Serological response to a booster foot-and-mouth disease vaccination with strains different from the primary vaccine

Young calves were vaccinated with Belgian foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine and revaccinated with either the same vaccine or with a foreign FMD vaccine.There was a significant serological response to the primary vaccine strains after the first vaccination which was greater following revaccination. At one and two months after revaccination there was no significant difference between the responses to revaccination with vaccine identical to the primary vaccine or with the foreign FMD vaccine.It was concluded that revaccination of young calves is effective even with an FMD vaccine different from the primary vaccine.     

Immersion booster vaccination effect on sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles

In each challenge 30 sea bass juveniles (mean weight 3.3 +/- 0.2 g SD) were used. During the whole experiment (water T: 18 +/- 1 degrees C) the fish were held in four 50l seawater independent recirculation systems (one fish group per 50l system). The protection to the pathogen Vibrio anguillarum was tested on booster vaccinated sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles. The vaccination was performed by immersion for 60 s in a commercial anti-V. anguillarum vaccine suspension. Booster vaccination took place 60 days after the initial immunization. Thirty days after the booster vaccination all the fish received intraperitoneally (IP) 3.0 x 10(6) cfu/fish (colony forming units) virulent V. anguillarum bacteria. The booster vaccination showed a strong protection effect on the challenged sea bass. In the next 20 days after the challenge the mortality was 0% among the booster vaccinated sea bass, 10% among the once vaccinated fish and 50% in the control group (unvaccinated fish). No mortality was observed among the unvaccinated sea bass injected IP with sterile normal saline by the challenge.     

Action of the vaccination of sows against E. coli infections with a subsequent postpartum booster

In an eastern european pig productions unit with high prevalence of suckling piglets diarrhoea during late lactation the following trial was conducted: The sows were assigned to an experimental and to a control group and were treated as follows: Group one (15 sows) were vaccinated with a single 2 ml dose of Porcovac Plus (H?chst Roussel Vet.) during their late pregnancy (gilts were vaccinated twice). Booster vaccination was performed between day 2-7 p.p. Group two (15 sows) were vaccinated during their late pregnancy the same was as the sows in the group one, but received no p.p. Booster. The following parameter were evaluated. A: Preweaning diarrhoea B: Preweaning mortality C: Three weeks weaning litter weights D: Postweaning mortality E: Average weight gain during the first 3 weeks postweaning The results revealed a marked difference between the groups (group 1: 16.1% vs. group 2: 23.3%) regarding preweaning diarrhoea (parameter A). A similar difference was to be seen regarding parameter B (preweaning mortality) between the groups (group 1: 7.5% vs. group 2: 10.7%). In spite of this there was a non significant difference as regards weaning litter weights (parameter C) between group 1: 59.2 +/- 2.4 kg and group 2: 57 +/- 2.2 kg. Postweaning parameters showed better results in the booster vaccinated group regarding both evaluated parameter as well. Regarding piglet mortality (parameter D) there was a marked difference between the group 1 (0.67%) and group 2 (2.1%) to be seen. Regarding average daily gain (parameter E) between group 1 (470 +/- 11 gr) and group 2 (380 +/- 9 gr) there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) to be discovered. It is the opinion of the authors that p.p. Booster vaccination of the sows is an economically important tool in large and small pig production units.     

Influence of the timing of an early postnatal booster vaccination on some fertility parameters in sows

In a large pig production unit, with high prevalence of E. coli caused postpartal urogenital diseases of the breeding animals and diarrhoea of the piglets, the pregnant sows received during their late pregnancy a Porcovac plus E. coli vaccination. The vaccinated sows were assigned to two experimental groups and were treated postpartal (p. p.) as follows: Group 1 (421 sows): received an E. Coli booster on the first p. p. day Group 2 (299 sows): received a booster on the 7th p. p. day The following parameters were evaluated: A: Weaning-estrus-intervals B: Farrowing Rate The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) shorter weaning-estrus-interval (Parameter A) in group 1 when compared to group 2 (7.21 +/- 1.04 vs. 9.84 +/- 1.11). Regarding parameter B (farrowing rate) the groups showed no significant difference (group 1: 89.9% vs. group 2: 91.8%). It is the opinion of the authors that in large pig production units with high incidence of urogenital diseases an early p. p. E. coli Booster should be performed, because of its positive effect on the weaning-estrus-intervals.     

