冀北山地阔叶林对降雨再分配的影响

[目的]探讨冀北山地阔叶林林冠层的穿透降雨、冠层截留和树干径流对降雨再分配的影响,为该地区的森林建设、森林结构调整提供依据。[方法]利用SPSS专业统计分析软件对林地降雨的数据进行相关性分析和回归分析。[结果]林分的穿透雨占的比例是最大(占到总比例的70.22%),林冠截留其次(为28.20%),而树干径流占得比例最小(为1.58%);穿透雨量与林外降雨量有比较好的线性关系(R^2=0.997 9),林分在降雨比较小的时候是不会有穿透雨的,当林外降雨量达到0.78mm时开始出现穿透雨。林冠截留在降雨的再分配过程中占有很重要的作用,林冠截留量与林外降雨量有明显的幂函数关系,达到了极显著水平(p<0.01)。树干径流量与林外降雨量呈现正相关的关系(R^2=0.9703),阔叶树林在降雨达到4.88mm时才会出现树干径流,但是树干径流具有一定的时滞性,而时滞性的大小和林木本身及雨量的强弱都有很大的关系,当叶面积指数较小,并且枝干夹角成45%,林木表面光滑则形成比较容易。[结论]林冠层对降雨的再分配过程有重要影响,冀北山地阔叶林林冠层的水文效应与森林健康发展具有一定的关系。     

沙障对不同林龄雨养梭梭林冠下浅层土壤含水量的影响

[目的]分析不同林龄雨养梭梭林冠下浅层土壤含水量在布设沙障后的变化,为沙障生态功能的评价及梭梭生长发育状况的预测提供理论依据。[方法]对5年生幼年林和25年生中年林在布设沙障后冠下0—50cm的土壤含水量、表层结皮厚度、近地表风速等因子进行测定分析。[结果]沙障通过降低近地表气流流速,加速结皮形成等方式提高了梭梭冠下0—50cm的浅层土壤含水量。沙障对5年生梭梭冠下土壤含水量的空间分布格局影响不大,但使25年生梭梭冠下土壤含水量随着与主干距离的增加而单调增加,表现为"干岛效应"。在垂直分布上,25年生梭梭冠下土壤含水量在塑料网沙障区与对照区间呈显著相关(p0.05),而在麦草沙障区与对照区间相关性不显著,其最大土壤含水量的出现深度下降至30—40cm处。[结论]布设机械沙障对退化梭梭林的恢复将起到一定的促进作用,且对中年林梭梭土壤水分的影响大于对幼年林。     

Exchange of ozone and nitrogen oxides between the atmosphere and coniferous forest

The deposition flux of O₃ to a Douglas fir forest in the Netherlands was monitored by eddy correlation during nine months. At the same time the concentration gradients of NO, NO₂ and O₃ were determined over the forest. The canopy resistance to O₃ uptake was calculated from the measurements and it compared well with model estimates. The sensitivity of the stomatal resistance to humidity calculated in the model was adapted to improve the comparison. A multi-layered model of canopy exchange which included the influence of chemical reactions between NO and O₃ and soil emissions was used to interpret the results for NO₂. The observed fluxes of NO₂ away from the surface into the atmosphere were probably caused by soil emissions of NO. The soil-emitted NO was converted to NO₂ in the trunk space and vented into the atmosphere. The model showed that the NO₂ flux above the canopy was either away or towards the canopy depending on the strength of the soil emission and the amount of NO₂ taken up in the canopy. A canopy compensation point for NO₂ could be established above which deposition was the main process and below which emission was observed. The model calculations supported the observations which indicated a compensation point of approximately 10 ppb NO₂.     

Throughfall deposition of ammonium and sulphate during ammonia fumigation of a scots pine forest

