Retention and Leaching of Elevated N Deposition in a Forest Ecosystem with Gleysols

The responses of nitrogen transformations and nitrate (NO_{_3} ^-) leaching to experimentally increased N deposition were studied in forested sub-catchments (1500 m²) with Gleysols in Central Switzerland. The aim was toinvestigate whether the increase in NO₃ ^- leaching,due to elevated N deposition, was hydrologically driven orresulted from N saturation of the forest ecosystem.Three years of continuous N addition at a rate of 30 kgNH₄NO₃-N ha^-1 yr^-1 had no effects on bulksoil N, on microbial biomass N, on K₂SO₄-extractableN concentrations in the soil, and on net nitrification rates.In contrast, N losses from the ecosystem through denitrification and NO₃ ^- leaching increased significantly. Nitrate leaching was 4 kg N ha^-1yr^-1at an ambient N deposition of 18 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1.Leaching of NO₃ ^- at elevated N deposition was 8 kg Nha^-1 yr^-1. Highest NO₃ ^- leaching occurredduring snowmelt. Ammonium was effectively retained within theuppermost centimetres of the soil as shown by the absence ofNH₄ ⁺ in the soil solution collected with microsuction cups. Quantifying the N fluxes indicated that 80% ofthe added N were retained in the forest ecosystem.Discharge and NO₃ ^- concentrations of the outflow from the sub-catchments responded to rainfall within 30 min. The water chemistry of the sub-catchment outflow showed thatduring storms, a large part of the runoff from this Gleysol derived from precipitation and from water which had interactedonly with the topsoil. This suggests a dominance of near-surface flow and/or preferential transport through this soil. The contact time of the water with the soil matrix wassufficient to retain NH₄ ⁺, but insufficient for a complete retention of NO₃ ^-. At this site with soilsclose to water saturation, the increase in NO₃ ^- leaching by 4 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 through elevated N inputsappeared to be due to the bypassing of the soil and the rootsystem rather than to a soil-internal N surplus.     

稻田土壤中氮素淋失的研究

本文应用稻田大型原状土柱渗漏计，研究了双季稻田土壤中氮素随渗漏水流淋失的形态、数量、季节性变化以及若干农化因子的影响。明确了稻田中氮素淋失的基本形态是硝态氮（ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ），估算出双季稻田中氮素淋失总量可接近３０ｋｇＮ／ｈａ，同时肯定了农田施用氮肥对地下水体环境可能的ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ污染，建议双季稻田中每季水稻的氮肥用量宜控制在１５０ｋｇＮ／ｈａ；本文还证实氮肥用量对氮素淋失有明显影响，不同氮肥品     

Effect of surface-casting earthworms on the transport of phosphorus and nitrogen in surface runoff from pasture

Treatment of a soil under permanent pasture with carbaryl (a broad spectrum carbamate biocide) resulted in a 2-fold increase in the volume of surface runoff. This was attributed to a 3-fold reduction in infiltration rate as a result of litter accumulation at the soil surface in the absence of surface-casting earthworm activity. The amounts of dissolved inorganic P (DIP), NH⁺₄-N, and NO^?₃-N in surface runoff from pasture treated with carbaryl (1.18, 9.53 and 4.25 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively) were appreciably greater than those from untreated pasture (0.31, 1.63 and 0.52 kg ha^?1 yr^?1). This was attributed to the large amounts of DIP, NH⁺₄-N, and NO^?1₃-N released from decomposing litter. Following incubation at 4°C for 18 days the release of DIP, NH⁺₄-N and NO^?₃-N from litter was 160, 1600 and 950 μg g^?1, respectively. Losses of particulate P and sediment in surface runoff were lower in the absence (0.31 and 290 kg ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively) than in the presence (0.56 and 1120 kg ha^? yr^?1) of surface casts, pointing to the importance of surface casts as a source of sediment. Surface casts accounted for 45 and 75%, respectively, of the annual loading of particulate P and sediment in surface runoff. Nevertheless, the total loss in surface runoff of P and N forms was increased substantially when the production of earthworm casts was eliminated     

