重金属与农药复合污染研究现状及展望

农业生态环境与人类生存质量息息相关,而随着工农业的发展,进入环境中的污染物种类和数量明显增加,环境污染已不再是单一污染的理想状态。在农业生态系统中,重金属和农药复合污染较为突出,尽管总体研究还较薄弱,但也逐步成为近年来农业环境科学研究的热点。本文就重金属和农药复合污染在土壤-植物系统中环境行为、交互作用及机制等方面的研究进展和动态进行综合分析,并对一些研究热点和需要强化的方向进行展望。     

土壤-植物体系中农药和重金属污染研究现状及展望

农药、重金属已成为当今农业生态系统中重要的污染物质,国内外科学家对其进行了大量卓有建树的研究,特别是在土壤-植物系统中的研究受到较多关注。通过就农药和重金属对土壤微生物、土壤动物、土壤酶活性和植物的生理生化指标的影响进行的综合分析和阐述,系统剖析了其产生毒害机理和影响的因素,在此基础上提出今后相关研究中有待加强的重点,包括农药对非靶标生物毒害机理、农药降解中间产物的环境风险以及农药和重金属的迁移转化机理等。     

汕头地区农业生态系统中有机氯农药的研究

有机氯农药(Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs)是一类由人工合成的杀虫广谱、毒性较低、残效期长的化学杀虫剂。本文以汕头市为研究区域,探讨了土壤OCPs的残留现状和特征,并对该区的土壤进行了环境质量评价和初步的生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)汕头地区土壤中OCPs的检出率高达99.13%,OCPs残留量的平均值是113.37ng·g-1,主要的OCPs污染物为DDTs和硫丹类;南澳县OCPs残留量平均值最高(174.68 ng·g-1),其次为龙湖区,濠江区含量平均值最低(69.24 ng·g-1);(2)与国内外一些地区土壤中OCPs的残留量对比,本研究区域土壤中的OCPs处于中等污染残留水平;与美国马里兰州标准、纽约州可容许的土壤浓度标准和我国的土壤环境质量标准相比较,OCPs基本没有超标;(3)本研究地区土壤存在较高的生态风险,OCPs可能对环境造成一定的危害,其中生态风险最高的是DDTs,BHCs的生态风险较低。     

Trace Metal Content Trend of Mussel Perna Perna (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Atlantic Coast of Southern Brazil

The concentration assessment of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mnand Fe in marine mussels Perna perna, sampled at 15stations along the 800 km Southern Brazilian Coast, has beencarried out. Samplings were taken twice, in summer andwinter of 2000. The concentrations found were lower thansimilar studies carried out along the Central Coast of Brazil andlower than the maximum limits permitted in bivalve molluscsdesignated for human consumption (Brazilian, Spanish andLuxembourg legislation sets). The data also showed lowervalues compared with other regions of the world. Thecomparison of present data with the data obtained 10 years agoat the same stations did not show significant differences,consequently the concentrations found could be used asbaseline values.     

Correlation Study between Land Use, Water Quality, and Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) Content in Water and Green Lipped Mussels Perna viridis (Linnaeus.) at the Johor Strait

In order to observe the variation in land use changes, satellite images from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) for 1991, 2000, 2005, and 2008 were used to compare the differences between selected water quality parameters, including heavy metal (Cd, Pb, and Zn) content in both water and green mussels or Perna viridis (Linnaeus.) before and after the increase in land use activities beginning from 2006. The samples were collected at 11 points for water and 4 points for green mussels between the Second Link and the Causeway Link at the Johor Strait in 2009 and were analyzed for pH, temperature degrees Celsius), dissolved oxygen, ammoniacal nitrogen, and heavy metal (Cd, Pb, and Zn) content.     

Composition, Distribution, and Characterization of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sandstorm Depositions in Beijing, China

Sandstorms which distribute a great number of particles are a special atmospheric occurrence and are uncommon in northern China. This study was conducted to determine, for the first time, the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sandstorm depositions. Samples were collected from urban areas of Beijing and a total of eight OCPs were measured. All samples contained OCP residues. The total hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) concentration ranged from 20.6 to 59.8ng g^?1 and the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) concentration ranged from 12.0 to 14.3ng g^?1. Furthermore, increasing HCH contamination was observed from the northwest to the southeast and a uniform distribution of DDT contamination was discovered in Beijing. Analysis of the sources of contamination showed that HCHs in the sandstorm depositions were derived from a relatively old source of lindane, and DDTs mainly originated from an old source of dicofol in Beijing. The preliminary pollution assessment of the samples indicated that HCH levels might be categorized as low pollution and DDT levels might be categorized as no pollution. The present study suggests that sandstorm depositions may not produce the special risk of adverse health effect from OCPs for the residents of Beijing, China.     

