大麦病害及其特征

大麦是我国主要的粮食作物之一,在其生长发育过程中,由于自然环境的变化,常遭受各种病害,大麦生产受到不同程度的影响。对大麦产量影响较大的有大麦黄花叶病、大麦条纹花叶病、大麦赤霉病,而大麦条纹病、大麦黄矮病、大麦黑穗病、大麦白粉病和大麦网斑病等也是常见的大麦病害。阐述了上述病害的分布、发病原因、病原和防治途径。     

Virome identification in wheat in the Czech Republic using small RNA deep sequencing

High-throughput deep-sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis of the small RNA(sRNA) population isolated from plants allows universal virus detection and complete virome reconstruction for a given sample. In the present sRNA deep-sequencing analysis of virus-infected wheat samples in the Czech Republic, samples were firstly tested for barley yellow dwarf viruses(BYDVs), wheat streak mosaic virus(WSMV) and wheat dwarf virus(WDV) using ELISA, RT-PCR and PCR. Subsequent sRNA sequencing of these samples yielded more than ～60 million single-end 50-bp reads with high confidence for nine field samples of wheat. Overall, 16.5% of reads were virus-specific and 83.5% were mapped to the host. More 21-nt reads(～7.7 E+06 reads) were found than 24-nt(～6.20 E+06 reads) or 22-nt(～4.30 E+06 reads) reads. De novo assembly of the high-quality contigs revealed the presence of three earlier reported viruses in the Czech Republic: BYDVs(31.48%), WSMV(24.23%) and WDV(26.66%). We also showed the presence of cereal yellow dwarf virus(14.33%; two species CYDV-RPS and CYDV-RPV(family Luteoviridae/Polerovirus) and wheat yellow dwarf virus(WYDV, 3.30%; Luteoviridae). Phylogenetic analysis showed CYDV and WYDV grouped separately from BYDVs. Furthermore, several recombination breakpoints were found among the groups of yellow dwarf viruses(BYDVs, CYDV, and WYDV). Using RNA deep sequencing, we confirmed the presence of the three known viruses(BYDVs, WSMV, and WDV) and the first record of two species of CYDV and WYDV in wheat in the Czech Republic.     

中国大麦种质资源鉴定评价及其利用研究

报道了我国编入目录的16251份大麦种质资源。在形态特征、农艺性状（熟期、株高、千粒重）、抗病（大麦黄花叶病、赤霉病、黄矮病、条纹病）、抗逆（耐盐、耐旱、耐湿）和籽粒蛋白质含量诸方面的鉴定评价结果,并与国外大麦资源进行比较。筛选出一批珍贵的优异资源并研究其利用情况。     

Types of Maize Virus Diseases and Progress in Virus Identification Techniques in China

There are a total of more than 40 reported maize viral diseases worldwide.Five of them have reportedly occurred in China.They are maize rough dwarf disease,maize dwarf mosaic disease,maize streak dwarf disease,maize crimson leaf disease,maize wallaby ear disease and corn lethal necrosis disease.This paper reviewed their occurrence and distribution as well as virus identification techniques in order to provide a basis for virus identification and diagnosis in corn production.     

Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Virgaviridae,Hordeivirus</Emphasis>) As Etiological Agent of Maize Chlorotic Stripe Disease

The presence of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) (Virgaviridae, Hordeivirus) infection background in maize (Zea mays) crops in the territory of Primorsky krai was demonstrated. Field data and model experiments established that BSMV causes the disease formerly called “maize chlorotic stripe disease” with the following symptoms: general chlorosis of leaves at the early stages of plant development, the emergence of pale yellow, nearly white strikes along the midrib throughout the length of the leaf, and loss of infected plants to the stage of pulling (12–25%; average value of 17.1%) and elongation with the absence of severe death in the later stages. The coefficient of harmfulness for BSMV (37.1%) was determined in the study. We concluded that planned monitoring in relation to BSMV is required for planting maize.     