哈尼梯田生态系统地表水不同形态氮含量时空分布特征

为探讨哈尼梯田生态系统天人合一的水分和营养元素的利用模式,揭示哈尼梯田生态系统氮素时空变化规律,明确土地利用对氮浓度的影响,为哈尼梯田的水环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。以元阳县全福庄小流域为研究对象,应用Kriging空间插值法分析了该系统地表水氮素的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)除NO_3~--N浓度在夏季和冬季呈强变异外,其他N浓度在不同季节的变异系数均小于100%,表现为中等程度变异。(2)梯田中下部TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度变幅都较大,分别为0.103~0.849,0.010~0.143,0.052~0.446mg/L,森林地表水中TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度的变幅都相对较小,分别为0.108~0.471,0.003~0.102,0.058~0.164mg/L。(3)TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的块金系数均小于50%,各季节均有较强的空间自相关性。TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的变程均在1 000m以内,表明各指标各个季节分别在不同尺度范围内分布连续,存在空间自相关性。(4)通过Kriging插值法得知,不同季节TN、NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N地表水浓度从整体上为村庄梯田河流森林的分布规律。     

Hydrology and Chemistry of the Choptank River Basin

The Choptank River basin is a coastal plain catchment dominated by agriculture (52% of land use). We summarize an 11 year data set of discharge and chemistry from a gauged subbasin. Discharge exhibited seasonal variations driven by seasonal evapotranspiration. There were double seasonal maxima of pH, NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^-, total N, Fe, and total P concentrations in late spring and fall as the saturated zone rose and fell within the soil. Significant interannual variability in discharge was the result of rainfall variation. There were positive nterannual trends in NO₃ ^- concentrations and negative interannual trends in NH₄ ⁺ and PO₄ ^3- concentrations. These data were combined to estimate N and P export coefficients of 3^-11 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 and 0.14-0.66 kg P ha^-1 yr^-1, driven primarily by interannual variations in discharge. These export coefficients are low compared to other coastal plain watersheds dominated by agriculture and may be responsible for the small anthropogenic effects in the Choptank estuary compared to other Chesapeake drainages.     

模拟降雨条件下垄沟坡度对溶解态氮磷流失的影响

为揭示不同垄沟坡度对径流中溶解态氮、磷流失的影响,采用人工模拟降雨试验,设置4个垄沟坡度处理(0°,9°,18°和27°),研究了不同垄沟坡度对径流中速效磷(PO_4~(3-)—P)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)浓度和流失量的影响;并利用Inorganic—N/PO_4~(3-)—P、NO_3~-—N/PO_4~(3-)—P和NH_4~+—N/PO_4~(3-)—P 3种氮磷比,评价不同处理的富营养化风险。结果表明:(1)在降雨过程中,4个垄沟坡度处理径流中PO_4~(3-)—P、NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N浓度随时间均呈锯齿状变化;其流失量随时间变化均呈先增加后以锯齿状变化的趋势,且波动幅度大,最大值(16.60,1 020.73,48.35 mg)分别出现在垄沟坡度为0°,0°和9°处理。(2)4个垄沟坡度处理间相比较,径流中PO_4~(3-)—P和NH_4~+—N流失量均表现为0°9°27°18°,其浓度最大值(0.50,1.08 mg/L)和最小值(0.37,0.76 mg/L)均分别出现在垄沟坡度为9°和18°处理;而径流中NO_3~-—N浓度和流失量均在垄沟坡度0°处理时为最大值(30.68 mg/L和64.16 mg/m~2),18°处理时为最小值(21.78 mg/L和42.22 mg/m~2)。(3)Inorganic—N/PO_4~(3-)—P率和NH_4~+—N/PO_4~(3-)—P率表明4个垄沟坡度处理径流中均存在一定的富营养化风险。其中,垄沟坡度为0°处理的径流富营养化风险水平最高,27°处理的径流富营养化风险水平最低。研究结果可为横坡垄作的水土流失及养分流失评价、预测以及防治提供科学依据。     

大孔隙分布对坡地产汇流及溶质运移的影响

以室内土槽为平台,采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究了粉砂壤土中两种不同大孔隙分布情况下,土槽中土壤含水量、坡面流速、地面径流、地下径流及溶质运移的变化。结果表明,相对于面大孔隙度为19%,容积大孔隙度为0.095%的未加密型的土槽,面大孔隙度为57%,容积大孔隙度为0.285%的大孔隙加密型土槽中各层土壤含水量增加幅度、平均坡面流速及地面径流量相对偏小,地下流出现时间较早且径流量较大,地面径流中溴离子、铵根离子浓度、硝酸根离子浓度偏小。在地下水出流前期,大孔隙加密型土槽中的铵根离子浓度和浓度变化幅度都偏小,但溴离子、硝酸根离子浓度则偏大。     

