活化过硫酸钠氧化法修复DDTs污染场地土壤研究

本研究探讨了利用Fe2+活化过硫酸钠氧化修复长江三角洲地区某典型DDTs污染场地土壤的可行性。研究了不同因素对目标污染物去除效率的影响,包括起始pH与矿物耦合因素、过硫酸钠/Fe2+浓度比值因素和过硫酸钠浓度因素等。结果表明,当磁铁矿和赤铁矿投加到只含有过硫酸钠的泥浆体系时,在酸性和中性条件下都能显著提高DDTs的降解率(P0.01),并且pH 3.2条件时DDTs的降解率高于pH 7.7条件时的DDTs降解率;零价铁和菱铁矿因其二价铁含量较高,导致矿物近表面Fe2+过剩而消耗硫酸根自由基,进而降低了DDTs氧化效率。pH 3.2时,Fe2+/Na2S2O8的最优值为1/20,在此条件下0.16 mol/L的活化过硫酸钠反应24 h后得到DDTs最高降解率约为90%。同时还比较了活化过硫酸钠、过硫酸钠、Fenton试剂、H2O2、双氧化试剂(活化过硫酸钠与双氧水混用)和高锰酸钾6种氧化剂对DDTs氧化效果,评价了不同氧化剂的优劣之处。研究发现Fe2+活化过硫酸钠可以有效地降解DDTs的4种同系物,pH 3.2条件时6种氧化剂对DDTs的氧化降解率由大到小顺序为:活化过硫酸钠过硫酸钠Fenton试剂双氧化剂高锰酸钾H2O2。本研究结果表明活化过硫酸钠氧化法是修复DDTs污染场地土壤的有效方法,有较好的应用推广性。     

Desorption of DDT from a Contaminated Soil using Cosolvent and Surfactant Washing in Batch Experiments

1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) is a recalcitrant organic compound that is difficult to remove from contaminated soil due to its low solubility. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of both cosolvents and surfactants in enhancing the solubility of p,p′-DDT from a soil that has been contaminated with DDT for nearly 40 yr. The presence of selected surfactants removed less than 1 to 11% of p,p′-DDT compared to cosolvents, which removed less than 1 to 77% of p,p′-DDT from the same soil. The low solubility of p,p′-DDT in the presence of surfactants was attributed to the decreased surfactant concentration to below critical micelle concentrationfollowing sorption by soil surfaces. Enhanced solubility of p,p′-DDT was achieved with the use of cosolvents that releasedup to 77% of p,p′-DDT from a contaminated soil. Increasing the solution concentration and hydrophobicity of the cosolvent increased the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed. For example, the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed increased in the order 5% 1-propanol << 50% ethanol << 50% 1-propanol. Repeated washing of the soil with various cosolvents, in all but two cases, markedly increased the total amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed from the soil. For example, repeated washing of the soil with 50% ethanol increased the amount of p,p′-DDT removed by 42% while repeated washings of the soil with 50% 1-propanol had little effect on the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed. Increasing the soil-solution ratio from 1:2 to 1:10 in the presence of 40% 1-propanol increased the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed by 100%; suggesting that the soil-solution ratio was an important parameterin controlling the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed.     

表面活性剂强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤

为了提升石油烃污染土壤的修复效率，考察了不同表面活性剂(吐温-80 (Tw-80)、曲拉通X 100 (TX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS))对过硫酸钠氧化土壤中石油烃的强化效果，并分析了表面活性剂SDS强化修复效果较优的原因。土壤中石油烃的去除率遵循如下趋势：SDS>SDBS>TX 100>Tw-80。SDS强化修复效果较优可能与其在土壤中吸附量较小对石油烃的增溶效果好、上清液中过渡态金属含量较高及对过硫酸钠分解消耗少有关。通过优化反应参数，可以进一步提高SDS强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤的效率，对采自武汉和盘锦的两种石油烃污染土壤都具有较好的修复效果。     