Suitability of Immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 Strain for Remediation of Phenols, Heavy Metals, and Pesticides from Water

Immobilized microbial cells for the biological treatment have the potential to degrade toxic chemicals faster than conventional wastewater treatment systems. In the present study, suitability of immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 strain in calcium alginate beads for remediation of the major toxicants in Indian water bodies was tested by means of GC/HPLC and AAS techniques. Roughly 80% reduction in the concentration of phenols was observed by immobilized SM1 cells compared with 60% by the free cells. Also, in the case of the bioremediation of heavy metals, immobilized SM1 cells were found to be more efficient compared with the free cells. Suspension of P. fluorescens SM1 cells in the test model water for 24 h brought down the concentrations of Cu⁺⁺, Cd⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺, and Pb⁺⁺ by more than 75% under free cell state and 7?C9% better efficiency under the immobilized conditions. However, Cr(VI) could show only 44% removal by the cell immobilized system, whereas a mere 35% reduction in the Cr(VI) levels was shown in the test model water by the free SM1 cells under the same conditions. Moreover, a model water containing 2,000 ppb of BHC, 1,248 ppb mancozeb, and 312 ppb 2,4-D passed through the cell immobilized column resulted in the decline in their concentrations up to 362 ppb, 750 ppb, and 126 ppb, respectively. Generally, AAS, HPLC, and GC analyses of treated test model waters with the free and immobilized SM1 cells exhibited high potential of immobilized SM1 in detoxification of test water. From the results, we conclude that immobilized cells of P. fluorescens SM1 strain were quite effective in bioremediation of major toxicants present in Indian water bodies, and we also recommend the use of immobilized bacterial cells rather than the free cells for the bioremediation/detoxification process.     

天津地区土壤环境中有机氯农药残留特征

通过对天津市辖区6种不同土地利用类型和2种灌溉类型的188个点位进行野外实地采样及定量分析,分析了天津市土壤环境中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留的空间分布特征及来源,系统研究了天津市六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)各异构体单体在土壤中的残留水平、空间和剖面的分布特征,以及残留量今昔情况比较。结果表明:天津市土壤环境中HCHs和DDTs含量均可以达到国家一级标准。天津市HCHs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、滨海地区相对较重,市区次之,远郊区较轻;DDTs污染空间分布特征为近郊区、市区相对较重,远郊区次之,滨海地区较轻;不同的土壤利用类型中,城市绿地的OCPs残留量最高,清灌区和污灌区的OCPs残留量差异不大。剖面分析结果显示,有机氯农药的残留总量主要集中在0~30 cm的耕作层中。通过比较HCHs和DDTs的残留情况发现,DDTs的降解率高于HCHs,天津个别地区出现残留水平异常情况。     

Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water Sources of Istanbul

The concentrations of 9 chlorinated pesticides in the water sources and tap waters of Istanbul, Turkey, were determined by gas chromatographic methods following the enrichment through adsorption and elution techniques. The observed organochlorine pesticides were α- and γ-HCH and aldrin which had been banned from use. The contents of α- and γ-HCH in raw waters were in the range of 0.34–1.7 ppb and not detected-0.077 ppb, respectively. Aldrin was observed at the concentration of 0.03 ppb in some samples. The residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water supplies of Istanbul were found significantly under the maximum permissible levels of standards. The effectiveness of potable water treatment processes and the importance of maintenance and back- washing of sand filters in pesticide removal were observed. Improper and delayed back-washings of filters caused an increase in the pesticide residues in the distributed water. In older water distribution lines, higher concentrations of some organochlorines were also observed.     

上海城市中心区不同类型绿地土壤重金属污染特征

对上海城市中心城区公园绿地土壤和道路绿地土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染特征进行了研究,发现除Cr和Ni外,土壤中重金属均出现富集现象,且公园绿地土壤中重金属含量普遍低于道路绿地土壤;土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价结果表明6种重金属中,Cd污染最严重,其潜在生态危害系数最高,总体上公园绿地土壤重金属污染潜...     

油料作物和粮食作物种子中有机氯农药残留分析

为了调查作物种子中有机氯残留的现状和种子脂质含量与种子中有机氯残留的关系,本文通过GC-ECD对某农产品基地的油料作物花生、大豆、芝麻和粮食作物水稻、小麦、玉米种子中有机氯农药残留进行了分析.结果表明,对照WHO/FAO标准,6种作物种子中的滴滴涕(DDT)和六六六(HCH)残留均不超标;总DDT的残留范围是3.8～10.3 ng/g,残留顺序是花生>芝麻>大豆>玉米>小麦>水稻;总HCH的残留范围是4.3～10.7 ng/g,残留顺序是花生>玉米>芝麻>大豆>小麦>水稻.3种油料作物种子中的总DDT残留浓度显著高于3种粮食作物种子中的残留浓度,种子中的总DDT残留浓度与种子脂质含量的对数显著正相关.     

