Variations of Phosphorus Release from Sediments in Stratified Lakes

The aim of this investigation was to study the temporal variation in phosphorus release from the sediments and its influence on water quality of stratified lakes. The concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), calcium and sulfate in the interstitial water and the pH in the wet sediments of dimictic lakes were investigated during the spring circulation and at the end of summer stratification. Multiple regression analysis using the calculated diffusive fluxes of SRP out of the sediments and the morphometric characteristics of the lakes (reduced water depth), explained 73 % of the variance of the SRP-accumulation in the hypolimnia during summer stagnation. At the end of surnmer stratification diffusive fluxes of SRP out of the sediments increased and pH-values and sulfate-concentrations decreased at the sediment surface (0–2 em) and in the hypolimnia. The maximum diffusive flux of SRP was calculated to be 5.8 mg/m²/d at the end of summer stagnation. Prob able reasons for these higher diffusive fluxes of SRP at the end of summer stagnation are higher supply of labile organic matter and thereby higher mineralization rates. lower redox potential and thus higher dissolution of redox sensitive P-binding forms and/or dissolution of phosphorus being bound to Ca-phases at lower pH.     

氧化势影响下的滇池沉积物孔隙水磷浓度变化

The sediment redox potential was raised in the laboratory to estimate reduction of internal available phosphorus loads, such as soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） and total phosphorus （TP）, as well as the main elements of sediment extracts in Dianchi Lake. Several strongly reducing substances in sediments, which mainly originated from anaerobic decomposition of primary producer residues, were responsible for the lower redox potential. In a range of -400 to 200 mV raising the redox potential of sediments decreased TP and SRP in interstitial water. Redox potentials exceeding 320 mV caused increases in TP, whereas SRP maintained a relatively constant minimum level. The concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Na^＋ and S in interstitial water were also related to the redox potential of sediments, suggesting that the mechanism for redox potential to regulate the concentration of phosphorus in interstitial water was complex.     

中国太湖环境土壤磷测试与磷释放

A microtiter plate assay (MPA) for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was applied to samples in overlying water and pore water as well as in three forms of environmental soil test phosphorus (P) types: water soluble phosphorus (WSP), diluted calcium chloride extractable phosphorus (PCaCl2), and Olsen-P in the sediments of Taihu Lake, China, where potential P release in response to pH was analyzed. MPA for rapid P analysis was shown to be promising when applied on samples of natural water and sediment extracts. Concentrations of WSP and PCaCl2 in the sediments were much lower than those of Olsen-P. Olsen-P levels in the littoral sediments along the north coast of Meiliang Bay in Taihu Lake (80 to 140 mg kg^-1) were much higher than those in the mouth of the bay (less than 50 mg kg^-1). The risk of P release in the mouth area of Meiliang Bay was lower than that in the north littoral zone with a risk of sediment P release induced by pH increases.     

重庆梁滩河表层沉积物氮形态时空特征及影响因素

为研究流域快速城市化背景下浅水河流表层沉积物氮赋存形态时空格局特征及潜在环境风险,选择重庆主城区的梁滩河为研究对象,于2014年12月和2015年6月采集干、支流主要断面水样及表层沉积物样进行分析。结果表明:梁滩河干、支流表层沉积物总氮(TN)含量变化为2.63～8.12 g/kg,离子交换态氮(IEF—N)、弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF—N)、强碱可提取态氮(SAEF—N)和强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF—N)含量分别为190～1 764,119～1 139,208～2 039,159～2 829 mg/kg,受流域污染源分布格局影响,沉积物各形态氮含量空间变化幅度均较大;梁滩河沉积物TN、WAEF—N、SAEF—N、SOEF—N含量上游至下游均逐渐降低,而活性最高的IEF—N则在城市河段出现明显峰值,外源污染强度和建设用地面积对不同形态氮的空间变异性具有较高的解释量,表明流域内污染格局及人类活动强度对沉积物氮形态分布具有重要影响;沉积物中可转化态氮(TF—N)含量占TN比例的52.9%～72.3%,且在城市河段IEF—N占比均显著高于非城市段,呈现较高的氮释放风险,表明城市污染进一步促使沉积物氮的活化;大部分断面总氮及各形态氮冬季略高于夏季,但变化幅度不大;统计分析表明,各形态氮之间具有较强的相互转化的联系,而且与水体pH、DO、DOC等环境参数呈显著相关关系,沉积物中氮形态分布特征受外源有机碳输入及水体污染的影响。综上,受流域城市发展过程中形成的不同污染源格局的影响,梁滩河表层沉积物氮形态空间变异性大,特别是城市区河段内源污染风险较大,如何调控内源氮释放是未来治理河流的关键。     

Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores

Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment water irterface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation ofthe bacteria at the SWI.     