亚油酸钠刺激多环芳烃污染土壤微生物修复的机理研究

根系分泌物在多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的植物根际修复过程中发挥关键作用,但是向土壤中单独施入根系分泌物化学物质对PAHs去除的影响还少有研究。本试验通过土壤微宇宙培养试验和高通量测序技术研究了根系分泌物亚油酸钠对土壤微生物群落及PAHs降解的影响。结果发现,60 d后,添加肥料与亚油酸钠处理对土壤中PAHs的去除率为40.6%,显著高于仅施肥处理的17.4%。主坐标分析(PCo A)表明添加亚油酸钠显著改变了土壤微生物群落,土壤细菌和真菌群落组成与仅施肥处理明显分异。此外,亚油酸钠的添加还促进了PAHs降解菌如Marmoricola、Streptomyces、unclassified_Intrasporangiaceae和Kribbella等细菌,以及unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Mortierella和Humicola等真菌的富集。LEFSe分析表明,Streptomyces、Kribbella和Humicola是添加亚油酸钠处理的主要微生物标记物,且Streptomyces和Kribbella相对丰度与土壤中PAHs...     

不同改良剂施用对污染土壤养分转化及砷和铅生物有效性的影响

为比较不同小龙虾壳基土壤改良剂对砷、铅复合污染土壤的修复效果,通过盆栽试验,探究施用1％(w/w)小龙虾壳粉(CSP)、甲壳素(CT)、小龙虾壳炭(CSB)及甲壳素-小龙虾壳炭配施(CT-CSB,CT∶CSB为1∶1)对土壤养分、酶活性、重金属生物有效性及青菜生长的影响.结果 表明,不同改良剂施用均可显著提高土壤pH和...     

生物泥浆反应器在污染土壤修复中的应用

近年来生物修复技术因具有处理费用低、不产生二次污染且处理效果可靠有效的特点被认为是最具生命力的一种土壤处理手段.总结了生物泥浆反应器这种高效生物修复技术的原理,工艺流程、运行方式、应用范围和运行费用,并重点介绍了其强化手段.已有的土壤生物修复技术受环境条件限制较大,很难在短时间内达到修复目的,生物泥浆反应器作为一种高效的土壤生物修复技术在高浓度、难降解有机物污染土壤的快速修复处理中具有良好的研究开发价值和广阔的应用前景.     

腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复中的应用综述

随着城市化发展和产业结构调整,大量遗留的工业污染场地对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁,新的修复技术和修复材料亟待开发,腐殖质作为天然有机材料对污染场地土壤修复的作用已经引起研究人员的广泛关注。综述了土壤腐殖质的结构与性质、分离与纯化方法,在此基础上阐述了腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复,特别是有机污染物和重金属修复中的作用,并介绍了腐殖质作为有机修复剂在土壤修复工程实践中的应用现状,最后提出腐殖质在土壤修复中还需要重点研究的方向,以期为腐殖质作为新的工程材料在土壤修复中的开发利用提供理论基础和技术参考。     

长期秸秆还田对土壤肥力质量的影响

从20世纪80年代开始,分别在江苏常熟和江西进贤布置长期定位试验,研究秸秆还田对乌栅土及红壤性水稻土土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:无论是乌栅土还是红壤性水稻土,秸秆与化肥配合施用下,土壤全N、全P、速效P和速效K含量与不施肥的CK处理相比显著提高;另外,红壤性水稻土的秸秆还田土壤全N、全P、速效P含量与单一施用化肥处理相比显著提高(P＜0.05).同样,上述两种土壤的土壤有机质含量较单一施用化肥的处理显著增加,而且从腐殖质的组分分析可知:腐殖酸C、胡敏酸C与富里酸C的比值均显著提高,表明土壤有机质品质得以改善.因此,长期的秸秆与化肥配合施用是提高土壤肥力的有效措施之一.     

固定化微生物技术及其在污染土壤修复中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种新的生物处理技术,与普通生物处理法相比有许多优点.本文对固定化微生物的制备方法、固定化微生物的载体、固定化微生物的反应特性以及固定化微生物技术在污染土壤治理中的应用和研究进展状况进行了综述,并对其今后的发展方向作了探讨.     