玉米推广品种与品种资源抗病毒病苗期鉴定初报

通过苗期人工接毒 ,对当前推广的 3 8个杂交种、1 8个自交系玉米品种进行了抗玉米矮花叶病毒鉴定 ,调查了 4 3 8个品种资源材料田间自然感染玉米矮花叶病毒和玉米粗缩病毒的情况。鉴定出高抗玉米矮花叶病毒的玉米杂交种 1 4个、自交系 6个 ,分别占供试材料的 3 6 84 %和 3 1 58% ,品种资源中存有大量的抗性材料 ,抗玉米矮花叶病和玉米粗缩病的材料均在 70 %以上     

Physical land suitability evaluation for specific cereal crops using GIS at Mashhad Plain, Northeast of Iran

Land evaluation is the process of predicting land use potential on the basis of its attributes. In the present study, the physical land suitability evaluation approach was investigated for specific cereal crops including irrigated wheat, barley, grain maize and sorghum, based on FAO land evaluation frameworks (FAO, 1976, 1983, 1985) and the proposed method by Sys et al. (1991) at Mashhad Plain, Northeast Iran. Twenty eight soil profiles were studied on seven land units by a precise soil survey and their morphological and physicochemical properties were determined. Climatic and land qualities/characteristics of four cereal crops were determined using the tables of crop requirements developed by Sys et al. (1993). An interpolation function was used to map values to scores in terms of land qualities/characteristics for land utilization types and the evaluation was carried out according to parametric approaches. The interpolation technique using GIS functions helped in managing the spatial data and visualizing the results. Our results indicated that the most important limiting factors for irrigated wheat and barley cultivations are soil physical and fertility/chemical properties, while the production of irrigated grain maize and sorghum is mainly limited by climatic conditions at Mashhad Plain. It was shown that all land units suitable for irrigated wheat cultivation overlap with that of barley, whereas the same limiting factors resulted in the overlapping of the irrigated grain maize production area with that of sorghum. The results of the physical land suitability evaluation for specific cereal crops indicated the priority of irrigated barley and wheat cultivations over irrigated grain maize and sorghum at the study area.     

玉米病毒病的发生及综合防治

玉米作为世界上重要的农作物,其病毒病害在玉米生产上造成巨大的经济损失。为了解病毒病的发生特点和症状表现,做好矮花叶病、粗缩病和条纹矮缩病等主要病毒病的综合防治工作,对这3种玉米病毒病害的发病症状以及综合防控措施等作了简要介绍。     

黑龙江省谷糜病毒病的鉴定

试验证明 ,谷糜病毒病毒原的传毒介体为灰飞虱 (L aodel phax striatella Fallen) ,不能经卵传毒 ,生物学测定及田间调查表明 ,该病毒病的症状在谷糜上略有不同 ,二者均表现为矮化、丛生、花叶、后期叶片变红 ,这与小麦丛矮病显著不同 ;谷子还表现硬穗症状。寄主范围与小麦丛矮病一致。EL ISA及免疫电镜测定结果表明 ,该病毒与小麦丛矮病的抗血清呈阳性反应 ,结果证实该病毒为小麦丛矮病毒 (WRSV) ,又称北方禾谷花叶病毒 (NCMV)。     

高粱红条病病原的分子鉴定

从山西高粱红条病病叶中得到一种病毒分离物,命名为GL-SX.根据甘蔗花叶病毒亚组(SCMV subgroup)外壳蛋白(CP)基因C-端和复制酶(NIb)基因C-端的保守序列设计引物,对GL-SX进行免疫捕获反转录PCR (IC-RT-PCR) 扩增,获得一条长约1.1 kb的扩增片段,扩增片段克隆后测定序列,该序列含1087个核苷酸(nt),编码362氨基酸(aa),取其中的近全长CP氨基酸序列(296 aa)与甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus, SCMV)、玉米矮花叶病毒 (Maize dwarf mosaic virus, MDMV)、高粱花叶病毒(Sorghum mosaic virus, SrMV)和约翰逊草花叶病毒(Johnsongrass mosaic virus, JGMV) 等4种病毒的对应序列进行同源性比较,结果与SCMV的同源性最高(95.3%),而与SrMV、MDMV和JGMV等3种病毒的同源性相对较低,依次为69.3%、69.1%和55.4%.根据Potyvirus属病毒种类划分的标准,将GL-SX鉴定为SCMV.将GL-SX的近全长CP氨基酸序列与SCMV种内各分离物的对应序列进行同源性比较及构建关系树,结果显示GL-SX与SCMV-MDB具有较远缘的种内亲缘关系,而与德国的一个SCMV玉米分离物(SCVM-Hoe)及中国的两个玉米分离物(SCMV-ZJ和SCMV-BJ)具有很高的同源性.     