Examination of the oligotrophication hypothesis: Phosporus cycling in an acidic Florida lake

Phosphorus cycling processes were studied in an acidic lake to test the oligotrophication hypothesis. P storages and inputs were measured; in situ and laboratory experiments measured pH effects on planktonic uptake and release, macrophyte release, and sediment-water exchange of SRP. Planktonic rates showed little response to pH; release from macrophytes initially was slowest at highest pH (5.5), but after 225 days was not affected over the pH range 3.7 to 5.5. Maximum SRP sorption by sediments occurred at pH 4.0 to 5.5; decreasing sorption above pH 5.5 provides some support for the oligtrophication hypothesis.     

Nutrient dynamics in river bed sediments: effects of hydrological disturbances using experimental flow manipulations

Purpose

River sediments play a crucial role in the storage and transformation of organic matter (OM). Nutrient dynamics are controlled by the interaction of several key parameters, i.e. river discharge, channel geometry and vertical exchanges of water (upwelling vs. downwelling zones). The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of channel forms and discharge variation on nutrient spiralling in the hyporheic zone (HZ) of streams.

Materials and methods

Four experimental flow manipulations (EFM) were carried out at two reaches with different channel forms (straight vs. sinuous) in an oligotrophic subtropical river in Australia. Flow manipulation consisted of reducing the river width with a temporary dam, diverting and concentrating the main water flux on two different geomorphological units (riffle vs. gravel bar), in order to simulate flooding conditions. Hyporheic waters were analysed for their physicochemical characteristics and nutrient (nitrates?+?nitrites?=?NO _x and soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]) and OM contents at two depths (10 and 50 cm) within the bed sediments, both upstream and downstream of the geomorphological units.

Results and discussion

The physicochemical parameters clearly demonstrated the existence of hyporheic flow paths, characterized by the alternation of downwelling and upwelling areas, with more consistent gradients in gravel bars than in riffles. The HZ acted as source for NO _x and SRP, but this role varied between geomorphological units and reaches. The effect of EFM differed between sampling points, irrespective of the type of geomorphological unit. In gravel bars, a flush out during high discharge was observed for NO _x , SRP and particulate organic matter (POM) at the sinuous channel, whereas storage and removal were recorded at the straight channel for SRP and NO _x , respectively. At the riffle of the sinuous channel, very fine POM accumulated, while removal was noticed for POM. In contrast, at the riffle of the straight channel, SRP accumulated in the HZ and NO _x was removed out of the HZ.

Conclusions

Nutrient dynamics in the HZ and the response to flow increases were not governed by the geomorphological unit type. Other parameters that determine water residence time in the sediments, such as local heterogeneity in sediment characteristics (grain size, porosity and hydraulic conductivity), channel sinuosity, reach slope and the size and form of the gravel bar, may be more significant explanatory variables for understanding OM and nutrient dynamics in the HZ. This study emphasizes the need for caution in making generalisations about the role of river sediment in nutrient storage and the impact of floods on nutrient dynamics.     

科尔沁沙地西部响水河悬移质泥沙粒度分析

[目的]对科尔沁沙地西部响水河的悬移质泥沙粒度特征进行研究,以便更好地认识该河流泥沙特征及侵蚀产沙规律,为沙漠区河流—沙丘相互作用研究提供基础素材与例证。[方法]通过野外实地考察,选择科尔沁沙地西部响水河3个典型河段对河水中的悬移质进行采样,然后进行室内激光粒度仪测试与分析。[结果](1)在上游河段Ⅰ和下游河段Ⅲ处,河水侧蚀弯道凹岸流动沙丘基部,由其上游断面至下游断面泥沙粒径变细,分选变差。(2)河段Ⅱ河水侧蚀由Q_3河湖相地层构成的陡坡,弯道环流对凹岸的冲刷作用较明显,泥沙粒径由其上游断面向下游断面变粗,分选变好。(3)悬移质泥沙粒度呈现从上游至下游粒径显著变粗,分选变好的趋势。[结论]该河的水源主要是其南侧石质残丘区泉水和河谷沿线流动沙丘或Q_3河湖相地层的侧向渗出水,随着沿途流动沙丘数量增加,集水面积扩大,流速和流量显著增加,河水的挟沙和冲刷能力随之增强;河流上、下游河段的悬移质主要来自被侵蚀的沙丘基部,中游河段的悬移质主要来自凹岸坍塌的Q_3地层砂。     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Storage in Contrasting Reaches of a Sub-tropical River System