The estimation of the dry deposition of sulphur dioxide to forests is confounded by the possibility of co-deposition of SO₂ with NH₃ on leaf surfaces. A sector of Scots pine forest was selectively fumigated with NH₃ to give average concentrations up to 15 ppbV (nL L^–1) above ambient, in order to test the hypothesis that increased air concentrations of NH₃ would enhance the dry deposition of SO₂, and the consequent amounts of SO₄ ^2– measured in throughfall below the forest canopy. Ammonia gas, generated by evaporation of concentrated aqueous solution, was released above the canopy in proportion to wind speed when the wind direction was between south and west. Concentrations of NH₃ at canopy height were measured using passive diffusion tubes; throughfall was preserved with thymol and measured weekly. Meteorological data and SO₂ concentrations were recorded continuously, to permit the estimation of dry deposition input. Deposition of NH₄ ⁺ in throughfall over 8 months was increased by up to 40 meq m^–2 relative to control sites upwind of the NH₃ release point, with largest values closest to the release point. Deposition of SO₄ ^2– in throughfall was also enhanced in the fumigated area, by up to 20 meq m^–2, even though average ambient SO₂ concentrations were 2.3 ppbV. The results are discussed in terms of the factors controlling SO₂ deposition on forest surfaces, the development of appropriate deposition models, and their relevance to using throughfall as an estimate of total S deposition.     

红壤侵蚀区几种水土保持林水文效应研究

水土保持林对天然降雨起着截流、吸收的作用。系统研究了试验区内马尾松林、湿地松林、板栗林以及马尾松＋板栗混交林的冠层、枯落物层及土壤层的水文效应。结果发现，不同林分在这3个方面均表现出差异。（1）林冠层截留量针叶林大于阔叶林，针阔混交林居中，其顺序为：湿地松林〉马尾松林〉针阔混交林〉板栗林。（2）林下枯落物层有效拦蓄量和土壤蓄水功能阔叶林大于针叶林，针阔混交林居中，其顺序为：板栗林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉湿地松林。通过3个层次水文效应研究，揭示出营造和经营管理水土保持林时，应促使3个水文层次功能的同时优化，尽量营造针阔混交林，增加植被层次结构的复杂性，既要发挥针叶林林冠层截留效应，又要发挥阔叶林枯落物层和土壤层的涵养水源功能。     

Some Measurement Results on Sulfate Aerosol Concentration in and above a Pine Canopy

Profile of sulfate aerosol (SO₄ ^2?) concentration was measured for four days at six heights in and above a 15m-high canopy of pine plantation during 6th and 10th August. 1999. The concentration was the lowest (about 2 nmol/m³) on 6th, and gradually increased to 9th showing the maximum values of about 13 nmol/m³, and then decreased to 2 nmol/m³ on 10th. The vertical profiles of SO₄ ^2? concentration showed mostly higher in the canopy than above the canopy. As for the vertical profiles above the canopy on 8th and 10th, the minimum was observed just above the canopy (16m), showing SO₄ ^2? transport from the upper air layer to the canopy. While on 9th the profiles that are higher concentration just above the canopy and lower at the upper air layer were observed, suggesting SO₄ ^2? emission from the canopy to the upper air layer.     

Variabilität der Sulfatsorption in einem Gley-Podsol aus Sand unter Kiefernforst

Variability of sulfate sorption in a sandy Gleyic Podzol under a pine stand In acid forest soils sulfate can be stored by sorption processes. We studied the vertical heterogeneity and the horizontal variability of sulfate sorption in a sandy forest soil under a pine stand. Disturbed soil samples were taken from the horizons of a Gleyic Podzol (vertical heterogeneity). From a 120-m transect, 25 soil samples were taken from depth increment 35—50 cm and 65—80 cm at 5-m intervals by means of a hand auger (horizontal variability). In batch experiments, sulfate sorption isotherms were measured for all profile and transect samples. The Freundlich equation is suitable to describe the individual isotherms. The sulfate sorption isotherms show considerable differences in the horizons of the profile, systematic relations between the isotherm parameters and soil properties are not obvious. In order to quantify the spatial variability of the sulfate sorption isotherms, a scaling technique is used. The spatial distribution of scale factors for depth 35—50 cm along the transect reveals a periodicity of about 17 m length. The same recurrent pattern is also identified in the spatial distribution of the cumulative sulfate deposition by canopy throughfall along the transect, and in the spatial distribution of contents of iron and aluminium oxides soluble in oxalic acid at depth level 35—50 cm. This does, however, not refer to organic carbon content and pH at this depth. From these results it is concluded that in this soil at depth 35—50 cm oxide contents are related to the amount of sulfate deposition by throughfall. In spatial ranges with high sulfate and thus acid deposition, oxide contents of the soil are decreased by accelerated podzolization, and therefore, also the sulfate sorption of the soil is low in these ranges. The period length of this recurrent pattern of about 17 m is probably only an apparent period length that results from aliasing, because a very probably real periodicity of 3—4 m length, related to the canopy edge distribution of the pine trees along the transect, is sampled at an interval of 5 m. In the subsoil (65—80 cm depth) such relations could not be detected.     