间歇性降雨对黄土坡地水土养分流失的影响

坡面水土养分流失是研究农业非点源污染方面的核心问题,涉及土壤侵蚀、坡地水文和环境治理等方面的内容。以黄土坡地为研究对象,利用人工降雨模拟试验,分析间歇降雨时坡地产流-入渗-土壤侵蚀过程,以及通过预先在坡地喷施养分(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P),研究间歇降雨时坡面水土流失以及土壤溶质的迁移规律。试验采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,对试验坡地间歇性进行3次降雨,雨强恒为100mm/h,每次降雨历时60min,降雨间隔时间60min。结果表明:(1)3次降雨的初始含水率不同,但产流规律相似,降雨径流率均为先增大后趋于平稳。(2)3次降雨产生的泥沙累积量分别为250.91,100.20,79.76g,第1次降雨的泥沙量远高于第2,3次。泥沙率先迅速增大到峰值然后缓慢减少,平均泥沙率随降雨次数的增多而递减。(3)对于非吸附性的NO_3~-、NH_4~+,3场降雨过程中溶质浓度均呈现由高降低并逐渐平稳的变化趋势;PO_4~(3-)-P浓度的变化规律却略显不同,降雨初期溶质浓度先短暂升高,然后再由高降低并逐渐平稳。(4)3次降雨的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P的径流总流失量分别为535.33,1 058.18,400.79mg,其中NO_3~--N流失量最多,PO_4~(3-)-P流失量最少。随着降雨次数的增加,不同降雨次数下的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P径流流失量均逐渐减少,流失量较前次降雨分别降低了19%,14%、3%,62%和57%,28.3%。因此,通过对间歇性降雨条件下黄土坡地水土溶质迁移特征的研究,对揭示降雨-径流-土壤相互作用过程和土壤养分迁移机理具有重要意义。     

Regulation of Nitrification by Benzotriazole,o-Nitrophenol,m-Nitroaniline and Dicyandiamide and Pattern of NH3 Emissions from Citronella Field Fertilized with Urea

Nitrification inhibitors areuseful for reducing fertilizer related environmentalpollution. Use of such nitrification inhibitors as,benzotriazole, o-nitrophenol, m-nitroaniline anddicyandiamide has effectively regulated nitrification in acitronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) fieldfertilized with urea. At 450 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1, there wassubstantially higher accumulation of NH⁺ ₄-N in thesoil. Proper placement (5 cm below soil surface) offertilizers have minimized NH₃ emissions even fromnitrification inhibitor treated urea plots. Thus, thenitrification inhibitors can potentially reduceenvironmental pollution connected to NO^- ₃ in soilwhile maintaining low NH₃ gas emissions, if thefertilizer is properly placed.     

Canopy and Soil Retention of Nitrogen Deposition in a Mixed Boreal Forest in Eastern Finland

Nitrogen deposition, leaching, and retention were monitored in a mature spruce (Picea abies Karsten) dominated mixed boreal forest in eastern Finland. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and percolation through the podzolic soil profile were monitored from 1993 to 1996. Mean annual bulk deposition of total N was 3.83 kg ha^-1, of which 33% was NH₄ ⁺, 26% was NO₃ ^- , and 41% was organic N. Throughfall+stemflow flux of total N was 2.93 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Sixty-four % of NH₄ ⁺ and 38% of NO₃ ^- in bulk precipitation was retained by tre three canopy. Organic N was released (0.27 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) from the tree canopy. Nitrate-N was retained and organic N was leached as the water passed through the ground vegetation and soil O-horizon. Ammonium-N and organic N were retained mainly in the E-horizon. The output of total N from the E-horizon was only 5% of the total N deposition in the forest stand during the study period and it was mainly as organic N. The output of inorganic N forms from under B-horizon was seasonal and occurred mainly at spring snowmelt.     