天津郊区土壤与作物中有机氯农药残留现状与来源初析

通过在天津塘沽和宁河地区野外实地采样分析,了解研究区域有机氯农药各异构体在土壤及作物各部位的残留水平,并通过特征比值推测其来源。结果表明,塘沽和宁河地区土壤中六六六的残留浓度均值分别为88.76μg·kg^-1与98.46μg·kg^-1,β-HCH占绝对优势而γ-HCH均未在土壤样品中检出,α-HCH手性分析结果显示为非消旋体,均表明土壤中六六六来自历史残留而非新近输入或林丹的使用。塘沽和宁河地区滴滴涕的残留浓度均值分别为30.87μg·kg^-1与1.30μg·kg^-1,亦来自历史残留,在个别点位可能曾使用过三氯杀螨醇。作物样品中六六六与滴滴涕的含量较高,经对数变换的生物富集系数变化范围分别为0.24～0.73与2.02～2.90。六氯苯、七氯、艾氏剂、异艾氏剂、反式氯丹、顺式氯丹、狄氏剂与异狄氏剂在大部分土壤与作物样品中也有不同程度的检出。     

河西走廊及兰州地区土壤中典型有机氯农药残留研究

应用Agilent7890-5975CGC-MSD对甘肃省河西走廊及兰州地区17个表层土壤样品中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的残留水平进行分析,并对其来源进行初步解析。研究结果表明：研究区土壤中DDTs残留范围为0.22~53.69ng·g-1,平均值为8.58ng·g-1;HCHs残留范围为0.07~9.16ng·g-1,平均值为1.32ng·g-1;DDTs的残留较HCHs占优势,约占二者总残留量的87%。（DDE＋DDD）/DDT比值介于0.12~0.48之间,平均值为0.27,o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT比值在0.11~0.79之间,平均值为0.34,表明研究区土壤中的DDTs主要来源于工业源DDTs残留。α-HCH/γ-HCH介于0.64~15.5间,平均值为3.19,可推断研究区近期内不存在HCHs的使用,土壤中的HCHs残留主要来源于历史上工业HCHs和林丹的共同输入。与国内外其他地区土壤相比,该地区HCHs和DDTs的残留量处于较低水平;依照土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）的要求,研究区各采样点土壤环境处于相对安全的状态。     

Wet Deposition of Trace Metals in Singapore

The concentrations of 12 trace metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe,Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, V, and Ti) in wet depositions are reported. Eighty four rainwater samples were collected using an automated wet-only sampler in Singapore for one year (2000) and subjected to chemical analysis using ICP-MS. Based on the volume-weighted meanconcentrations measured, the trace metals were classified into three groups: Al and Fe with an average concentration of largerthan 15 μg L^-1, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, V, and Ti withconcentrations between 1 and 10 μg L^-1, and finally Co and Cd with concentrations lower than 1 μg L^-1. Elementenrichment factors were calculated to distinguish between naturaland anthropogenic sources. The calculation of crustal enrichmentfactors with Al as the reference element indicated that while Ti,Fe and Mn originated from crustal sources, the remaining trace metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and V) were mainly derived from anthropogenic sources. The removal of the trace metals from the atmosphere by precipitation was influenced by the rainfall amount as well as pH. The magnitude of the measured average annual wet deposition fluxes of Al, Fe, and combustion-generatedelements such as V, Ni, and Cu is higher than that reportedfor other sites outside Singapore, owing to abundant rainfallthroughout the year in this region.     

北京官厅水库有机氯农药分布特征及健康风险评价

为了研究北京官厅水库中有机氯农药（OCPs）对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从位于官厅水库、洋河和妫水河的9个采样点采集了水样和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定。结果表明,水样中,17种有机氯化合物的总浓度范围为10．06～87．37ng·L^-1,其中六六六（HCHs,即：α—HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH和δ-HCH）和滴滴涕（DDTs,即：o,p＇-DDT、p,p’-DDT、p,p＇-DDE和p,p＇-DDD）的含量范围分别为3．93～38．94ng·L^-1和3．71～16．03ng·L^-1,官厅水库及其支流水体受到有机氯农药轻度污染,其周边地区农田排放水是水库中农药的重要来源。沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范围为8．48～24．40ng·g^-1,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量高于其他OCPs的含量,其含量范围分别为1．11～7．73ng·L^-1和2．97～10．52ng·g^-1,沉积物中六六六异构体和滴滴涕类似物的含量组成表明这些农药来自环境中的早期残留。利用健康风险评价模型对官厅水库表层水体中的OCPs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,目前官厅水库中有机氯农药类污染物对人体健康的风险处于较低水平。     

PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in Lake Orta (Northern Italy) Sediments

PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.     