Golden Promise barley(Hordeum vulgare) is a suitable candidate model host for investigation interaction with Heterodera avenae

Heterodera avenae(cereal cyst nematode, CCN) infects many cereal crops and causes serious yield losses worldwide. Interaction studies investigating H. avenae and its hosts are still in their infancy. In this study, a barley model plant, the Hordeum vulgare cultivar Golden Promise, was investigated for its potential as a candidate model host to study its interaction with H. avenae. CCN-infective juveniles were attracted by the root tips and gathered around the root elongation zones of Golden Promise on 0.7% water agar plates. The juveniles invaded the roots and developed successfully until maturation at 40 days after inoculation in sterile sand soil. The cryotomy and syncytium measurements indicated that the syncytia enlarged gradually throughout the development of the nematodes and caused the corresponding root regions to swell obviously. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the down-regulation of defence-related barley genes and up-regulation of development-related barley genes contribute to the understanding of compatible interaction between H. avenae and Golden Promise. Barley stripe mosaic virus(BSMV) virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS) can be used in the roots of Golden Promise. In conclusion, the Hordeum vulgare cultivar Golden Promise is a suitable candidate model host for interaction studies with Heterodera avenae. The studies presented above document the first CCN host that not only has published genome context but also be compatible to BSMV VIGS.     

陕西省玉米病毒病种类及分布

通过调查,介体接种传毒试验和电镜观察,明确陕西省目前玉米病毒病主要种类有玉米粗缩病,玉米矮花叶病和玉米红叶病３种。其中以玉米矮花叶病分布最广,几乎由全省所有玉米产区,玉米粗它们现次之,主要发生在渭南、西安、咸阳等关中东部灌区,玉米红叶病则仅在渭北及关中小麦黄矮病重发区常见。     

新疆加工番茄病毒病害的调查

对新疆奎屯、石河子、玛纳斯、昌吉、焉耆和博湖等加工番茄产区进行了加工番茄病毒病害调查。结果表明:加工番茄病毒病害2005~2006年间各地发病率达63%~91%,在田间主要表现为花叶、条斑坏死、蕨叶畸形、曲叶和矮化等多种病害症状,以花叶和坏死条斑为主,其中花叶占78%,条斑占37%,并且条斑症状90%以上都伴有花叶症状。病毒种类以TMV为优势病毒种类,占86.4%;CMV次之,占28.1%,TMV和CMV复合浸染占17.7%,PVY有零星发生,占3.2%。另外,调查显示新疆加工番茄病毒病害的发生严重程度与栽培措施有一定的关系。     

小麦远缘杂交现状、抗病基因转移及利用研究进展

小麦近缘植物中含有丰富的抗病、抗逆和抗虫等基因,是小麦育种的优异基因源。通过远缘杂交可以将近缘植物优异基因转移给小麦,创制包括双二倍体或部分双二倍体、附加系、代换系和易位系等在内的小麦-近缘植物异染色体系。这些含小麦近缘植物血缘的异染色体系是研究物种染色体行为与进化、基因定位与作图的重要素材,也是拓宽小麦的遗传基础、抵御小麦重要病虫害、增加小麦产量和提升小麦品质的重要物质基础。为了更加清晰地了解小麦远缘杂交概况及小麦近缘植物抗病基因向小麦的转移,也为今后小麦远缘杂交研究和种质资源的开发利用提供参考,文中对小麦族物种分类、小麦远缘杂交的定义与意义、小麦族山羊草属、黑麦属、偃麦草属、簇毛麦属、冰草属、大麦属、披碱草属、赖草属、新麦草属以及旱麦草属物种与小麦远缘杂交现状和异染色体系创制情况进行了概括,并对来源于小麦近缘植物被正式命名的17个抗条锈病基因、35个抗叶锈病基因、30个抗秆锈病基因、41个抗白粉病基因、3个抗赤霉病基因、1个抗麦瘟病基因、1个抗叶枯病基因、1个抗颖枯病基因、4个抗褐斑病基因、2个抗眼斑病基因、1个抗梭条花叶病基因、2个抗线条花叶病基因和2个抗禾谷类黄矮病基因向小麦的...     