铵硝比和磷素营养对菠菜生长、氮素吸收和相关酶活性的影响

通过水培试验研究了不同铵硝比的氮素营养和磷素营养对菠菜生长、氮素吸收及硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性（GSA）的影响。结果表明：在供磷水平相同时，菠菜的生物量随着铵硝比的降低而降低，但铵硝比为25：75与0：100两个处理之间没有显著差异；在铵硝比相同时，随着营养液中磷含量的增加，菠菜的生物量随之增加。菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐的含量随着铵硝比和磷水平的降低而升高。不同铵硝比处理，菠菜含氮量没有明显差异，随着磷水平的提高，菠菜植株含氮量有升高的趋势，但各处理之间差异不显著；受到生物量显著差异的影响，菠菜植株中氮素累积量随着铵硝比的降低和磷素水平的增加而增加。在铵硝混合营养条件下，缺磷会显著抑制菠菜对铵态氮和硝态氮的吸收，且磷索缺乏对菠菜吸收硝态氮的抑制作用要大于对铵态氮吸收的抑制作用。铵硝比相同时，随着营养液中磷索供应量的增加，菠菜茎叶中NRA显著增加；但是营养液中铵硝比较高时，会显著抑制菠菜茎叶中NRA，而铵硝比较低时，则有利于提高菠菜的NRA。缺磷会严重抑制GSA；在磷素水平相同时，随着营养液中铵比例的增加，菠菜茎叶中GSA显著增加。为此，在一些硝酸盐含量较高的土壤上栽培蔬菜时，可以采取增施适量磷肥的方法，以降低叶菜的硝酸盐含量。     

铵硝营养对水稻氮效率和矿质养分吸收的影响

NH_4~+和NO_3~–是对植物有效的两种主要无机氮源。水稻一般被认为是偏好NH_4~+的植物,但是在NO_3~–条件下,水稻也能良好地生长。大多数关于水稻铵硝营养的报道是在pH 6.0左右的水培条件下开展的,但是对于酸性条件下水稻铵硝营养研究很少。随着土壤酸化的加重及一些边际酸性土壤被用作水稻种植,研究酸性条件下水稻的铵硝营养具有重要意义。本文采用水培试验,在pH 5.0的条件下,通过添加和不添加pH缓冲剂MES(2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸),研究了NH_4~+和NO_3~–对水稻生长、氮效率和矿质养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn)吸收的影响。结果表明,在不添加MES的条件下,水稻地上部生长(株高、叶绿素含量、干重)在NH_4~+和NO_3~–之间没有显著差异,而添加MES后,NH_4~+处理的水稻地上部生长优于NO_3~–。不管是否添加MES,NO_3~–处理的水稻地下部生长(根长、根表面积和根物质量)优于NH_4~+。水稻含氮量和氮利用效率在不同NH_4~+和NO_3~–处理之间没有显著差异,但是NH_4~+处理的水稻氮吸收效率高于NO_3~–。与NO_3~–相比,NH_4~+增加了水稻地上部P和Fe含量,而降低了水稻地上部Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量,对K含量影响较小。上述结果表明,NH_4~+有利于改善水稻地上部生长,提高氮吸收效率、地上部P和Fe含量,而NO_3~–则有利于水稻发根,提高地上部Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量。     

生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季田面水及 渗漏液氮素动态变化的影响

采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂组合(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)和2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP))与施肥模式(一次性施肥和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田稻季田面水和渗漏液氮(N)素浓度动态变化特征的影响。结果表明,黄泥田稻季田面水和渗漏液中N素形态分别以NH4+-N和NO–3-N为主。基肥施用后,稻田田面水中NH4+-N和总氮(TN)浓度于第1天达到峰值后降低,第6天分别降为峰值的57.9%～69.1%、41.9%～59.0%(一次性施肥)和29.9%～60.7%、60.9%～69.7%(分次施肥);稻田渗漏液中NO–3-N和TN浓度于第1～3天达到峰值后降低,第6天分别降为峰值的51.4%～56.5%、56.6%～61.6%(一次性施肥)和45.3%～57.5%、51.1%～59.6%(分次施肥)。不同施肥模式下,硝化抑制剂CP会提高田面水NH4+-N浓度,而脲酶抑制剂NBPT/NPPT或配施CP有效抑制脲酶活性,降低田面水NH4+-N峰值;CP显著降低渗漏液NO–3-N浓度,且CP或配施NBPT/NPPT有效抑制硝化作用,降低渗漏液NO–3-N峰值。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的稻田田面水和渗漏液N素浓度动态变化特征与NBPT相似。总之,生化抑制剂与适宜的氮肥运筹相结合更能有效延缓黄泥田中尿素水解,抑制硝化作用,减少N素径流和渗漏损失。     

