沉积物的PSI与磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而DPS与沉积物各理化参数间的相关性较差。有机质(OM)、活性铝(Alox)和粘粒是表层沉积物对磷持留的主要影响因素。此外,天鹅湖潟湖表层沉积物的ERI变化范围为2.93%~44.70%,磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于中度范围,其中东南部发生富营养化的风险较高