Seasonal variations in the radiation regime within an oak-hickory forest

Seasonal variations in solar elevation, canopy phenology and leaf pigmentation result in a dynamic variation in the radiation regime within a deciduous forest. Measurements of several insolation components taken within an east Tennessee oak-hickory forest during eight combinations of season and phenological conditions of the canopy are presented. Insolation measurements were made with instruments mounted on a moving tram system at seven levels within, and at one level above the canopy.The attenuation of solar radiation is least during the leafless phenoseason since only woody biomass is present to intercept and absorb it. Net radiation is attenuated to a greater extent than shortwave and photosynthetically active radiation, which are attenuated to a similar degree, since the sparse woody biomass does not effectively trap the outgoing reflected and radiated radiation. Solar elevation did not influence the attenuation of insolation within the leafless forest under the conditions studied.The attenuation of insolation within the leafing, spring canopy increases progressively with increasing leaf area. The attenuation among the components, however, varies. Shortwave attenuation progresses at a faster rate with expanding leaf area than photosynthetically active radiation since newly expanded leaves are low in chlorophyll. The penetration of light into the leafing canopy is independent of solar elevations less than 40° and increases linearly with greater solar elevations.The radiation regime within the fully-leafed canopy is rather static. For daily mean values, no effects of leaf age or seasonal variation in solar elevation are evident. Penetration of light into the canopy, however, increases when solar elevation exceeds 65°.The attenuation of insolation components diminishes during the autumnal senescence—abscission phenoseason, in response to changes in leaf pigment and loss of foliage. Attenuation of insolation is greater in the autumn than during spring periods with similar leaf area since the sun is lower in the sky in the autumn.The depletion of photosynthetically active radiation with depth is minimal during the leafless, early leafing and autumnal phenoseasons. Moderate depletion occurs during the late leafing period and maximal depletion occurs during the fully-leafed phenoseason.     

The body-size distribution of arboreal collembolans in relation to the vertical structure of a Japanese cedar plantation

Collembolans are among the most abundant microarthropods in the aboveground parts of forest ecosystems, but little is known about their life-history traits compared with those of the soil-dwelling collembolans. The life-history traits of arboreal collembolans, as well as their abundances, are expected to be influenced by the vertical structure of a forest. We analyzed the body-size distributions of dominant arboreal species in relation to the vertical structure of the forest. The small individuals of the three arboreal species that inhabit both the canopy and soil litter (Xenylla brevispina, Tomocerus cuspidatus, and Sphyrotheca multifasciata) appeared continuously from spring to autumn in the soil litter, whereas those in the canopy litter were found during a particular period, only in July. These individuals tended to be larger in the canopy litter than in the soil litter, and in particular, T. cuspidatus grew to become significantly larger in the canopy. The mean body size of the most abundant migrating species (X. brevispina) increased gradually from the soil to the upper canopy, whereas strict arboreal species (Entomobrya sp.) had no significant trend in the relationship between body size and the height above ground level. We concluded that the life-history traits of arboreal collembolans were influenced by the vertical structure of the forest.     

Field studies of pine,spruce and aspen periodically subjected to sulfur gas emissions

Field studies of photosynthesis in Pinus contorta/Pinus banksiana (lodgepole pine/jack pine) hybrids, Picea glauca (white spruce) and Populus tremuloides (aspen) subjected to SO₂ and H₂S from a nearby natural gas processing plant were initiated near Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada during the summer of 1974. The site was characterized as a Pinus-Picea glauca/Arctostaphylos uva-ursi association (pine-white spruce/bearberry). A 15 m high scaffold was used as access to mid-crown foliage in the pines while the spruce and aspen were accessible from the round. Net assimilation rates, transpiration rates and leaf resistances were calculated and water deficits were monitored. Photosynthetic rates measured were in a low range for the conifers studied, with pine having a maximum of 3.28 mg dm^?2 h^?1 and white spruce a maximum value of 2.3 mg dm^?2 h^?1 The low maximum photosynthetic rate determined for aspen is thought to be attributable to the onset of autumn. Chemical analyses for SO₄-sulfur using the methylene blue colorimetric method of Johnson and Nishita (1952) showed levels of 300 to 700 ppm, with the older foliage showing slightly higher values. Visible chronic S02 symptoms had a pronounced sun, or upward, orientation. Ambient SOD H₂S and total S were measured using a Tracor 270HA Atmospheric Sulfur Analyzer (chromatographic method) and trends in ambient SO₂ concentrations using an Envirometrics SO₂ Analyzer (polarographic method). Concentration was found to be variable for SO₂ and generally below 0.05 ppm. A concentration gradient of SO₂ was found to exist in the lodgepole pine/jack pine stand with the SO₂ values above the canopy generally higher than below the canopy (0.1 ppm above and 0.05 ppm below). This condition was occasionally reversed. The plant canopy is considered to act as a barrier to downward diffusion of the S emissions in the first case and also a barrier to upward diffusion of S emissions present due to advection in the stand in the second case. The vegetative environment surrounding the Windfall Gas Plant is definitely affected by S gas emissions but the extent remains to be determined.     