湖北贝母种植土壤和药材中有机农药及重金属残留分析

对湖北贝母种植基地土壤及药材中有机农药与重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,土壤中重金属和有机农药的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为:铅(35.83%)>砷(19.26%)>汞(16.06%)>铬(15.23%)>镉(5.39%)>铜(3.66%)>滴滴涕(2.28%)>六六六(2.10%),综合污染指数P综=0.29<0.7,属安全级,为清洁水平,符合国家标准。湖北贝母药材中重金属和有机农药含量均低于绿色行业标准,有机农药富集能力较强,药材中重金属砷、铅、铬和有机农药残留滴滴涕的含量与土壤中含量显著相关,相关系数分别为0.924、0.852、0.90和0.843。     

齐齐哈尔市主城区城市绿地土壤重金属来源解析与健康风险评价

为了解齐齐哈尔市建城区城市绿地土壤重金属来源与健康风险,在生产绿地、居住绿地、公园绿地、工业绿地、附属绿地、防护绿地、道路绿地内采集表层0～20 cm土壤样品,测定重金属含量,并用单因子指数法表征污染水平。应用美国环境保护部(US EPA)健康风险评价模型评估人群暴露土壤重金属的健康风险,以期为城市绿地系统规划和开敞空间规划提供有益的指导。结果表明:各绿地土壤中均有重金属元素含量超过黑龙江省土壤背景值,其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As表现更为突出;Cr在生产绿地、居住绿地、公园绿地、防护绿地及道路绿地土壤中最高,Hg最低,而工业绿地和附属绿地土壤中Zn最高,Hg最低;单向污染评价显示,居住绿地中的As、公园绿地中的As和Cr、防护绿地中Hg的单因子污染指数大于1,已产生污染。Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn含量高值点主要出现在公园绿地,该绿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn的累积可能受到居民生活和交通活动的多重影响;As含量的高值点主要分布在工业绿地土壤中,源于市区内的工业性企业在各个生产环节产生的污染物和煤炭燃烧的排放富集于土壤。Hg含量的高值点出现在防护绿地中,略超出黑龙江省土壤背景值,需要关注。城市绿地土壤中重金属对成人不存在非致癌健康风险;而居住绿地、公园绿地的土壤中As、Cr和生产绿地土壤中的Cr对儿童存有潜在的非致癌健康风险,需要引起注意。城市绿地土壤中,As、Cr呼吸对成人和儿童的致癌风险指数(CR)平均值均大于US EPA推荐的土壤治理标准(10^-6),但未超过有关专家所建议的土壤治理标准(10^-6～10^-4),其致癌风险已达到了较高的水平,应引起重视;不同绿地类型内人群暴露土壤重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险存在一定的差异,进行城市绿地系统规划时要科学制定绿地空间布局,降低对人类健康的风险。     

太湖北部湾沉积物有机氯农药残留特征及评价

采用GC-ECD联用检测技术分析了太湖北部贡湖大贡山（1号点）、小贡山（2号点）与梅梁湖马山（3号点）、拖山（4号点）不同季节有机氯农药中4种HCHs同系物及4种DDTs同系物含量。结果表明,含量最高的为γ-HCH与DDT,分别占总量的45%以上,其次是β-HCH与DDD,而o,p-DDE基本未检出。不同监测点表现出了季节变化,受＂引江济太＂调长江水入太湖的影响,贡湖中1号与2号监测点夏季OCP总量高于其他季节,而梅梁湖受周围生产及竺山湖大桥入污影响,3号监测点不同季节OCPs总量变化不显著,4号监测点冬季高于春季,夏季受高温影响,OCPs总量出现最小值。采用生态风险值对沉积物中OCPs进行风险评价,太湖北部湾沉积物中OCPs总量较低,尚未对生态构成严重威胁,但由于这类物质的生态累积效应,其潜在危害仍不容忽视。     

重庆市蔬菜区重金属污染现状

本文通过对不同区域菜地大气污染物和灌溉水、土壤、蔬菜重金属平均含量比较发现,污染区大气污染物均大于清洁区;灌溉水和土壤重金属在不同区域差异不大;不同蔬菜品种重金属在不同区域表现不一致,叶菜类基本表现为污染区大于清洁区,说明叶菜类蔬菜重金属污染主要由大气污染引起。苋菜、莴笋重金属含量较高,说明富集重金属能力较强。蔬菜重金属含量同食品卫生限量标准比较表明超标蔬菜品种为苋菜、莴笋、葱子,超标重金属为Pb、Cd、Cr。同一蔬菜品种莴笋重金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As平均含量在污染点的下风向高于上风向,说明Pb、Cd、Hg、As与大气污染有直接关系。蔬菜重金属相关性分析表明Cr、Hg具有明显的协同和拮抗作用。