This study investigated the storage of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the biomass, bed sediments and water column of representative reaches of a sub-tropical river, the upper Brisbane River (UBR), Queensland, Australia, and contrasted instream storage with total wet season exports. In reaches which contained accumulated fine sediments, more than 87% of total P and between 50% and 92% of total N were stored in the surface sediments. The lower proportion of N in sediment at some sites was attributed to substantial differences in the N/P ratios of sediments and macrophytes. At one site, the riverbed was dominated by cobbles and boulders and total nutrient stocks were comparatively low and dominated by the biomass. In reaches with a narrow channel and intact riparian cover, biomass N and P were stored predominately in leaf litter, while in wider unshaded reaches, macrophytes dominated. Total instream storage in the mid to lower reaches of the UBR was ??50.9 T for N and ??18.1 T for P. This was considerably higher than total wet season N (??15.6 T) and P (??2.7 T) exports from the UBR. The first flow event in the river after a prolonged period of no flow resulted in the export of free-floating, emergent species Azolla. The estimated biomass of Azolla in the mid to lower reaches of the river was equivalent to approximately 24% and 9% of the total N and P flux, indicating that this may be a significant, previously unaccounted for, source at peak flow.     

松花江沉积物重金属形态赋存特征研究

采用Tessier连续提取法分析了松花江表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn4种重金属的赋存形态,并结合次生相富集系数法,探讨了沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险及来源。结果表明,沉积物中Cu以残渣态为主（高于50%）,其次为有机质结合态,从上游至下游,沉积物中Cu形态的稳定程度逐渐增加;沿程所有沉积物样品中可交换态Pb的含量均高于当地沉积物背景值,存在较高的可迁移性和二次释放风险;在二松大部分江段和松花江干流,Zn主要以比较稳定的残渣态存在,不存在二次释放污染水体的风险;Mn的有效态含量均在流域沉积物背景值范围之内。对重金属次生相富集系数的研究表明,沿程沉积物中Cu、Pb均有一定程度的富集,主要来源于人为输入;Zn在二松中下游的哈达湾至松原江段有一定的富集,其余江段人为输入的Zn较少;沉积物中的Mn主要为自然来源。     

人类活动对韩江水沙径流变化的影响

选取位于韩江中下游交界处的潮安水文站作为控制站,从径流量和输沙量两个方面,开展人类活动对韩江水沙径流变化的影响研究。利用潮安水文站1954—2012年系列年径流量、年输沙量以及其上游地区的年降水量数据,T检验结果表明,两个时段的年降水量和年径流量并没有发生统计上显著的变化,而两个时段的年输沙量发生了统计上显著的变化,然后采用双累积曲线法进行进一步分析。分析结果表明,20世纪60年代,由于梅河上游五华河水土流失严重,使得韩江输沙量和径流量均有所增加。而自2006开始,潮安站输沙量明显减少,总减沙量达到3 215.19万t,年均减沙量为459.32万t,主要原因是其上游韩江干流上大型的东山水利枢纽工程的兴建,其次是上游水土保持减沙和水库拦沙。本文可为韩江流域水利工程建设、生态环境保护和水资源合理利用提供科学依据。     