不同铵硝比对菠菜生长、安全和营养品质的影响

通过水培试验,研究了等氮条件下5种不同铵硝比对菠菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明:(1)从铵硝比100∶0到0∶100,菠菜地上部鲜重不断增加,铵硝比为0∶100时,菠菜的鲜重达最大值;但铵硝比25∶75和0∶100两个处理菠菜的干物重没有显著差异(p<0.05)。(2)随着铵硝比的降低,菠菜茎叶中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的含量均表现为线性增加;菠菜茎叶中可溶性草酸的含量和营养液中铵硝比之间呈现出二次曲线相关,在铵硝比为25∶75时,菠菜茎叶中草酸含量最低。适当增施铵态氮有利于降低菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及草酸的含量。(3)增铵可以提高菠菜Vc含量,铵硝比为50∶50的处理菠菜Vc含量最高;随着铵硝比的下降,菠菜茎叶中可溶性糖的含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白的含量则以铵硝比25∶75处理最高。     

Short-Term Physiological Responses of Mosses to Atmospheric Ammonium and Nitrate

Many bryophytes rely to a large extent on atmospheric deposition for their nutrient uptake.However, increasing levels of atmospheric ammonium NH ₄ ⁺ and nitrate NO ₃ ^- attract concern as to the possible harmful effects onbryophytes from these two nutrient sources. Changes in nitrate reductase (NR) activities, cation(Ca, K and Mg), total nitrogen (N) and organic acid concentrations were investigated for themosses, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Rytidiadelphus loreus and Philonotis fontana, in response to asingle field misting with 3 mol m^-3 NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^- . Increases of 20% were recordedfor tissue N content, 48 hr after misting with N containing solutions. When labelled NH ₄ ⁺ or NO ₃ ^- were applied to R. Lanuginosum at 1, 3 and 6mol m^-3 concentrations, partitioning ofincorporated ¹⁵N between different tissueregions occured, with the highest N uptake in the upper stem and leaves. High concentrations ofapplied N resulted in reduced efficiency of N uptake. NH ₄ ⁺ applications caused declines in NR activities, organic acidsand cations, whereas, NO ₃ ^- treatments causedthe reverse response. Changes in cation contents, organic acids and NR activity reflect short-termregulation of N metabolism in the presence of defined N sources, as well as potential mechanismsof regulating cell pH homoeostasis. The consistency of physiological responses, especially NRactivities, over short-term pollution episodes, provides evidence for their use as indicators of both NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^- pollution.     

水蚀条件下硝酸铵施用对黄绵土氮素流失的影响

研究结果表明不同坡度谷子地,高N处理小区径流中铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮浓度平均为1.06、0.76和1.82mg/kg,低N分别为0.64、1.29和1.93mg/kg;高氮处理土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮平均流失量分别达到17.90、12.93和30.84kg/(km²·a),低N流失量为11.90、23.86和35.77kg/(km²·a)。高氮处理小区泥沙中有机质和全氮浓度平均为5.21和0.536g/kg,而低氮处理分别为4.94和0.481g/kg;高氮和低氮处理土壤有机质流失量分别为5702和5743kg/(km²·a),土壤全氮流失量为498和559kg/(km²·a)     

坡缕石包膜对尿素氮行为的影响

采用静态吸收和土柱淋溶试验方法,分析对比了3种不同用量坡缕石包膜尿素与普通尿素施入土壤后对尿素氮行为的影响,结果表明:在土壤中施用坡缕石包膜尿素较普通尿素减少10.38%～26.24%的氨挥发损失,减少5.88%～27.74%的氮素(NO3--N+NH4+-N)淋溶损失,20%的坡缕石包膜尿素能显著提高土柱土壤NH4+-N含量,3种坡缕石包膜尿素都能极显著提高土柱土壤NO3--N含量.坡缕石包膜后能减少尿素氨的挥发,降低NH4+-N和NO3--N的淋失,提高土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量,以20%的坡缕石包膜尿素的综合生态效应最好.     