不同类型园林植物群落冠层的截留能力研究

[目的] 对不同类型园林植物群落冠层截留能力进行研究,为选择冠层截留效果最优的植物群落配置提供理论依据。[方法] 选取7种不同结构的植物群落采用实测法分别测定林外降雨量、林下穿透雨量、树干茎流量,再利用水量平衡法求得冠层截留量,进行分析对比。[结果] 单层针阔混交林的冠层截留率达到了49.86%,截留效果最好。单层阔叶灌木截留率为23.66%,截留效果最差。林外降雨量与林下穿透雨量、树干茎流量、冠层截留量呈线性正相关,拟合系数R²均在0.9左右。对冠层特性与冠层截留能力进行相关性分析的结果为,叶面积指数、郁闭度、冠层厚度、绿化覆盖面积和三维绿量与穿透率呈负相关,与截留率呈正相关。[结论] 园林植物群落冠层对雨水有一定的截留能力,且不同类型的群落有一定的差异性,单层阔叶灌木的截留率最低,单层针阔混交林的截留率最高;叶面积指数与郁闭度越高、冠层越厚、绿化覆盖面积与三维绿量越大,园林植物群落的冠层截留能力越好。     

运用Gash修正模型对祁连山北麓中段青海云杉林降水截留的模拟

选择祁连山北麓中段排露沟流域青海云杉林为研究对象,基于2019年生长季(5—9月)降水截留观测数据、气象数据和林地调查资料,对其降水截留过程进行分析,运用Gash修正模型模拟青海云杉林降水截留过程。结果表明:研究期间林外大气降雨总量为418.7 mm,降雨主要为中、小雨。穿透雨量、树干茎流量、林冠截留量分别为284.5,6.7,127.5 mm,占大气降雨总量的比例分别为67.94%,1.60%,30.46%。根据Gash修正模型模拟结果,穿透雨量、树干茎流量、林冠截留量值分别为302.2,3.7,112.8 mm,占大气降雨总量的比例分别为72.18%,0.88%,26.94%,与实测值相比,三者的相对误差分别为6.22%,44.78%,11.53%。通过对Gash修正模型参数敏感性分析,参数在-50%～50%的变化过程中对林冠截留率的影响排序为EcRSS_tP_t。总体来说,Gash修正模型在祁连山青海云杉林降水截留的模拟运用中表现出很好的拟合效果,研究成果可为开展祁连山青海云杉林水分循环研究提供一定参考。     

温带针阔混交林内温度和水汽压垂直梯度变化特征

应用长白山针阔混交林2003-2005年空气温度和水汽压梯度观测资料,以4、7、10和1月分别代表春、夏、秋和冬季,分析不同季节典型晴天条件下林内气温、水汽压的垂直分布规律及其日变化特征,以冠层顶部的气温和水汽压为本底值构建林内气温和水汽压随观测高度变化的廓线函数,分析其变化特征。结果表明：(1)林内各观测高度的气温均具有单峰曲线形式的日变化特征,最高值出现在15：00左右,最低值出现在日出前,林内各高度气温日较差以秋季最大,冬季最小,各季气温日较差均随高度的增加而减小;(2)在春、秋和冬季,林内气温表现出随高度增加而升高的趋势,且具有明显的日变化规律,在正午前后林内气温的垂直梯度较小,甚至表现出气温随高度增加而减小的趋势,而其它时刻林内气温的垂直梯度较大,在夏季,各个时刻林内气温均随观测高度的增加而升高;(3)不同季节林内水汽压的日变化特征不同,春、秋和冬季各观测高度水汽压皆呈单峰曲线的分布规律,而夏季则呈双峰曲线形式的日变化规律;(4)同一时刻不同季节林内水汽压垂直分布规律存在显著差异,而同一季节不同时刻的水汽压垂直分布廓线形状相似,夏季林内水汽压随观测高度增加而降低的规律明显,其它季节水汽压的垂直梯度则较小;(5)林内气温和水汽压垂直分布廓线均近似满足对数曲线规律。     