去除有机质对城市浅水湖泊氮磷释放特征的影响

[目的] 分析南昌市浅水湖泊象湖表层沉积物的释放特征及有机质对氮、磷释放的影响,为城市内浅水湖泊治理中富营养化控制提供理论依据。[方法] 通过释放动力学试验以及释放潜能试验研究了城市浅水湖泊氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和溶解性活性磷（SRP）的释放特征,以及与通过H₂O₂去除有机质后的释放特征进行了对比。[结果] 去除前后的氮磷的释放速率都是先由一个较快的过程逐渐变慢最后趋于稳定达到最大释放量（Q_max）。去除有机质后NH₄⁺-N的释放平衡时间缩短,SRP则几乎不变。去除有机质后,NH₄⁺-N的最大释放量（Q_max）与有机质含量呈显著正相关,而SRP与有机质无显著相关性。[结论] 影响沉积物氮磷释放的因素多样,其中高等水生植物丰富的区域对磷的释放有明显的抑制作用。沉积物有机质的含量越高沉积物氮的最大释放量（Q_max）也越高,磷的的最大释放量（Q_max）则受有机质含量、活性、组成成分、吸附与结合的铁铝磷含量等因素共同影响。     

德州引黄灌区主要河流沉积物各形态磷分布研究

对河流沉积物中各形态磷（P）的研究有助于认识沉积物中P的行为特征、水-沉积物界面上P的迁移、转化、可利用性以及水体营养状态。以德州引黄灌区为例,采用改进的RuttenbergSEDEX分级连续提取方法,分析了漳卫新河、马颊河和德惠新河表层沉积物中主要赋存形态磷的含量,以期为评价该地区水环境质量,探究水体污染来源以及制定相应的治理措施提供科学依据。结果表明,河流表层沉积物中总磷（TP）的含量为437.4～1197.0mg.kg-1,无机磷（IP）的含量为373.8～1136.4mg.kg-1,占TP的64.3%～98.5%。IP又分为弱吸附态磷（Lsor-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、自生磷和碎屑磷（Au-P＆De-P）,含量分别为26.4～415.2mg.kg-1、6.3～331.2mg.kg-1和302.3～563.6mg.kg-1,分别占TP的5.2%～54.3%、0.8%～31.5%、35.7%～80.9%。有机磷（OP）的含量为9.0～413.4mg.kg-1,占TP含量的1.55%～35.68%。三条河流沉积物中不同形态P含量的变化趋势不同,空间变异性大;从上游到下游,漳卫新河底泥中的TP呈下降趋势,马颊河底泥中TP变化幅度不大,德惠新河底泥中TP呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,变化幅度较大。相关分析表明黄河下游引黄灌区沉积物中部分形态P之间存在显著的相关性,表明这些形态的P可能来源相同或者在某些特定的条件下会相互转化。最后,提出了控制P排放来源、加强污水处理、提高农业P的利用效率以及加强相关的研究等建议。     

Phosphorus export from a paddy rice field during flood events

Abstract. A field plot experiment was conducted to investigate P mobilization from fertilized rice fields during rainfall-flooding events. The experiment tested the effects of inorganic fertilizer P, at two rates, and P fertilizer plus manure, at one rate, on the amounts of P lost in drainage water when the plots were subjected to four artificially simulated storm-flooding/drainage events over an eight day period. During the first drainage event, two days after P application, the concentrations and loads of soluble reactive P (SRP) and particulate P (PP) in the drainage water were some three to five times lower than they had been just 24 hours earlier due to rapid sorption and sedimentation. At subsequent events, the concentrations and loads of SRP in drainage water were almost two orders of magnitude lower than at the first event, i.e. the equilibrium between P release from fertilizer and manure and P sorption/fixation by the soil mineral fraction had shifted strongly in favour of the latter processes. During the first drainage event, the concentrations and loads of SRP in drainage water from the low P fertilizer treatment were similar to those on the low P fertilizer plus manure treatment, whereas, 24 hours earlier they had been significantly greater. At subsequent events, though, the highest concentrations and loads of SRP occurred in drainage water from plots treated with equal amounts of P fertilizer and manure. It is suggested that extending the time period between P application and flooding events by applying fertilizer and manure outside the main rainy season should significantly reduce the risk of P loss from paddy rice fields.     

滇池沉积物的功能: 磷源还是磷库?