氮素不同形态配比对菜用大豆生长、种子抗氧化酶活性及活性氧代谢的影响

通过蛭石盆栽试验,研究了氮素不同形态配比对菜用大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种"理想95-1"生长、种子抗氧化酶活性及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,营养液中适宜的硝铵比(75∶25)有利于菜用大豆的生长发育,植株具有最大生物量;在高比例的硝态氮(100%)和铵态氮(75%)处理下,植株的干重、鲜重及产量均显著降低,以硝铵比为25∶75处理下尤为显著。在适宜的硝铵比(75∶25和50∶50)处理下,菜用大豆种子具有较低的抗氧化酶活性,活性氧代谢产物O2、过氧化氢(H2O2)和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量也较低,表明植株受到的氧化胁迫程度较低;而在硝铵比为25∶75处理中,抗氧化酶活性最高,O2生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量也最高,表明过多的铵态氮对细胞膜造成了伤害,所受的氧化损伤程度较重。     

A Single Law to Describe Atmospheric Nitrogen Bulk Deposition versus Rainfall Amount: Inputs at the Seine River Watershed Scale

Atmospheric nitrogen species (NH₄-N and (NO₃+NO₂)-N) were determined in weekly samples of atmospheric bulk deposition (dry plus wet), collected in France at seven sites over the course of a year. Rural, semi-rural and industrialised-urban sites were chosen in the Seine river watershed from the Seine estuary to upstream from Paris. Mean NH₄-N concentrations varied from 0.7 to 1.7 mg L^-1. Mean (NO₃+NO₂)-N concentrations were approximately 0.5 mg L^-1 for all sites except Paris (0.7 mg L^-1), which has a local impact on the fallout contamination from urban emissions. The relation between concentration and rainfall amount obeys a power law, in the form of y = ax ^b. When the nitrogen sources are very local, this relationship turns into a dilution law. Annual atmospheric nitrogen deposition (NH₄-N+(NO₃+NO₂)-N) was calculated and varied from 7.8 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 in the neighbourhood of a rural town to 17.3 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 in a very industrialised harbour. 58% of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition occurred during ‘spring + summer’ period. The total nitrogen atmospheric input to the Seine estuary, via direct deposition + indirect input via the watershed, was estimated to about 5% of the total nitrogen load within the Seine river basin.     

自然降雨下玉米秸秆堆沤还田对滇中小流域坡耕地氮素流失的影响

为探究自然降雨下不同堆沤方式秸秆还田对小流域坡耕地径流泥沙及氮素流失的影响,以滇中二龙潭流域坡耕地为研究对象,设置9种不同玉米秸秆堆沤方式,分别为CK及8种处理,各处理包括2种秸秆还田量(0.75,1.5 kg/m^2)、2种秸秆粒度(1,5 cm)、2种秸秆堆沤方式(水或水与尿素堆沤),研究烤烟坡耕地产流产沙及氮素流失特征。结果表明:(1)在4场具有典型产流的降雨中,施用较高秸秆还田量(1.5 kg/m^2)和粗颗粒秸秆(5 cm),均可有效减少坡耕地产流产沙量(10.06%~38.60%和10.07%~38.60%);(2)施用较低秸秆还田量(0.75 kg/m^2)、粗颗粒秸秆(5 cm)及未添加尿素堆沤的秸秆径流TN、NO3--N浓度低于施用高秸秆还田量(1.5 kg/m^2)、细颗粒秸秆(1 cm)及添加尿素堆沤的处理(1.96%~32.79%和3.97%~40.89%);(3)各处理下NO3--N/TN、NH4+-N/TN、PN/TN分别为63.64%~86.18%,5.31%~13.86%和5.33%~25.80%,表明坡耕地地表径流氮素主要流失形式为NO3--N,溶解态氮是径流中的主要氮素污染物;(4)施用较低秸秆还田量(0.75 kg/m^2)、粗颗粒(5 cm)秸秆、未加尿素堆沤的秸秆,泥沙TN流失浓度降低(16.87%~48.15%);(5)施用较高秸秆还田量、粗颗粒秸秆及未添加尿素堆沤可有效降低滇中坡耕地氮素的流失风险(0.32%~35.05%和54.52%~77.23%)。TN径流和泥沙流失中,以径流输出为主,占TN流失量的50.09%~71.67%。为了减少该流域氮素流失量,可选择施用较高秸秆还田量(1.5 kg/m^2)和粗颗粒(5 cm)秸秆,并依据烤烟不同生长期的吸收情况和土壤养分情况等选择少量或不添加尿素堆沤进行秸秆还田。