Cost-efficient vaccination of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) against rabies and the need for a new baiting strategy

In this study, ecological models, optimisation algorithms and threshold analysis were linked to develop oral-vaccination strategies against rabies in fox populations. It is important that such strategies are cost-efficient and resistant to environmental conditions which would lessen their success.The model validation shows that the ecological models used are suited to predict the proportion of tetracycline- (TC) marked foxes in the course of time. This figure indicates the proportion of foxes which had at least one contact to vaccine baits, and is based on the design of the vaccination strategy (i.e. the number and timing of vaccination campaigns and the number of baits used per square kilometre and campaign). The design of a vaccination strategy also determines the costs.It is the combination of ecological models and optimisation algorithms that helped us to design a vaccination strategy which is capable of achieving a continuous rate of >70% of TC-marked foxes within an analytical horizon of 3 years at low costs. Compared to the standard strategy (baseline comparator), the improved strategy incurs just over half of the cost while almost doubling the number of weeks during which the proportion of TC-marked foxes is >70%.In the improved strategy, June is recommended as the time for bait distribution. The standard strategy, however, avoids summer months (because high temperatures reduce the durability of the baits) which again leads to a reduction of the bait intake by the foxes. Using threshold analysis, we examined the effect of a reduced durability of the baits on the design of the improved vaccination strategy. We concluded that distribution of baits in June was optimal given that the durability of baits is above a threshold of 7 days.     

Effect of booster shot and investigation of vaccination efficacy period against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in goldfish Carassius auratus

In this study, the efficacy period of an intraperitoneal vaccination and effect of a booster shot of vaccine against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in goldfish Carassius auratus were investigated. Cell culture supernatant of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), causative agent of HVHN, propagated in goldfish fin (GFF) cells was inactivated with formalin (0.1%, v/v) for 2 days at 4 °C. Three groups of the variety Ryukin were individually intraperitoneally injected with the vaccine and each group was separately maintained in replicate tanks. After 4 weeks (Vaccinated-4w-1 and 2) and 8 weeks (Vaccinated-8w-1 and 2) from the first vaccination, the fish were CyHV-2-challenged by the immersion route (10 TCID₅₀ l⁻¹). In addition, the other vaccinated group of fish were injected with a booster vaccine 4 weeks after the first vaccination as the Vaccinated-booster groups, then the fish of these groups were CyHV-2-challenged by the immersion route (10 TCID₅₀ l⁻¹) after 8 weeks from the first vaccination. The mean of the relative percentage survival (RPS) values of the Vaccinated-4w and 8w groups showed 42.5% and 57.6%, respectively. In addition, the mean RPS value of Vaccinated-booster groups showed 63.6%. Statistical analysis showed significantly higher survival rates in all the vaccinated groups than those of the respective negative control groups using Fisher's exact test. Moreover, the survival rates of vaccinated-booster groups were significantly higher (p = 0.036) compared with the respective control groups by Student's t test. The present study shows the efficacy period of the vaccine is at least 8 weeks and a booster shot showed a tendency to enhance the protection against HVHN in goldfish.     

Concurrent vaccination of goats with foot and mouth disease (FMD) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) booster vaccines

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) remains subclinical and self-limiting in small ruminants, but risk of spread of infection to susceptible cohorts is of great epidemiological significance; therefore, small ruminants must be included in vaccination campaigns in FMD endemic regions. Three groups of goats already immunized against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) were vaccinated with FMD and PPR vaccines alone or concurrently. The specific antibody response against three FMD virus strains and PPR virus were evaluated by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Goats concurrently vaccinated with PPR + FMD vaccines had significantly (p < 0.05) higher antibody titers to two serotypes of FMD virus at 28, 45, and 60 days post-immunization compared to goats vaccinated with FMD vaccine alone, while goats vaccinated with PPR vaccines alone or PPR + FMD vaccines concurrently showed similar antibody kinetics against PPR virus up till 60 days post-vaccination. Overall, antibody kinetic curves for all three tested strains of FMD virus and PPR virus were similar in vaccinated groups during the course of experiment.     