太行山区不同人工林林冠截留降水的比较研究

林冠截留降水是林地水分循环中重要的水文过程。通过穿透降雨和树干径流自动采集系统对太行山区油松和侧柏两种典型人工林在天然降雨条件下林冠截留降水的生态水文过程进行了分析。结果表明,两种林分林冠截留和树干径流的过程都与林外降雨呈正相关关系。油松林冠截留降水的能力明显强于侧柏,而截留降水转化为树干径流流量则小于侧柏。油松林冠次降雨截留降水率约为18.9%,其中大约3.5%的截留降水转化为树干径流,大约81.7%的降水到达地面;侧柏林冠次降雨截留降水率约为13.3%,其中大约8.9%的截留降水转化为树干径流,大约88.9%的降水达地面。从林冠截留功能的角度分析,在太行山区进行人工造林时,坡度较缓山丘地区适宜种植侧柏,坡度较陡的山岭地区适宜种植油松。     

河北省太行山4种经济林林冠层的水文效应

[目的]探索河北省太行山区4种经济林林冠层的水文效应,揭示其水源涵养功能。[方法]选取位于石家庄市西南部山区的核桃、苹果、杏、樱桃成林,雨量筒测定穿透雨量,树干缠绕法测定树干径流量,分析林冠层水文效应。[结果] 4种经济林的林内穿透雨量、树干径流量均随林外降雨量增加而增大;林外降雨量达到45.1 mm之前,林冠截留量随之增加而增大,之后增大趋势减缓;次降雨量在14.3～29.5 mm时,4种经济林的林冠截留作用最大,截留量占比均在20%以上;林外降雨量一定的情况下,4种经济林林冠层对降雨的截留量有较大差异,其排序为:樱桃苹果核桃杏,与郁闭度大小排序一致,林内穿透雨量与截留量排序相反;树干径流量排序为:樱桃杏核桃苹果,与平均地径大小排序基本一致。[结论] 4种经济林林冠层对降雨的再分配作用明显,林冠截留作用主要与林外降雨量有关,受林分类型、树冠结构特征如郁闭度、树木地径等的影响。     

Vertical structure of evapotranspiration at a forest site (a case study)

The components of ecosystem evapotranspiration of a Norway spruce forest (Picea abies L.) as well as the vertical structure of canopy evapotranspiration were analyzed with a combination of measurements and models for a case study of 5 days in September 2007. Eddy-covariance and sap flux measurements were performed at several heights within the canopy at the FLUXNET site Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay) in the Fichtelgebirge mountains in Germany. Within and above canopy fluxes were simulated with two stand-scale models, the 1D multilayer model ACASA that includes a third-order turbulence closure and the 3D model STANDFLUX. The soil and understory evapotranspiration captured with the eddy-covariance system in the trunk space constituted 10% of ecosystem evapotranspiration measured with the eddy-covariance system above the canopy. A comparison of transpiration measured with the sap flux technique and inferred from below and above canopy eddy-covariance systems revealed higher estimates from eddy-covariance measurements than for sap flux measurements. The relative influences of possible sources of this mismatch, such as the assumption of negligible contribution of evaporation from intercepted water, and differences between the eddy-covariance flux footprint and the area used for scaling sap flux measurements, were discussed. Ecosystem evapotranspiration as well as canopy transpiration simulated with the two models captured the dynamics of the measurements well, but slightly underestimated eddy-covariance values. Profile measurements and models also gave us the chance to assess in-canopy profiles of canopy evapotranspiration and the contributions of in-canopy layers. For daytime and a coupled or partly coupled canopy, mean simulated profiles of both models agreed well with eddy-covariance measurements, with a similar performance of the ACASA and the STANDFLUX model. Both models underestimated profiles for nighttime and decoupled conditions. During daytime, the upper half of the canopy contributed approximately 80% to canopy evapotranspiration, whereas during nighttime the contribution shifted to lower parts of the canopy.     