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic: conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

Effects of Hydrilla Verticillata on Phosphorus Retention and Release in Sediments

Submerged macrophytes are commonly used for the environmental engineering of the controlling of shallow lake eutrophication, and are also an effective and valid alternative for the remediation of eutrophic water bodies, not only under experimental conditions but also under natural conditions. Therefore, the effects of submerged macrophytes on the improvement of shallow lake water quality have been intensively investigated. But the mechanism was not well understood, especially the mechanism of the effects of submerged macrophytes on the exchange of nutrients at sediment–water interface in shallow lakes. This study selected a familiar submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata in China and evaluated the effects of H. verticillata on the phosphate retention and release at the lake sediment–water interface in a simulated condition. The effects of H. verticillata on the phosphate sorption isotherm, phosphorus (P) availability were investigated and the subsequent kinetics of P release was also measured by repeated extraction with CaCl₂ solution. Exchangeable Ca and ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe (Fe_ox) and Al (Al_ox) of the sediments were also determined. The results show that the contents of organic matter, cationic exchange capacity (CEC), Ca, Fe, Al, exchangeable Ca, Fe_ox and Al_ox of the sediments with H. verticillata were higher than those of the control sediments, and the contents of total phosphorus (TP), Olsen-P and reactive dissolve phosphorus (RDP) were lower. The sediments with H. verticillata had stronger P sorption ability and weaker ability of P release. H. verticillata did not significantly affect the trends of the sorption isotherms and kinetics of the released P on the sediments. H. verticillata can significantly increase the ability of P sorption, decrease in the ability of P desorption on sediments was one of the mechanism that maintained lower P levels of the overlying water through affecting the contents of organic matter, CEC, Ca, Fe, Al, exchangeable Ca, Fe_ox and Al_ox in sediments.     

天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

Lake Sediments from Dianchi Lake： A Phosphorus Sink or Source？

Dianchi Lake is a highly eutrophic lake in southwestern China where phosphorus (P) is the limiting element for eutrophication and where lake sediments play an important role in the P cycle. One hundred and eighteen sites were sampled throughout Dianchi Lake in 2002 to investigate the P loading of the lake sediments, while fresh surface sediments were studied in the laboratory to clarify its role for phosphorus. The results showed that concentrations of total phosphorus(TP) in sediments were very high, with a maximum value of 6.66 g kg^-1, and decreased with sediment depth. P adsorption on surface sediments was rapid with adsorption amounts higher in acidic than in alkaline conditions. The release experiments showed that P release increased as pH rose from 7.0 to 10.5. Additionally, compared with aerobic conditions, P release was much higher under anaerobic conditions, especially with low P content in the lake water. At present, the sediments in Dianchi Lake still function as a sink for phosphorus at high P levels in lake water. However, if the external P load was reduced and P content in lake water became low, the sediment would have a large potential for P release under anaerobic conditions.     

东平湖表层沉积物中磷的吸附容量及潜在释放风险分析

利用沉积物磷吸附指数（PSI）和磷吸附饱和度（DPS）研究了东平湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,并讨论了沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险。结果表明,表层沉积物的磷吸附指数变化范围为30.3～45.2[mg P·（100g）-1]·（μmol·L-1）-1,表现出从湖心、湖东向湖北、湖南逐渐增大的扇形特征;而磷吸附饱和度变化范围为6.5%～24.1%,与磷吸附指数变化趋势恰好相反。磷吸附指数与沉积物中草酸铵提取的铁（FeOX）含量呈极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁铝总量呈显著正相关,磷吸附饱和度与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷（POX）含量呈显著正相关。此外,磷释放风险指数（ERI）变化范围为14.9%～67.5%,表明东平湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围。     

Heavy metal inputs to Mississippi Delta sediments

Heavy metal concentrations were determined in suspended particulates, filtered water and sediment collected in the Mississippi River and from its marine delta. More than 90% of the metal load of the river is associated with particulate matter, which is relatively constant in chemical composition with time and place. The Mississippi River suspended material is similar to average crystal rocks in Fe, Al, V, Cr, Cu, Co, Mn, and Ni concentration but is generally enriched in Zn, Cd and Pb. Sediment cores dated by the Pb 210 method show that the Cd and Pb enrichments are recent phenomenon and are most likely due to the activities of man. About 6000 tonne of Pb and 300 tonne of Cd are being added to the delta sediments by man each year, more than 30 times the amount added to the Southern California Bight. River particulate matter is essentially identical to deltaic sediments in Al, Fe, Cr, V, Cd and Pb concentration, but the sediments are depleted in Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn by 20 to 40%. Chemical leaching of the solids show the metal losses to be primarily from the oxide phase, suggesting diagenetic reduction and mobilization as a mechanism. Trace metal concentrations in filtered Mississippi River water were below the limits for safe drinking water and were similar to world average river values. The abundant river suspended matter and high pH combine to keep dissolved trace metal concentrations low.