犬的疫苗与接种问题

免疫接种是指应用疫苗、菌苗、类毒苗、免疫血清等生物制剂，激发动物机体产生特异性抵抗力，使易感动物转化为非易感动物。临床上根据接种时间不同，分为预防性接种和紧急性接种。在经常发生传染病的地区或受传染威胁的地区，平时有计划地给健康动物免疫接种，或在动物输入输出时的计划外免疫接种，称为预防性接种。在发生传染病时，为了迅速控制和扑灭疾病的流行，对疫区和受威胁区尚未发病的动物进行应急性免疫接种，称为紧急性接种。紧急接种的目的是建立免疫带，包围疫区，就地扑灭疫情。当前接种狂犬病疫苗是养犬法规规定的内容，既对犬只有益，也有利于人类健康。目前，国内大城市中的狂犬病发病率低，主要与给犬接种狂犬病疫苗有很大关系。下面结合工作实际，就犬疫苗接种的若干问题进行阐述：     

Assessing obesity in adult dogs and cats presenting for routine vaccination appointments in the North Island of New Zealand using electronic medical records data

Aims: To assess the prevalence of obesity in adult dogs and cats presented to first-opinion veterinary clinics in the North Island of New Zealand for routine vaccination appointments, using electronic medical records.

Methods: Ten first-opinion veterinary clinics across the North Island of New Zealand provided electronic medical records for all routine vaccination appointments for adult (>1 year old) dogs and cats between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2016. Animals with a body condition score (BCS) of 6 or 7 on a 9-point scale and 4 on a 5-point scale were classified as overweight; those with a BCS of 8 or 9 on a 9-point scale and 5 on a 5-point scale were classified as obese. A total of 106,144 records were available over the study period, of which 48,041 (45.2%) had both a recorded weight and BCS.

Results: Of the 24,247 records for dogs with both BCS and weight, 6,324 (26.1%) were classified as overweight, and 551 (2.3%) as obese. The prevalence of dogs classified as overweight or obese was highest in dogs aged between 5–13 years. The odds of desexed dogs being classified as overweight or obese was greater than the odds for intact dogs (OR=1.42 (95% CI=1.29–1.57), p<0.001) adjusting for the effects of age. Of the 23,794 records for cats with a recorded weight and BCS, 5,222 (21.9%) were classified as overweight, and 622 (2.6%) as obese. The prevalence of cats classified as overweight or obese was highest in cats aged between 5–11 years. The odds of desexed cats being classified as overweight or obese tended to be greater than the odds for intact cats (OR=1.14 (95% CI=0.98–1.31); p=0.075), adjusting for the effects of age.

Conclusions: Although there are limitations with using electronic medical records to estimate the prevalence of obesity in companion animal populations, the results highlight that a significant number of animals presenting for routine vaccination appointments were classified as overweight or obese.

Clinical Relevance: It is important for veterinarians to record both patient body condition and weight during routine preventative care appointments to allow accurate ongoing monitoring of trends in obesity at both the patient and population levels.

Abbreviations: BCS: Body condition score     

高致病性禽流感免疫的管理环节

一 严管疫苗生产环节 兽用生物制品生产厂家多,品种较多,质量不一,免疫效果各异,特别是高致病性禽流感疫苗,由于生产时间较短,疫苗质量不够稳定,副作用较为严重,包装规格单一,技术服务滞后．严重地影响了高致病性禽流感的免疫效果。如有的厂家疫苗生产的批准文号和疫苗产品不相符。有的中试产品或有临时批准文号的疫苗,不按规定范围随意大面积推广,有的同一厂家生产的疫苗,不同批次质量不一,免疫效果差异较大。