塔河流域天然胡杨林不同林龄地上生物量及碳储量

[目的]探讨不同林龄单株胡杨地上部分生物量、林分的生物量及碳储量的分布特征,为进一步开展胡杨天然林生态系统碳循环、碳储量、固碳速率和潜力研究提供基础。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区轮台县天然胡杨林为研究对象,利用不同林龄下不同径阶的标准解析木样本数据,构建胡杨地上部分各器官的生物量回归模型,探讨不同林龄胡杨地上部分的生物量组成、分配以及各器官生物量随年龄的变化规律。[结果]随着林龄的增加,单株胡杨地上部分各器官生物量呈上升趋势,其中树干占主导地位。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林的林分地上生物量分别为:4.91,7.95,19.47,61.95,47.64t/hm2,且随林龄的增加胡杨林地上部分生物量先增加后稍有降低;胡杨林地上部分不同器官平均含碳率从大到小依次为:树干(48.17%)树枝(47.75%)树皮(46.13%)树叶(44.90%),且随林龄的增加不同器官含碳率先增加后降低,但各器官之间含碳率差异不显著;塔河流域胡杨林碳储量随林龄先增加后降低,大小顺序为成熟林(30.38t/hm2)过熟林(23.26t/hm2)近熟林(9.30t/hm2)中龄林(3.69t/hm2)幼龄林(2.20t/hm2)。[结论]地上部分各器官碳储量按依次排列为:树干树枝树皮树叶,树干是胡杨林地上部分碳储量的主要器官。     

A Suggestion of a Simple Transfer Function for the Use of Ozone Monitoring Data in Dose-response Relationships Obtained Using Open-Top Chambers

A simple relationship for transforming ozone monitoring data from different measurement heights to the level relevant to response functions obtained using open-top chambers is suggested. The transfer function was tested using measurements at different heights above the ground (1.1, 2 and 10 m) over a field crop of oat. Only daytime conditions with ozone concentrations above 30 ppb at 10 m height were considered. The agreement between the measured and the calculated ozone concentration at plant height was good, with the exception of situations with very low wind speeds. Thus, the transfer function offers an opportunity to make corrections for the vertical ozone concentration gradient in estimations of yield loss due to ozone. Required input data are monitoring height, stand height of the crop and wind speed. The canopy resistance to ozone uptake, r_c, for cereals was set to 75 s m-¹ based on published data. Using the present data set, a typical daytime value of r_c was found to be 80 s m-¹. Considering only situations with Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) >700 mole m-² s-¹, a typical value was around 60 s m-¹.     

基于小班水平的东洞庭湖区域马尾松林健康评价

[目的]对东洞庭湖区域的优势树种马尾松林进行健康评价研究,为该区域科学经营森林,改善区域人居环境和生态环境建设提供参考和借鉴。[方法]依据马尾松林样地调查、岳阳市森林资源二类调查和湖南省林业资源信息系统获取马尾松林数据。并从生产力、结构性、可持续性及抗干扰性4个方面选择了马尾松林14个健康评价指标,依据方差贡献率确定指标权重,计算有代表性的329个马尾松林小班得分与既有的健康等级定性指标标准比较确定小班的健康状况。[结果]优质小班14个,健康小班76个,亚健康小班221个,不健康小班18个,分别占所选样本总面积的7.33%,24.62%,61.34%,6.71%。[结论]该区域马尾松林总体上处于亚健康与不健康状况;天然林健康状况好于人工林;混交林健康状况优于马尾松纯林;高海拔、陡坡、边远区域马尾松林健康状况明显优于低海拔、居民密集区域。     

Effects of acidic deposition on soil ecosystems under forest in the Chongqing region of China

The effects of acidic deposition on soil ecosystems under temperate coniferous forest in the Chongqing region of China were investigated from 1993 to 1994. Precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, soil solutions, and soil samples were collected to estimate the acidification of soil ecosystems through the changes of their chemical components. The concentrations of ion species in the throughfall and stemflow under masson pine forest in Mt. Zhenwu were higher than those under mixed coniferous forest in Mt. Jinyun and under camphor tree forest in Laojundong, suggesting that Mt. Zhenwu is located in the vicinity of the Chongqing center and that it allowed the canopy of masson pine to intercept air pollutants. However, the level of aluminum dissolution into soil solutions was relatively low under masson pine forest in Mt. Zhenwu in spite of the low pH in the stemflow.