Hot NTA Application Enhanced Metal Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soil

To increase the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals and to reduce the potential negative effects of mobilized metals on the surrounding environment are the two major objectives in a chemically enhanced phytoextraction process. In the present study, a biodegradable chelating agent, NTA, was added in a hot solution at 90°C to soil in which beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., white bean) were growing. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cd, and the total phytoextraction of metals by the shoots of the plant from a 1 mmol kg^?1 hot NTA application exceeded those in the shoots of plants treated with 5 mmol kg^?1 normal NTA and EDTA solutions (without heating treatment). A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of metals in the shoots of beans and the relative electrolyte leakage rate of root cells, indicating that the root damage resulting from the application of a hot solution might play an important role in the process of chelate-enhanced metal uptake in plants. The application of hot NTA solutions did not significantly increase metal solubilization in soil in comparison with a normal application of solution of the same dosage. Therefore, the application of a hot NTA solution may provide a more efficient alternative in chemical-enhanced phytoextraction, although further studies of techniques of application in fields are sill required.     

膨润土和沸石在镉污染土壤治理中的应用

采用通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土和沸石对镉污染土壤的治理效果。结果表明,施加膨润土后不同污染程度土壤的交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的质量分数都有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的质量分数则有所上升。沸石和膨润土对轻度、中度镉污染土壤都表现出钝化作用,对重度镉污染土壤,膨润土对镉的钝化效果明显,而沸石却起到了激活镉的作用。在不同程度镉污染土壤上,膨润土可增加乌塌菜的生物量,并可抑制其对镉的吸收,降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,对乌塌菜的生长具有显著的促进作用。沸石对轻度和中度镉污染土壤均可降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,促进乌塌菜的生长并增加其生物量;对重度镉污染土壤,沸石对乌塌菜的生长影响较小,乌塌菜植株体内镉的积累显著增加。     

膨润土和沸石在镉污染土壤治理中的应用

采用通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土和沸石对镉污染土壤的治理效果。结果表明,施加膨润土后不同污染程度土壤的交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的质量分数都有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的质量分数则有所上升。沸石和膨润土对轻度、中度镉污染土壤都表现出钝化作用,对重度镉污染土壤,膨润土对镉的钝化效果明显,而沸石却起到了激活镉的作用。在不同程度镉污染土壤上,膨润土可增加乌塌菜的生物量,并可抑制其对镉的吸收,降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,对乌塌菜的生长具有显著的促进作用。沸石对轻度和中度镉污染土壤均可降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,促进乌塌菜的生长并增加其生物量;对重度镉污染土壤,沸石对乌塌菜的生长影响较小,乌塌菜植株体内镉的积累显著增加。     

Mercury Mobilization in a Contaminated Industrial Soil for Phytoremediation

The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using plants for mercury (Hg) removal from a contaminated industrial soil, increasing the metal's bioaccessibility by using mobilizing agents: ammonium thiosulphate [(NH₄)₂S₂O₃] and potassium iodide (KI). The selected plant species were Brassica juncea and Poa annua. The addition of the mobilizing agents promoted Hg uptake by plants, with respect to controls. Treatments promoted Hg translocation to aerial parts. In the case of Poa annua, greater Hg uptake was found in plants after the 100 mM KI treatment, reaching values that were nearly 400 mg kg^?1 in the aerial part. In contrast, Brassica juncea plants accumulated in their aerial part the greatest Hg quantities, about 100 mg kg^?1, after treatment with 0.27 M (NH₄)₂S₂O₃. The ratio between the concentration of Hg in the shoots and the initial concentration in the soil support the potential for successfully applying Hg phytoextraction on this soil.     

Microbial Communities in Long-Term Heavy Metal Contaminated Ombrotrophic Peats

High concentrations of heavy metals are known to be toxic to many soil organisms. The effects of long-term exposure to lower levels of metals on the soil microbial community are, however, less well understood. The southern Pennines of the U.K. are characterised by expanses of ombrotrophic peat soils that have experienced deposition of high levels of heavy metals since the mid to late 1800s. Concentrations of metals in the peat remain high but the effect of the contamination on the in-situ microbial communities is unknown. Geochemical and molecular polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and sequencing techniques were used to derive new information on the metal chemistry and microbial populations in peat soils from six locations in the southern Pennines. All sites were highly acidic (pH 3.00–3.14) with high concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals, particularly porewater Zn and particulate-associated Pb. The results also reveal a split in site characteristics between the most polluted sites with the highest levels of bioavailable metals (Bleaklow, FeatherBed Moss and White Hill) and those with much lower bioavailable metals (Cowms Moor, Holme Moss and Round Hill). There was no difference in the number of dominant bacterial species between the sites but there were significant differences in the species composition. At the three sites with the highest levels of bioavailable metals, bacterial species with a high similarity to acidophilic sulphur- and iron-oxidizing bacteria and those from high metal environments were detected. The transformations carried out by these metal mobilising and acid producing bacteria may make heavy metals more bioavailable and therefore more toxic to higher organisms. Bacteria with similarity to those typically found in forest and grassland soils were documented at the three sites with the lowest levels of bioavailable metals. The data highlight the need for further studies to elucidate the species diversity and functionality of bacteria in heavy metal contaminated peats in order to assess implications for moorland restoration.     