A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)

The genome of the japonica subspecies of rice, an important cereal and model monocot, was sequenced and assembled by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The assembled sequence covers 93% of the 420-megabase genome. Gene predictions on the assembled sequence suggest that the genome contains 32,000 to 50,000 genes. Homologs of 98% of the known maize, wheat, and barley proteins are found in rice. Synteny and gene homology between rice and the other cereal genomes are extensive, whereas synteny with Arabidopsis is limited. Assignment of candidate rice orthologs to Arabidopsis genes is possible in many cases. The rice genome sequence provides a foundation for the improvement of cereals, our most important crops.     

花卉病毒病害的鉴定-(Ⅱ)

 本文对7种花卉病毒进行了寄主范围,症状反应、蚜虫传播、血清学、交互保护反应等试验以及电镜观察,结果表明,引起秋海棠叶片退绿环斑及坏死环斑、绣球暗绿花叶、绣球叶片皱缩及叶片簇生、凤仙花系统退绿及矮化、唐菖蒲条纹花叶、百合严重失绿及顶尖坏死、月季叶片扭曲皱缩及脉失绿、月季叶片呈现蚀纹及波纹状黄色花叶和虞美人叶片失绿及幼苗萎蔫的毒原依次为李坏死环斑病毒、烟草环斑病毒(TRSV)、绣球环斑病毒、TRSV、黄瓜花叶病毒、TRSV、南芥菜花叶病毒、苹果花叶病毒以及TRSV。     

麦长管蚜的研究

麦长管蚜又称小麦长管蚜,是同翅目蚜科长管蚜属的昆虫,主要为害小麦、大麦、燕麦、莜麦等作物。麦长管蚜分布于亚洲、东非、欧洲、北美等地区,1年可发生10～20代以上,以无翅孤雌胎生雌蚜繁殖为主,有翅孤雌胎生雌蚜迁飞扩散。一般以成、若蚜为害植株,在茎、叶和穗部取食。叶片被害处呈浅黄色斑点,严重时造成黄叶、卷叶,甚至整株枯死;穗部受害,造成麦粒干瘪,小麦千粒重下降及严重减产。另外,麦长管蚜还可传播小麦病毒病。对麦长管蚜的防治应以农业防治为基础,关键时期采用药剂防治,注意选择农药品种,严格掌握施药技术,减少对天敌的杀伤。非小麦黄矮病流行区,重点抓小麦穗期防治;小麦黄矮病流行区,除进行穗期防治外,还应抓好苗期防治。     

小麦细菌条斑病的研究 Ⅰ.病原鉴定

1979—1983年作者从感病的甘春11号小麦的叶片、茎秆、颍壳及枯心苗上分离到10个菌株。通过培养性状、形态及染色反应以及10个菌株的生理生化性状、血清学反应和致病性测定,确定小麦细菌条斑病的病原菌为Xanthomonastranslucens(J.J.&.R.)Dows;人工接种可侵染小麦、大麦、黑麦,及燕麦草,但不侵染燕麦。鉴定结果所有供试菌株的主要性状是一致的,与已往文献记载的小麦黑颍病原(Xanthomonastranslucensf.SP.undulosa)基本相同。     

郑州地区小麦黄矮病病原鉴定及其外壳蛋白的分子进化分析

为了明确郑州地区小麦黄矮病病原种类及其分子变异情况,根据已公布的小麦黄矮病致病毒株GAV,GPV和PAV的外壳蛋白(CP)全长基因序列,采用RT-PCR方法鉴定了来自郑州地区的4个分离物种类,并进行了基于CP序列的郑州分离物与6个国内和3个国外分离物的进化关系分析.结果表明,郑州地区的4个分离物均鉴定为BYDV-PAV(命名为PAV-ZZ),其编码的CP与国内及国外的分离物,在核苷酸水平上的一致性为81%～99%.PAV-ZZ CP与济南分离物一致性最高,核苷酸水平上达99%;与昆明和德国、瑞典、美国分离物一致性较低,核苷酸水平上仅为81%.这表明BYDV-PAV郑州分离物与北方地区的病毒分离物可能有着相似的系统进化特征,而与南方地区及国外分离物在系统进化上有较大的差异.     

玉米矮花叶病遗传育种研究现状

介绍了玉米矮花叶病的病原等情况,进一步分析了玉米矮花叶病的发病原因及防治办法,对玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定和抗性遗传研究现状了综述,并指出了玉米抗病育种的几个发展方向。