Sorption Kinetics and Transformation of DDT in Sediment

The overall objective of this study was to investigate the sorption kinetics of DDT in sediment under similar experimental conditions employed in corresponding toxicity studies for bentic organisms. A batch of aerated Schoonrewoerdse Wiel sediment, initially spiked with DDT, was sampled over a period of seven days. Concentrations of DDT, DDD and DDE were determined in both the solid and the solution phase in the sediment/water system after separation by centrifugation. It was found that the extractable amount of DDT decreased with increasing contact time. This can partly be explained in terms of transformation of DDT into DDD. Furthermore, the present applied extraction procedure seems to be less effective with increasing contact time, indicating an increase in binding strength of DDT with the sediment material. Finally, on the basis of DDT, DDE and DDD concentrations in both the solid phase and the solution phase, partition coefficients were calculated, which appeared to be independent of the contact time. This points at a very rapid equilibrating between DDT in pore water and in the extractable forms adsorbed at the solid phase.     

不同降雨强度下污染土重金属元素随径流迁移转化特征

通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨降雨强度下(29.9,55.2,78.5mm/h)空白土和污染土Cu、Pb和Zn随地表径流的迁移转化特征。结果表明,空白土与污染土径流携带的泥沙量均随降雨强度的增大而增大,土壤受重金属污染对侵蚀泥沙量的变化影响不大;污染土径流中水溶态Cu、Zn含量明显高于空白土含量,且基本不受降雨强度影响,其大小主要由土壤酸溶态中的可交换态含量决定,3种重金属水溶性含量大小为ZnCuPb;不管对于空白土还是污染土,径流中重金属总浓度都随降雨强度的增大而增大,但污染土增加的幅度明显比空白土大,且与泥沙量变化趋势基本一致,而空白土无此规律。     

木醋液对Cd污染石灰性土壤理化性质及Cd形态转化的影响

为寻找可行的强化Cd污染土壤植物修复的方法,通过室内培养试验,设置7个不同稀释梯度木醋液添加处理,研究木醋液对石灰性重金属污染土壤的理化性质、酶活性和Cd形态的影响。结果表明:随木醋液浓度升高,土壤pH逐渐降低,EC(除原液外)无明显变化。土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较CK分别增加0.35%~66.64%,9.74%~96.10%,31.71%~56.64%,8.34%~30.87%。稀释10~100倍土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性明显增加,而稀释5倍和木醋液原液处理土壤酶活性显著被抑制(P＜0.05)。土壤可交换态Cd含量除稀释5倍处理外较CK均[JP]显著升高(P＜0.05),增加24.69%~72.40%。各处理Cd的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物态及有机物结合态含量较CK均升高,分别为6.67%~196.70%,16.24%~80.09%,31.51%~70.32%。Cd残渣态含量与CK相比均显著降低,降幅为45.88%~59.93%(P＜0.05)。综上所述,添加适宜浓度的木醋液可提高土壤养分含量和酶活性,促进残渣态Cd向其他形态转化。     

Agrocenosis Stability during Long-Term Application of Fertilizers on Soddy-Podzolic Soil

Eurasian Soil Science - In a long-term field experiment in the western part of the nonchernozemic zone of Russia (Smolensk oblast) on sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Glossic Retisol...     

生物表面活性剂在石油污染土壤生物预制床修复中的应用研究

通过拮抗实验选用高效降解菌B2020,真菌F2006、F2008、F6、F9904、F9902进行互配,对生物预制床中的高凝油、稠油、特稠油、稀油进行处理,发现生物表面活性剂对石油的降解有促进降解作用,在90~120d降解率提高较大。如果空气温度较高,无论是否施用生物表面活性剂,石油的降解速率都得到了大幅度提高,平均提高幅度为15%左右。因此,生物修复应尽量选择在温度较高的季节进行。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。